morphological structure of english words (morphemes) lecture # 2 grigoryeva m
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Morphological structure of English words(MORPHEMES)Lecture # 2
Grigoryeva M.
Language Units Morphemes Words Word groups Phraseological units
MORPHEME
morphe – “form” - eme “the smallest unit”
Morphemes- are the smallest meaningful unit of form cannot be segmented into smaller units can occur in speech only as constituent parts of
words are divided into lexical morphemes and grammatical
morphemes
ALLOMORPHS
Phonetic variants of one and the same morpheme
Ex: please-pleasing [pliz-]
pleasant [plez-]
morphemes
roots affixes
DerivationalFunctional (endings)
prefixes
suffixes
Lexical morphemes Free
Roots
Bound
Affixes
FREE morphemes
coincide with a word-form
may stand alone without changing its meaning
can be only rootsEx. sport- in sportive
BOUND morphemes
do not coincide with separate word-forms
occur only as a constituent part of words
are mostly derivational morphemes
Ex. –ive in sportive;
Semantically
Root morphemes (radicals)
Non-root morphemes
A ROOT morpheme (RADICALS)
is a lexical center of a word has an individual lexical meaning common
to a set of semantically related words (word-family)Ex to write, writer, writing
does not possess a part-of-speech meaningEx cold water, to water flowers
Non-root morphemes (Derivational)
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)
endings Affixational morpheme (affixes)
prefixes suffixes
functional derivational
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)- endings- carry only grammatical meaning
Ex –s (plural of nouns)
- ed (Past Indefinite of regular verbs)
A PREFIX
a derivational morpheme
stands before the root
modifies the word meaning
Ex hearten – dishearten
safe - unsafe
SUFFIX Derivational morpheme Follows the root Forms a new derivative in a different part
of speech or a different word class
Ex heart-en
heart-y
heart-less
FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form)
Ex. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;
take – takes;
hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
build new words
Ex to teach - a teacher
have a part-of-speech meaning
Ex. to change – changeable
to organize – organization
are dependent on the root they modify (bound)
Structurally
Free morphemes
Bound morphemes
Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes
Free morphemes
coincide with the stem or a word form
Ex friendship
Bound morphemes Occur only as a constituent of a word
(affixes are always bound morphemes)
Ex darkness
impolite
to dramatize
Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes
Function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme
Ex to sleep well (free morphemes – coincide with
half an hour the stem and the word-form)
well- known (bound morphemes- a part of
half-done the word)
Completives (a combining form)
is a bound form a distinguishing feature from an affix---borrowed from
another language occur in compounds (that didn’t exist in the original
language and were formed in modern times)
Ex aerogram ( Greek ------ aer = air)
claustrophobia (Greek ----- claustrum=closed space phobia=fear)
Beatlesmania (modern - Beatles Greek ---- mania = madness)
Splinters
clipping the end or the beginning of a word to produce new words
Mini- miniature (minibus)
Eco- ecology (ecomenu)- burger hamburger (cheeseburger)- wich sandwich (turkeywich)
Types of meaning
Lexical Differential Part – of- speech Distributional
Lexical meaning
Is individual for root-morphemes
Ex Teach teacher teaching
Is generalizing for affixational morphemes
Ex -en (the change of a quality)
deepen deafened
Some affixational morphemes with the same
denotational meaning differ in conotation
womanly - womanlike - womanishженственный женский бабий
Differential meaning
To distinguish one word from others containing identical morphemes
Ex A bookshelf a book+case
a book+stall
Part-of-speech meaning
In most cases affixational morphemes are indicative of the part of speech
Ex -ment (noun)
- less (adjective)
- ize (verb)
Distributional meaning
The meaning of the order and arrangement of morphemes making up a word containing more than one morpheme
sing- (to make musical sounds)
Ex sing+er -er (the doer of the action)
er+sing IMPOSSIBLE!
PRACTICE! Segment the given words into morphemes. Define
the semantic type and the structural type of the morphemes
Ex aimless aim + lessa)Semantically aim- is a root, -less is an affix
b)Structurally aim- is a free morpheme, -less is a bound one
Beggarly, postman, disaffected, half-eaten, rent-free
Beggarly Postman BEG(G)- root, free POST - root, free
- AR- affix, bound - MAN affix, semi-bound
- LY affix, bound
Disaffected Half-eaten DIS- affix, bound HALF- affix, semi-bound
- AFFECT- root, free - EAT- root, free
- ED affix, bound - EN affix, bound-
Rent-freeRENT- root, free
- FREE root, free
PRACTICE! Translate the following words into Russian, taking into
account the lexical meaning of the root and affixes
EX weekly ----- еженедельно
Week- a period of 7 days + -ly frequency
Hostess, dehouse, eyelet, famous, prewar
Hostess host- (a person receiving guests)
- tess (a woman)
Dehouse de- (the removal of)
- house (a place for man habituation)
Eyelet eye- (body part for seeing)
- let (a small kind of)
Famous fam(e)- (the condition of being known)
- ous (possessing something)
Prewar pre- (before)
- war (a state of armed conflict)
PRACTICE!Classify the following words according to the
part-of-speech meaning
Ex criticism -ism (noun)
Hatless, befriend, enlarge, boyhood, accordingly