morphology
TRANSCRIPT
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Morphology
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Morphology
• J.W. von Goethe• originally means the study of forms
and structures of living organisms.• consists of the study of form, inner
structure, function, and the occurrence of a morpheme.
• name comes from Greek words “Morphos”
(shape or form)
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WORD• sound or a combination of sounds, or
its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes.(Farlex Online Dictionary)
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• FREE FORM• an element that can occur in
isolation and/or whose position with respect to neighboring elements is not entirely fixed.
WORD
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2 Types of Words1. SIMPLE- words that can’t be broken down
into smaller meaningful units.
2. COMPLEX- can be analyzed into constituents parts.• FORMS:
1.closed form- words are melded together (e.g. firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook)
2.hyphenated form- (e.g. daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-the-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced)
3.open form- (e.g. as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general)
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Word Categories• Content / Open-Class Morphemes
-open to the invention of arbitrary new items (includes major lexical categories such as nouns, adjectives and adverbs).
• Function / Closed Morphemes
- are essentially closed to invention or borrowing (includes prepositions, articles, pronouns and conjunctions)
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Allomorphs
Nondistinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar.
For example , the English plural morpheme can appear as [s] in cats, [z] as in dogs, or [‘z] as in churches.
Each of these three pronunciations is said to be the allomorph of the same morpheme.
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Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning, may be whole simple words (e.g. man, run, big) or parts of complex words (e.g. un-, faith-, and –ful in infaithful)
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2 Types of Morphemes
1. Bound Morphemes
• must be attached to another elements.
2. Free Morpheme• can constitute a
word by itself.
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Words consisting of one or two morphemes
one morpheme two three more than three
and - - -
boy boy-s
hunt hunt-er hunt-er-s
hospital hospital-ize hospital-iz-ation hospital-iz-ation-s
Gentle gentle-man gentle-man gentle-man-ness
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Word Structure1. Affixation2. Structure without Affixes
a) Conversionb) Ablautc) Stress shift
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In a morphologically complex word, one constituent may be considered as the basic one / the core of the form (stem, root or base), with the others treated as being added on (affixes).
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3 Types of Affixes
1. PREFIXES – precede the stem
2. SUFFIXES – follow the stem
3. INFIXES – inserted within another form
Affixation
• morphological process whereby an affix is attached to a root or stem.
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Other types of Affixes
• Reduplicative Affix• its form duplicates all or
part of the stem.• Examples:
• tatakbo• lalakad
• Full Reduplication• repetition of the entire
word.• Examples:
• ora ᵑ ora ᵑ• gyzel gyzel
• Partial Reduplication• repetition of the first
consonant-vowel of the root.
Structure without Affixes
Conversion or Zero-derivation
• creates a new word without the use of affixation by assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category.
• Example:Noun Derived verb
fathership
fathership
Verb Derived Noun
condúctpermít
cónductpérmit
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Ablaut• the
replacement of a vowel with a different vowel.
Examples:• sing to song• sell to sale• ball to bell
Stress Shift
• used in English to mark the difference between related nouns and verbs.
• Examples:
Noun Derived verb
fathership
fathership
Verb Derived Noun
condúctpermít
cónductpérmit
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Word Formation1. Derivation2. Inflection3. Compounding4. Coinage5. Borrowing6. Blending7. Clipping8. Backformation9. Conversion10.Acronyms
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Derivation• creates a new word by changing
the category.• make new words from old ones. • a new word is formed by adding
a morpheme that makes nouns out of (some) verbs.• Examples:
• hunt(v) + -er= hunter(n)• serve(v) + -ice= service(n)
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Properties of some derivational affixes in
English-ation is added to a verb
finalizeconfirm
un- is added to a verbtiewind
un-is added to an adjectivehappywise
-al is added to a nouninstitutionuniverse
-ize is added to an adjective
concrete solar
to give a nounfinalizationconfirmation
to give a verb untieunwind
to give an adjectiveunhappyunwise
to give an adjectiveinstitutional universal
to give a verbconcretizesolarize
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Compounding
• process involving the combination of two already existing words to yield a new word.
• examples:dog + house = doghouse(noun) + (noun) = nouncry + baby = crybaby (verb) + (noun) = nounstrong + box = strongbox(adjective) + (noun) =
noun
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Inflection• modifies a word’s form in order to
mark the grammatical subclass to which it belongs.
• vary (or inflect) the form of words in order to express the grammatical features that a given language chooses, such a singular/plural or past/present tense. • -s (Plural)
• -ed (Past)• -ing (Progressive)• -er (Comparative)• -est (Superlative)
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Other word formation
• Clipping
• process whereby a new word is created by shortening a polysyllabic word.ex.
prof – professorad – advertisementphys-ed – physical
educationpol-sci – political sciencelo-bat- low batterycheck-op- check operator
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Coinages
• a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing.
