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Range Formulas & Empty Cells

Logical Functions

Lookup Functions

Range Arguments

• Can all math functions be used with a range argument?– NO! May get error or may get one value,

depending on where the formula is entered relative to the range.

– Correct—Enter formula in terms of first cell in range, then copy/paste to “iterate”

– (see emptys.xls in examples/solutions)

Ranges that include different types of cells

• How do mathematical functions such as sum, max, average, count treat cells that are empty or have text?

• What do the functions averageA, countA, maxA do instead?

Relational Operators

< “less than”

<= ‘less than or equal to”

> “greater than”

>= “greater than or equal to”

= “equal to”

<> “not equal to”

Logical Combinations

• And(logical1,logical2,…) produces TRUE when all are true, otherwise FALSE

• OR(logical1,logical2,…) produces FALSE when all are false, otherwise TRUE (“inclusive or”)

• NOT(logical1) produces TRUE when logical1 is false, and produces FALSE when logical2 is true

The IF Function

• IF(logical expression, value_when_true, value_when_false)

• =If(B3>5,C2^2,”Carl”) put in cell D2 would cause D2 to display 64

• Copy & paste to cell D1 would cause D1 to display ?

A B C D

1 2 3 7

2 5 4 8

3 1 6 9

4

Information Functions

• ISBLANK(cell) is TRUE when cell is empty

• ISTEXT(cell) is TRUE when cell has text– Note the difference between ISTEXT(“1”) and

ISTEXT(1)

• ISNA(value) is TRUE when value is the #N/A error value

COUNTIF

• COUNTIF(range, condition to be counted)– =Countif(a3:a12,5) returns the number of

times 5 appears in the range– =countif(a3:a12,”Bob”) returns the number of

times Bob appears in the range– =countif(a3:a12,D3) returns the number of

times the value in D3 appears in the range– =countif(a3:a12,”>5”) returns the number of

times a value greater than 5 appears in the range

COUNTIF

– =countif(a3:a12,”=5”) returns the number of times 5 appears in the range

– =countif(a3:a12,”=D3”) does NOT return the number of times the value in D3 appears in the range

– =countif(a3:a12,”>D3”) does NOT return the number of times a value greater than the value in D3 appears in the range

– =countif(a3:a12,”>”&D3) retuns the number of times a value greater than the value in D3 appears in the range

SUMIF

• SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)– Range is the cells to examine for meeting the

criteria– Criteria is the condition to be met– Sum_range is the corresponding cells to add

when criteria is met

• =sumif(a2:a5,”>0”,b2:b5) adds those cells in b2 thru b5 whose corresponding a2 thru a5 value is positive

SUMIF

• The same limitations as countif apply with regard to the criteria including relational operators and cell references

• =sumif(a2:a5,”>c3”,b2:b5) does NOT correctly add those cells in b2 thru b5 whose corresponding a2 thru a5 value is greater than the value in cell c3

• (see countif.xls in examples)

Table Lookups & References

• Vlookup & HLookup—used to look for a “target” in first column or row of a table & return a “corresponding” value from another column or row of the table

• Lookup—used to look for a “target” in a “vector” (single row or column) & return a value in the corresponding position in another “vector” (single row or column)

• Match—used to find the relative position of a “target” in a vector

• Index—used to return the value in a specified relative position in a table

VLookup & Hlookup Specifics

• First argument is target (what you are looking for)• Second argument is range in which you are looking (limited to

leftmost column of range for vlookup, topmost row of range for hlookup)

• Third argument is relative column(for vlookup) or row (for hlookup) from which corresponding value is to be returned. Must have been included in range.

• Fourth argument is TRUE or FALSE, used as a “flag” & is optional—but if omitted assumes TRUE– FALSE—does not assume column/row being searched is already

sorted, requires an exact match

– TRUE—requires column/row being searched is already sorted in ascending order, & that you will accept the largest value <= target

VLookup ExampleScores USA ROM AUS CAN GER JAP FinalMaria 8 8.8 9 8.8 7 6 8.15Sue 10 9 9.1 8.9 7 9 9Yvonne 9.6 9 7.8 5 8 8.5 8.325Sonia 7.7 10 9 8.9 9.1 10 9.25

What formula can we enter in E15 so that when we enter a name in D15, E15 will display that contestant’s score from the Canadian judge?

VLookup ExampleScores USA ROM AUS CAN GER JAP FinalMaria 8 8.8 9 8.8 7 6 8.15Sue 10 9 9.1 8.9 7 9 9Yvonne 9.6 9 7.8 5 8 8.5 8.325Sonia 7.7 10 9 8.9 9.1 10 9.25

=vlookup(d15,a8:h11,5,false)

If we enter “Yvonne” in d15, E15 displays 5

=vlookup(d15,a8:h11,5)

If we enter “Sonia” in d15, E15 displays 8.8—which is wrong! Why?

Match(target,vector,flag)

• Searches row or column for “target”, returning its relative position in the row or column

• Flag can be– 1 which means vector is sorted in ascending order, in which

case returns largest value <= target– 0 which means exact match required, vector need not be sorted– -1 which means vector is sorted in descending order, in which

case returns smallest value >=target

Match ExampleScores USA ROM AUS CAN GER JAP FinalMaria 8 8.8 9 8.8 7 6 8.15Sue 10 9 9.1 8.9 7 9 9Yvonne 9.6 9 7.8 5 8 8.5 8.325Sonia 7.7 10 9 8.9 9.1 10 9.25

What formula can we enter in E17 so that it will display the relative row corresponding to the winner of the contest?

=match(max(h8:h11),h8:h11,0)

Produces 4

Index(table,row,column)

• Used to extract a value from a table based on its relative row & column position

• Index(b3:d5,2,3) would display value in cell d4• Index(b3:b5,2) would display value in cell b4• Index(b3:d3,2) would display value in cell c3• Can “nest” match inside index to locate a

position & return a corresponding value

Index ExampleScores USA ROM AUS CAN GER JAP FinalMaria 8 8.8 9 8.8 7 6 8.15Sue 10 9 9.1 8.9 7 9 9Yvonne 9.6 9 7.8 5 8 8.5 8.325Sonia 7.7 10 9 8.9 9.1 10 9.25

What formula can we enter in E17 so that it will display the name of the winner of the contest?

=index(a8:a11, match( max(h8:h11) ,h8:h11,0) )

Produces Sonia