morphological and chemical changes in the …psasir.upm.edu.my/19548/1/fpas_2011_4.pdf · peminaan...

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN BEACHES AT HARMUL, MAJEES AND ZAFARAN, OMAN

Wahid Mohammed Abdullah Al-Shuely

FPAS 2011 4

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN BEACHES

AT HARMUL, MAJEES AND ZAFARAN, OMAN

By

Wahid Mohammed Abdullah Al-Shuely

Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor

of Philosophy

March 2011

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

ii

DEDICATION

To the people whom I love most, my mother, my wife, my children;

Dua’a, Abdullah, Sajda, Balqees, Taqwa, Ammar, and my brothers and sisters.

To those who helped me achieve my goal, all what I can say is

thank you, and ALLAH bless you all.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii

DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which

have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is

not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at

any other institution.

WAHID MOHAMMED AL-SHUELY

Date: 24 March 2011

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for the strength and patience He

gave me to finish this work

Many thanks go to my wife and children whom they had to sacrifice many

things, especially in a beautiful country like Malaysia, and many days they

had to stay alone just for their father to finish his study. This is the fruit of

your sacrifice.

The supervisory committee deserves special thanks. Associate Professor Dr.

Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim for her constructive comments, patience, and

knowledge. I gained lots of knowledge from you Dr. Zelina. Co-supervisors

Associate Professor Dr. Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman, Deputy Dean, and

Associate Professor Dr. Mohammed Ismail Yaziz, their understanding,

support through the hard trip for PhD and proof reading are highly

appreciated.

Special thanks go to co-supervisor Professor Anton McLachlan in Oman who

introduced me to the team working on the coastal erosion/accretion problem

along the Batinah coast and for his assistance during my fieldwork in Oman.

Thanks to Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs and its laboratory

technicians in Oman for their assistance in chemical analysis.

Thanks also go to Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Oman for letting me use

all the necessary facilities to finish my project. Special thanks to College of

Science and its dean Dr. Abdul Aziz Al-Kindy who allowed me to use all the

available facilities to finish my laboratory work.

Heartfelt thanks go to International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) for

allowing me to use the library and for the facilities they provided to finish

writing my thesis.

There are many people who I would like express my deep appreciation and

gratitude for their support and help during the course of my study. To name

few:

1. Mohammed Al-Muharami, Director General of Environmental Affairs,

Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Oman for his never

ending help and support throughout the course of my PhD study;

2. Dr. Vijay Kumar from Remote Sensing and GIS Center at SQU for

wonderful assistance during fieldwork, I learned a lot from him;

3. Fauzul Ameer Marikar from Civil Engineering Department at SQU for

assistance in laboratory work;

4. My sister Wafaa who is a lab technician from Chemistry Department

at SQU for providing all the assistance during the laboratory work;

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

5. Dr. Tabasm Khan. Director of Central Analytical and Applied

Research Facility (CAARF) Chemistry Department at SQU, for his

instrumental assistance in heavy metals analysis

6. Khalifa Al-Busaidi, lab superintendent, Hilal Al-Zidi and Hamdan Al-

Zidi from Earth Science Department at SQU, their assistance are

highly appreciated;

7. Dr. Abdul-Rahman AL-Harthi, Assistant Professor, in Earth Science

Department at SQU, for all his constructive comments;

8. Salim Al-Saidi, lab superintendent from Chemistry Department at

SQU, for his assistance in heavy metals analysis;

9. Professor Angela Gurnell, Director: Centre for Environmental

Assessment, Department of Geography, Management and Policy,

King's College London (http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ceamp/), United Kingdom

for her help in grain size analysis.

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ceamp/

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi

I certify that an Examination Committee has met on date of viva voce to conduct the

final examination of Wahid Mohammed Abdullah Al-Shuely on his PhD thesis

entitled MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

IN BEACHES AT HARMUL, MAJEES, AND ZAFARAN, OMAN in

accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the

Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The

Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Degree of Doctor of

Philosophy.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as Follows:

Latifah Abd. Manaf, PhD

Associate Professor

Environmental Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD

Associate Professor



(Internal Examiner)

Mohammed Firuz Ramli, PhD

Associate Professor



(Internal Examiner)

Chris Vincent, PhD

Professor

School of Environmental Sciences

University of East Anglia

United Kingdom

(External Examiner)

__________________________

BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii

This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Environmental Studies


(Chairman)

Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman, PhD

Associate Professor



(Member)

Mohammed Ismail Yaziz, PhD

Associate Professor



(Member)

Anton McLachlan, PhD

Professor

Graduate Studies

Sultan Qaboos University

(Member)

