motivation and emotion. motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Motivation and Emotion
![Page 2: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Motivation
internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior
![Page 3: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Drive-Reduction Theory
![Page 4: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Theories of Motivation
Drive-Reduction TheoryHumans sometimes engage in behaviors that
increase rather than reduce drives Arousal Theory
Motivated to be at optimal level of arousal
![Page 5: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Yerkes-Dodson Law There is an optimal level of arousal for the
best performance of any task. The more complex the task, the lower the level of
arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates.
![Page 6: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Theories of Motivation
Incentive theoriesMotivation incentives/pay offs
Cognitive approaches thoughts, expectations, and goals Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
![Page 7: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Intrinsic motivationA desire to perform a behavior originates
within the individual
Extrinsic motivationA desire to perform a behavior to obtain an
external reward or avoid punishment
![Page 8: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Maslow’s Hierarchy
![Page 9: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Identify the motive… Have I got a terrible headache. It’s really
splitting. It gets lonely in my apartment on the
weekends. My roommate goes to visit her parents and most of my neighbors are away too.
I feel really bored by this course. It’s a lot like the one I took last year. I was hoping it would be more challenging.
![Page 10: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Identify the motive…
He really makes me furious. I’m tired of his put-downs! Who does he think he is anyway?
Uh, listen, do you mind if we don’t go into that nightclub? I hear that some tough types hang out there and that someone got beaten up there last week.
Hey, guess what? I just got an A+ on my term paper. Pretty good, eh?
![Page 11: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Human Needs & Motivation
Hunger and Thirststimulated by internal and external cues
Hypothalamus (lateral and ventromedial) Blood levels
Glucose, fats, carbohydrates, insulin, leptin
Cells in stomach and small intestine
![Page 13: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Insulin: secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
Leptin: protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and
decrease hunger Orexin: hunger-triggering
hormone secreted by hypothalamus Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty
stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to brain
PYY: digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to brain
![Page 14: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Human Needs & Motivation
Hunger & ThirstSights and smellsBody Mass Index (BMI)Stress
![Page 15: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Motivations-to-Eat (Jackson et al., 2003)
Suggests that there are four specific motivations for eating beyond the “need” for nourishmentTo cope with negative affectTo be socialTo comply with others’ expectationsTo enhance pleasure
![Page 16: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Means
Females 1.78 coping 2.74 social 1.60 compliance 2.33 pleasure
Males 1.40 coping 2.66 social 1.54 compliance 2.28 pleasure
![Page 17: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosaA serious eating disorder that is associated
with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image
Bulimia nervosaAn eating disorder characterized by binges of
eating followed by self-induced purging
![Page 18: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Eating Disorders
Increased incidence in relatives Serotonin Perfectionism Dissatisfaction with body
![Page 19: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ladies Home Journal poll (2003)
On a scale from 1-10, 43% rated bodies between 6-9. 1% rated perfect, 20% ranked themselves at 5
One out of three said they were currently on a diet
When given a choice between a facelift or a refurbished kitchen, 78% chose the kitchen
![Page 20: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
52% would rather have smaller hips or thighs than a two-week vacation “to get away from it all”
87% said it’s more acceptable for men to go gray and get out of shape than it is for women
75% said they would rather have a root canal than wear a thong bikini
![Page 21: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Need for Affiliation
Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with others
Ostracism
![Page 22: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Emotions Body Response (arousal)
Expressive Reaction
ConsciousExperience
![Page 23: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Emotions
Primary emotions Secondary emotions
![Page 24: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
James-Lange Theory
Certain stimuli in the environment can bring on physiological changes.Emotions arise from our awareness of those
changes. Facial feedback hypothesis
![Page 26: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Neuroscience of Emotions
Specific patterns of biological arousal associated with specific emotions
PET scans Amygdale link between perception of
stimulus and recall of stimulus later
![Page 29: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Communicating Emotions
Voice Quality and Facial Expression Body language Personal space Explicit Acts
![Page 30: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gender and Emotion Research findings
Men and women may feel emotions similarly, but differ in how they are expressed.
Same situation may provoke different emotions.
Women are better at reading emotional cues than men.
![Page 31: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Anger
Response to perceived misdeeds Common when acts are seen as willful,
unjustified, and avoidable Can promote prejudice and heart disease
Catharsis hypothesis
![Page 32: Motivation and Emotion. Motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cba5503460f94982554/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Happiness
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Subjective well-beingSelf-perceived happiness/satisfaction with life