mr. cengel. matter- anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) solid liquid gas
TRANSCRIPT
Changes
Physical Changes- Do not alter basic nature of substance Ex- Ice Melting to become water
Chemical Changes- Do alter basic composition of the substance Ex- Chemical digestion of food
Energy
The ability to do work or put matter into motion
Kinetic Energy- Energy in motion
Potential Energy- Inactive or stored energy
Types of Energy
Chemical- Stored in the bonds of chemical substances, released when bonds are broken Ex. Energy from the foods we eat
Electrical- Results from the movement of charged particles. Ex. Charged particles moving across cell membranes
Mechanical – Movement of matter Ex. Muscle contraction
Radiant- Energy of the electromagnetic spectrum Ex. Body turning sunlight into Vitamin D
Atoms
Protons- Located in Nucleus, Positive charge
Neutrons- Located in Nucleus, neutral charge
Electrons- Located in orbitals around the Nucleus, Negative charge that is equal in strength to positive charge of protons
Two or more atoms form a molecule
Compounds
Organic compounds- Carbon containing compounds Ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
Inorganic- Lack carbon and tend to be simpler , smaller molecules Ex. Water, Salts
Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds- Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Covalent Bonds-electrons are shared between atoms
Hydrogen Bonds- weak bond, electrons and protons are attracted to each other
Water
The most abundant inorganic compound in the body
High Heat capacity- Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat
Solvent Properties- Substance can easily be dissolved
Chemical Reactivity- Helps chemical reactions take place Ex. Breakdown carbohydrates (hydrolysis)
Cushioning- Protection ex cerebrospinal fluid
Salts
Most common in the body are calcium and phosphorus
Vital to body function
Electrolytes- Substances that conduct an electrical current in a solution
pH
Acids-Sour Taste, Proton donor
Bases- Bitter Taste, Proton Acceptor
pH scale- Measures acidity of substances
Carbohydrates
Sugars and Starches
Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen
Classified according to size- Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, and polysaccharide
Monosaccharides
Meaning one sugar
Known as simple sugars
Single chain
Examples-Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
Disaccharides
Meaning double sugars
Formed when two simple sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis
Examples- Sucrose (Glucose and fructose), Lactose (Glucose and Galactose) and Maltose (Glucose and Glucose)
Must be broken down during digestion to be absorbed
Polysaccharides
Meaning many sugars
Long branching chains of simple sugars
Lack the sweetness of simple and double sugars
Examples-Starch (Stored Sugar in Plants) and Glycogen (Stored Glucose in animal muscle)
Lipids
Large and diverse group of organic compounds
Food Sources- Animal products, dairy products, nuts, seeds, oils
Examples-Neutral fats, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile salts, Vitamin D, hormones, and steroids
Made of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Insoluble in water
Protein
Account for over 50% of organic matter in the body
Construction materials of cells Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
and nitrogen Amino Acids are the building blocks
of proteins. 20 varieties. 8 essential Amino Acids are joined to form
complex protiens
Protein Cont.
Fibrous- Structural proteins, provide strength to tissues Collagen- Found in bones, cartilage and tendons.
Most abundant protein in the body. Keratin- Found in skin, hair and nails
Globular- Functional proteins Hormones-Regulate growth and development Antibodies-Provide immunity Enzymes- regulate almost every chemical
reaction that occurs in the body.
Nucleic Acids
Monomer- Nucleotides
DNA- Contains genetic information
RNA- Carries out Protein synthesis