unit 8a: motivation and emotion: motivation
DESCRIPTION
Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation. Introduction. Motivation. Motivational Concepts. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology. Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans. Drives and Incentives. Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion:
Motivation
![Page 2: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
• Motivation
![Page 3: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Motivational Concepts
![Page 4: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
• Instinct (fixed pattern)–Instincts in animals
–Instincts in humans
![Page 5: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Drives and Incentives
• Drive-reduction theory–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
![Page 6: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Drives and Incentives
• Drive-reduction theory–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
![Page 7: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Drives and Incentives
• Drive-reduction theory–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
![Page 8: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Drives and Incentives
• Incentive–Positive and negative
![Page 9: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Optimum Arousal
• Arousal–Optimum level of arousal
![Page 10: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs–Variations in the hierarchy
![Page 11: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
![Page 12: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
![Page 13: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
![Page 14: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
![Page 15: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
![Page 16: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
![Page 17: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A Hierarchy of Motives
![Page 18: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hunger
![Page 19: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Physiology of Hunger
• Contractions of the stomach–Washburn study
![Page 20: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain
• Glucose
• Insulin
• Hypothalamus–Lateral hypothalamus
• orexin
–Vetromedial hypothalamus
![Page 21: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain
• Appetite hormones–Ghrelin–Obestatin–PYY–Leptin
• Set point• Basal metabolic rate
![Page 22: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Psychology of HungerTaste Preferences: Biology and Culture
• Taste preferences–Genetic: sweet and salty
–Neophobia
–Adaptive taste preferences
![Page 23: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders
• Eating disorders–Anorexia nervosa
–Bulimia nervosa
–Binge-eating disorder
![Page 24: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation
![Page 25: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation
![Page 26: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation
![Page 27: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation
![Page 28: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Obesity and Weight Control
• Historical explanations for obesity
• Obesity–Definition
–Statistics
–Obesity and life expectancy
![Page 29: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Obesity
![Page 30: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Obesity
![Page 31: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity
• Social effects of obesity
• Weight discrimination
• Psychological effects of obesity
![Page 32: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Weight Discrimination
![Page 33: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Weight Discrimination
![Page 34: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity
• Fat Cells
![Page 35: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity
• Set point and metabolism
![Page 36: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity
• The genetic factor
• The food and activity factor–Sleep loss
–Social influence
–Food consumption and activity level
![Page 37: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Obesity and Weight ControlLosing Weight
• Realistic and moderate goals
• Success stories
• Attitudinal changes
![Page 38: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Sexual Motivation
![Page 39: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle
• Sexual response cycle–Excitement phase–Plateau phase–Orgasm–Resolution phase
• Refractory period
![Page 40: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior
• Effects of hormones–Development of sexual characteristics
–Activate sexual behavior
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
![Page 41: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Psychology of Sex
• External stimuli
• Imagined stimuli–Dreams
–Sexual fantasies
![Page 42: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation
![Page 43: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation
![Page 44: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation
![Page 45: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation
![Page 46: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy
• Ignorance
• Minimal communication about birth control
• Guilt related to sexual activity
• Alcohol use
• Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
![Page 47: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections
• Statistics of STIs
• Teen abstinence–High intelligence
–Religious engagement
–Father presence
–Participation in service learning programs
–xxx
![Page 48: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Sexual Orientation
• Sexual orientation–Homosexual orientation
–Heterosexual orientation
• Sexual orientation statistics
![Page 49: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation
• Origins of sexual orientation studies–Fraternal birth order effect
• Same-sex attraction in animals• The brain and sexual orientation• Genes and sexual orientation• Prenatal hormones and sexual
orientation
![Page 50: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Need to Belong
![Page 51: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The Need to Belong
• Aiding survival
• Wanting to belong
• Sustaining relationships
• The pain of ostracism–ostracism
![Page 52: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The End
![Page 53: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Teacher Information• Types of Files
– This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint.
• Animation– Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the
slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible.
• Adding slides to this presentation– Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching
style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.
![Page 54: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Teacher Information• Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks
can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).– Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide
#3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
– Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation.For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.
![Page 55: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Teacher Information• Continuity slides
– Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what
might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent KorekGermantown High SchoolGermantown, WI [email protected]
![Page 56: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Division title (green print)subdivision title (blue print)
• xxx–xxx
–xxx
![Page 57: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Division title (green print)subdivision title (blue print)
Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished
![Page 58: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Definition Slide
= add definition here
![Page 59: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Definition Slides
![Page 60: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
![Page 61: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
![Page 62: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
![Page 63: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
![Page 64: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior
![Page 65: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
![Page 66: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
![Page 67: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
![Page 68: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.
![Page 69: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
![Page 70: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
![Page 71: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.
![Page 72: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
![Page 73: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
![Page 74: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
![Page 75: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
![Page 76: Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813572550346895d9cd6c8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).