_______________________________________

HASANAH MOHAMMED GHAZALI, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

iii

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia

in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN

BEACHES AT HARMUL, MAJEES AND ZAFARAN, OMAN

By


March 2011

Chair: Associate Professor Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, PhD

Faculty: Environmental Studies

This thesis examines the morphological changes of three beaches close to Sohar

Industrial Are (SIA), a newly developed industrial area north of the Batinah Region

in Oman. The construction work on the port breakwaters started in 1999 and was

complete 2002. Three sites were selected for this project: Harmul, located north of

SIA, Majees south of SIA, and Zafaran, about nine kilometers south of Majees. The

main purpose of this thesis is study the changes likely to occur on beaches north and

south of SIA. Major focus will be on beach profiles and sediment characterization

with respect to mean, sorting, skewness, particle distribution, particle density, and

bulk density. Sediment samples were also analyzed for 11 heavy metals including:

vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), selenium

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv

(Se), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) using

microwave digestion followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

(ICP-MS). No previous study had been conducted on these beaches. Although a

comprehensive master plan was developed for Sohar industrial area, which included

a strategic environmental impact assessment, the master plan contained little

information on physical and chemical characteristics of beaches north and south of

the industrial area. A total of 252 surface sediment samples were collected in four

site visits over 12 months: November 2005, February 2006, June 2006, and

November 2006. Each site was divided into seven stations. Three sediment samples

were collected from each station from highwater, intertidal and surf zones. Beach

profiles showed little seasonal variations in 67% of profiles surveyed and about 24%

showed big seasonal variations. Almost 81% of all samples were fine sand and 19%

were medium sand. Moderately sorted sediments represented 56% of all samples,

whereas 22% of samples were moderately well sorted and 22% were poorly sorted.

Half of the samples were near symmetrical, whereas 39% of the samples were

coarsely skewed and 11% were fine skewed. Sediment trend analysis showed that

wadis were the main source of sediments in the study area. June 2006 samples had a

higher particle density than November 2006 samples. There was no significant

difference in sediment bulk density between the three sites for June 2006 samples (p

= 0.203) but significant difference was found in November 2006 samples (p=0.015).

The concentrations of chromium, manganese, and vanadium were higher in Harmul

than Majees and Zafaran. Arsenic concentration was generally low except in few

stations. It is concluded that the impacts of Sohar industrial area on these beaches are

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

v

still not apparent but more research is needed to identify any impacts in its early

stage and set prevention and mitigation measure programs to reduce the anticipated

impacts of Sohar industrial area on the beach environment.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia Sebagai

memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doctor Falsafah

MORFOLOGI, MENDAPAN DAN PERUBAHAN KIMIA DI PANTAI

HARMUL, MAJEES DAN ZAFARAN, OMAN

Oleh


Mac 2011

Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, PhD

Fakulti : Pengajian Alam Sekitar

Tesis ini mengkaji perubahan morfologi di tiga pantai berhampiran dengan kawasan

perinduttrian Sohar (SIA). kawasan utara daerah Batinah negara Oman. Kerja

peminaan di pelabuhan pemecah ombak bermula pada 1999 dan siap pada 2002.

Tiga tapak telah dipilih untuk projek ini: Harmul terletak di utara kawasan

perindustrian besar yang sedang dalam pembinaan, manakala Majees di selatan

kawasan perindustrian tersebut dan Zafaran, sembilan kilometer daripada Majees di

sebelah selatan. Tujuan utama thesis ini ialah menykaji perubahan yang berlaku di

utaran dan selatan SIA. Fokus tesis ini adalah pada pencirian enapan dari segi min,

pengisihan, kepencongan, taburan zarah, ketumpatan zarah dan ketumpatan pukal.

Sampel enapan di analisa bagi 11 logam berat: vanadium (V), kromium (Cr), mangan

(Mn), nikel (Ni), kuprum (Cu), selenium (Se), raksa (Hg), kadmium (Cd), plumbum

(Pb), zink (Zn) dan arsenik (As) dengan menggunakan pencernaan mikrogelombang

di ikuti dengan Spektrometri Jisim-Plasma Terganding Beraruhan (Inductively

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii

Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry atau ICP-MS). Sebelum ini, tiada kajian yang

dijalankan pada pantai-pantai tersebut. Walaupun satu pelan induk komprehensif

telah dibangunkan untuk kawasan perindustrian Sohar, termasuk satu penilaian

strategik kesan terhadap alam, pelan induk tersebut mengandungi sedikit maklumat

mengenai ciri-ciri fizikal dan kimia pantai-pantai di sebelah utara dan selatan

kawasan perindustrian tersebut. Sebanyak 252 sampel enapan permukaan diambil

daripada empat lawatan tapak sepanjang 12 bulan: November 2005, Februari 2006,

Jun 2006 dan November 2006. Setiap tapak dibahagikan kepada tujuh stesen. Tiga

sampel enapan telah diambil daripada setiap stesen ketika air pasang, antara pasang

surut dan zon buih. 67% profil pantai yang dikaji tidak menunjukkan variasi

bermusim yang ketara dan kira-kira 24% menunjukkan variasi bermusim yang

ketara. Hampir 81% dari seluruh sampel pasir halus dan 19% adalah pasir sedang.

