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Monitoring Resilience and Indicators Nadia Bergamini, Bioversity International International Conference “Agrobiodiversity to manage risk and empower the poor”
Rome 27-29 April 2015
Nei
l Pal
mer
/IWM
I
Socio-ecological Production Landscapes and
Seascapes (SEPLS)
Mosaic production landscapes and
seascapes that have been shaped
through long-term harmonious
interactions between humans and
nature in a manner that fosters well-
being while maintaining biodiversity
and ecosystem services (Gu &
Subramanian 2012). Bioversity International/N. Bergamini
Characteristics of resilience in SEPLS
The amount of change the system can undergo and still retain the same
controls on function and structure.
The degree to which the system is capable of self-organization.
The ability to build and increase the capacity for learning and
adaptation.
Bioversity International\N. Bergamini Bioversity International\F. van Oudenhoven
Resilience in SEPLS
The resilience of landscapes derives
from
Ecological characteristics
(biodiversity, habitat, ecosystem
services)
Social characteristics (institutions,
networks, education)
The link between natural and human
components
Bioversity International\F. van Oudenhoven
Social
Ecological
How to measure resilience in SEPLS Resilience has an abstract and multidimensional nature.
Very difficult to measure.
Indicators based on community perceptions of SEPLS conditions. Their presence
(high score) identifies resilience in the system, absence or disappearance (low score)
suggests vulnerability and movement away from a state or resilience.
Developing the Socio-ecological Resilience
Indicators
Conceptual framework developed Bioversity
International 2008-2010. *
First applications and testing by UNU-IAS and
Bioversity in Cuba 2011: An IPSI collaborative
activity.
Field-tested by Bioversity International in
Bolivia, Kenya, Nepal, Fiji, Mongolia, Tanzania
and Uganda and used in 20 countries
participating in the COMDEKS Project.
Revised based on the above experiences
(2014).
Development of a toolkit to provide practical
guidance for making use of the SEPLS
resilience indicators.
* Social-ecological indicators of resilience in agrarian and natural
landscapes. Van Oudenhoven, Mijatovic, and Eyzaguirre, P.
Management of Environmental Quality: (2011). 22(2):154-173.
The Toolkit
The toolkit aims to help
researchers, development
practitioners and most importantly
communities, assess the
landscapes they live in,
understand better how resilient
their system is, and work together
to develop resilience-
strengthening strategies
Ad
apte
d f
rom
CO
MD
EKS
System Country Site Coordination
Inland water systems
(Lakes, Watersheds,
Wetlands)
Kyrgyzstan Lake Issyk-Kul COMDEKS Kyrgyzstan
Malawi Tukombo-Kande, Lake Malawi COMDEKS Malawi
Niger Tabalak Lake COMDEKS Niger
Cambodia Steung Siem-Reap Watershed COMDEKS Cambodia
Ecuador Alto Napo River Watershed, Amazon COMDEKS Ecuador
Costa Rica Rio Jesus Maria Watershed COMDEKS Costa Rica
Slovakia Vychodoslovenska nizina Lowland COMDEKS Slovakia
Coastal seascapes
El Salvador Jaltepeque-Naja Lempe COMDEKS El Salvador
Fiji
Natewa and Tunuloa Peninsula COMDEKS Fiji
Bouma National Heritage Site – Taveuni
Island
National Trust of Fiji
Bioversity International
Indonesia Semau Island COMDEKS Indonesia
Turkey Datça-Bozburun Peninsula COMDEKS Turkey
Mountain ecosystems
Bhutan Gamri Watershed COMDEKS Bhutan
Bolivia Candelaria PROINPA
Bioversity International
Ghana Weto Range COMDEKS Ghana
India Kumaon Region, Uttarakhand COMDEKS India
Nepal Makawanpur COMDEKS Nepal
Begnas LI-BIRD, Bioversity lnternational
Agro-pastoral
systems
Brazil Jequitinhonha Valley COMDEKS Brazil
Cameroon Bogo Region COMDEKS Cameroon
Cuba Chucillas del Toa MaB Reserve INIFAT
Bioversity International
Ethiopia Gibel Gibe Catchment COMDEKS Ethiopia
Kenya Kitui Bioversity International
Tanzania Lushoto (2 communities)
(Kwang’wenda in Humid warm zone
another from Humid cold zone)
Bioversity International
Uganda Rakai District (Kiwaguzi , Kyaluwakula,
Kiganda, Lukyamo, Kigiimbi and Gosoola
villages)
Bioversity International
Grasslands Mongolia
Central Selenge Region COMDEKS Mongolia
Ulaanbaatar and the Central /Hangai
Region
JASIL
Bioversity International
Namibia Ipumgu-ya-Shilongo Conservancy COMDEKS Namibia
What the indicators measure
The indicators are designed to capture community perceptions of
different aspects of key systems which contribute to resilience.