• Examples:
aspirinescalatorheroinband-aidfactoidFrisbeeGooglekeroseneKleenex
linoleumMuggleNylonPsychedelicQuarkXeroxzipperLaundromat
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Borrowing• word from one language is borrowed
directly into another language.• Examples:
algebra – Arabicbagel – Yiddishcherub – Hebrewchow mein – Chinesefjord – Norwegiangalore – Irishhaiku – Japanesekielbasa – Polish
murder – Frenchnear – Sanskritpaprika – Hungarianpizza – Italiansmorgasbord – Swedishtamale – Spanishyo-yo – Filipino
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Blending• words that are created from parts of two
already existing lexical items.• Examples:
1. biographical + picture → biopic2. breakfast + lunch → brunch3. chuckle + snort → chortle4. cybernetic + organism → cyborg5. guess + estimate → guesstimate6. hazardous + material → hazmat7. motor + hotel → motel
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Clipping• word is reduced or shortened without
changing the meaning of the word.• Examples:
• advertisement – ad• alligator – gator• laboratory – lab• mathematics – math• public house – pub• raccoon – coon• reputation – rep• situation comedy – sitcom
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• Backformation
• process whereby a word whose form is similar to that of a derived form undergoes a process of deaffixation.• Examples:
Original Backformation
babysitterdonationgamblerhazymoonlighterobsessiveprocessionresurrectionsassytelevision
babysitdonategamblehazemoonlightobsessprocessresurrectsasstelevise
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Conversion• a word of one grammatical form becomes
a word of another grammatical form without any changes to spelling or pronunciation.• Examples:
Noun – Verbbottle – to bottlecan – to caneye – to eyehost – to hostknife – to knifemicrowave – to microwave
a) My grandmother bottled (verb) the juice and canned (verb) the pickles.
b) My grandmother put the juice in a bottle (noun) and the pickles in a can (noun).
c) She microwaved (verb) her lunch.d) She heated her lunch in the microwave
(noun).e) The doctor eyed (verb) my swollen eye
(noun).
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• Acronyms
• formed from the initial sounds or letter of a string of words, such as the name of an organization or a scientific expression
• Examples:ASAP – as soon as possibleAWOL – absent without leavelaser - light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationNASA – National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASDAQ - National Association of Securities Dealers Automated QuotationsPIN – personal identification numberradar - radio detection and rangingscuba - self-contained underwater breathing apparatusTESOL – Teachers of English to Speakers of Other LanguagesWASP – White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
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• Other sources • It is sometimes possible to create new words
from names.examples:
brand names accepted as generic terms xerox – photocopykleenex – facial tissue
scientific terms watt fahrenheitcurie kelvin
onomatopoeic words buzz cuckoo hiss sizzle
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Eponyms• new word is formed
from the name of a real of fictitious person.• Examples:
• cardigan – James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
• cereal – Ceres• dunce – John Duns
Scotusg• uillotine – Joseph
Ignace Guillotin• jacuzzi – Candido
Jacuzzi• luddite – Ned Ludd• malapropism – Mrs.
Malaprop• mesmerize – Franz
Anton Mesmer
Abbreviations
• word or phrase is shortened. Intialisms are a type of abbreviation formed by the initial letters of a word or phrase.• Examples:
• dept.-department• A.M.-ante meridiem• i.e.-id est (that is)• yd.-yard
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Calquing
• a borrowed word or phrase is translated from one language to another.• Examples:
• beer garden – German – Biergarten
• blue-blood – Spanish – sangre azul
• commonplace – Latin – locus commūnis
• flea market – French – marché aux puces
• free verse – French – vers libre
Nonce Words
• new words formed through any number of word formation processes with the resulting word meeting a lexical need that is not expected to recur.• Examples:
• cotton-wool – to stuff or close (the ears) with cotton-wool.
• touch-me-not-ishness – having a ‘touch-me-not’ character; stand-off-ish.
• twi-thought – an indistinct or vague thought.
• witchcraftical – The practices of a witch or witches; the exercise of supernatural power supposed to be possessed by persons in league with the devil or evil spirits. Power or influence like that of a magician; bewitching or fascinating attraction or charm.
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Labeled brackets or
Tree Diagram
used to present the structure of the entire word.
de moral ize
N Af
Af V
VExample: demoralize
Legend: V-verb N-noun Af-affix
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Reference:Contemporary Linguistics by
O’Grady, et al., 1989