Cukup sedimen diurutkan mewakili 56% dari seluruh sampel, sedangkan 22% dari

sampel yang cukup baik ditapis dan 22% adalah buruk ditapis. Separuh dari sampel

berhampiran simetris, sedangkan 39% dari sampel kasar miring dan 11% baik-baik

saja miring. analisis kecenderungan sedimen menunjukkan bahawa wadi adalah

sumber utama dari sedimen di kawasan kajian. Penumpuan kromium, mangan dan

vanadium adalah lebih tinggi di Harmul berbanding dengan Majees dan Zafaran.

Secara umum, penumpuan arsenik adalah rendah kecuali di beberapa stesen. Untuk

kesimpulan, kesan kawasan perindustrian Sohar terhadap pantai-pantai ini masih

belum ketara tetapi kajian yang lebih banyak perlu dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti

sebarang kesan dalam peringkat awal ini dan menetapkan langkah-langkah program

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii

pencegahan dan program tebatan untuk mengurangkan kesan-kesan yang dijangka

daripada kawasan perindustrian Sohar kepada persekitaran pantai.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION ii ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix

APPROVALS xi

DECLARATION xiii

APENDICES xvii

LIST OF TABLES xviii

LIST OF FIGURES xix

LIST OF PLATES xx

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 The Batinah Coast 2

1.3 Significance of the Study 4

1.4 Purpose of the Study 4

1.5 The Study Framework 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Importance and Impacts of Industrial Areas 9

2.3 Human Activities Affecting the Coast in Oman 16

2.3.1 Urban and Residential Development 16

2.3.2 Fishing 17

2.3.3 Changes in Sediment Budget 18

2.4 Grain Size 24

2.5 Heavy Metals 41

2.6 Summary 59

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 60

3.1 Physical Setting of Study Area 60

3.1.1 Climate 60

3.1.2 Geomorphological Setting 60

3.2 Oceanographic Factors 64

3.2.1 Bathymetry 64

3.2.2 Winds 64

3.2.3 Waves 66

3.2.4 Tides 67

3.2.5 Currents 67

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

3.3 Site Descriptions 68

3.4 Site Measurements 71

3.5 Beach Profiles 74

3.6 Sediment Budget 78

3.7 Sediment Sampling 79

3.8 Grain Size Distribution 80

3.9 Particle Density 83

3.9.1 Materials Used 83

3.9.2 Reagents 83

3.9.3 Procedure 83

3.10 Bulk Density 85

3.11 Heavy Metal Analysis 87

3.11.1 Materials 87

3.11.2 Samples and Reagents 87

3.11.3 Pre-Treatment and Extraction Method 87

3.11.4 Calculation 90

3.12 Statistical Analysis 92

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 96

4.1 Introduction 96

4.2 Beach Profiles 96

4.2.1 Harmul Beach Profiles 97

4.2.2 Majees Beach Profiles 100

4.2.3 Zafaran Beach Profiles 104

4.2.4 Characteristics of Individual Beach Profiles 106

4.3 Sediment Budget 108

4.4 Grain Size Analysis 114

4.4.1 Particle Distribution 115

4.4.2 Statistical Analysis of Grain Size Parameters 116

4.4.3 Bi-Variant Scatter Plots of Grain Size Parameters 123

4.4.4 Sediment Trend Analysis 127

4.4.5 Sand Transport Patterns and Distribution 133

4.4.6 Statistical Analysis of the Sediment Analysis Results 134

4.5 Particle Density 137

4.6 Bulk Properties 138

4.7 Heavy Metals 145

4.7.1 November 2005 Samples 145

4.7.2 June 2006 Samples 152

4.7.3 November 2005 vs. June 2006 Samples 157

4.7.4 Heavy Metal Concentration in the Study Area Compared with Other

Studies 158

4.8 Discussion 168

4.8.1 Shoreline Erosion in Al-Batinah Region 168

4.8.2 Sediment Supply and Erosional and Depositional Pattern 169

4.8.3 Heavy Metals and Particle Density 170

morphological and chemical changes in the …psasir.upm.edu.my/19548/1/fpas_2011_4.pdf · peminaan...

Documents