Bioversity International\R. Vernooy Bioversity International\N. Bergamini
– Ecosystems/Ecology
– Biodiversity/Agricultural
– Knowledge/Innovation
– Governance/Social
– Livelihoods/Well-being
Examples of indicators
Landscape/seascape diversity Spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Patchiness across the landscape and changes
though time. Spatial heterogeneity provides seeds of renewal following disturbance;
through time, it allows patches to recover and restore nutrients.
What to look for: Patchiness on the farm and across the landscape, different land uses,
mosaic pattern of managed and unmanaged land, diverse cultivation practices, crop
rotations.
.
Maintenance and use of local crop varieties and animal breeds Agricultural biodiversity (optimally redundant) ensures that critical components and
relationships within the system are duplicated in case of failure. What to look for: high diversity of local crop varieties and animal breeds which are both
conserved and used.
Examples of indicators
Traditional knowledge related to biodiversity Local knowledge and cultural traditions related to biodiversity are transmitted from
elders and parents to young people in the community.
What to look for: Songs, rituals, festivals, stories, local terminology related to land and
biodiversity.
Social capital in the form of cooperation across the
landscape/seascape Individuals within and between communities are connected and coordinated through
networks that manage resources and exchange materials, skills and knowledge.
What to look for: farmers and consumers are able to organize into grassroots networks
and institutions such as co-ops, farmer’s markets, self-help groups, community clubs
and groups (women’s and youth groups), intercommunity networks.
Examples of indicators
Socio-economic infrastructure Socio-economic infrastructure is adequate for community desires and needs.
What to look for: investment in infrastructure and institutions for the education of
children and adults, electricity and communication infrastructure, safe drinking water,
hospitals, roads and transport.
Measuring resilience in my landscape
1.75
2.33
1.75
3.25
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
Landscape/Seascape diversity
Biodiversity (ABD)
Knowledge & InnovationGovernance & Social Equity
Livelihoods & Well-being
Series1
How the indicators’ framework has been used
Part of a baseline-assessment and community-consultation
process to help measure and understand the resilience of target
landscapes and seascapes.
Local observations can be complemented by scientific data and
information collected from prior studies.
Development of a landscape resilience strengthening strategies
and identification of priority actions for local innovation and
adaptive management.
Periodic use enables evaluation of progress towards development
and sustainable management objectives.
Areas in which the indicators are useful
Understanding SEPLS resilience
Supporting development and
implementation of resilience-strengthening
strategies and action plans
Enhancing communication among
stakeholders
Empowering communities in decision-
making processes and adaptive
management
Monitoring resilience of the
landscape/seascape and its communities
over time
The case of Fiji Community-based resource management of ridge to reef area
Participatory mapping exercise
Socio-ecological resilience in Waitabu and Lavena - Fiji
What we learned from the workshops
The use of the indicators’ framework
Increases the understanding of socio-ecological production landscapes and
seascapes (SEPLS) among and beyond community members.
Helps identify priority issues and actions for sustaining SEPLS that benefit
livelihoods and well-being.
Creates a common language between ‘traditional’, ‘governmental’ and
‘scientific’ communities which values the complexity of human-environment
interactions.
How they can be used in this project
Baseline assessment of resilience based on community’s
perceptions and needs.
Identification of research gaps.
Priority intervention areas.
Monitoring and evaluation of project interventions that aim to
strengthen resilience and support biodiversity conservation.
The indicators’ framework can be adapted to the local context
and to the project needs.
Thank you