Monitoring Remote Areas Monitoring Remote Areas Using Wireless Mote Using Wireless Mote

NetworksNetworksPaper # 2350 – 7Paper # 2350 – 7

J.N. Driscoll, PID Analyzers, 2 Washington Circle J.N. Driscoll, PID Analyzers, 2 Washington Circle Dr., Sandwich, MA 02563Dr., Sandwich, MA 02563

H. Gimenez, P. Hogan, W. Johnson, N. Perova, P. H. Gimenez, P. Hogan, W. Johnson, N. Perova, P. Perov, J. (Stinchfield) FernandezPerov, J. (Stinchfield) Fernandez

Suffolk University, 41 Temple Street, Boston, MA, Suffolk University, 41 Temple Street, Boston, MA, 02114 02114

Presented AtPresented At

Pittsburgh Conference-Pittsburgh Conference-Orlando, FLOrlando, FL

ObjectivesObjectives

Development of wireless “Mote” networks for Development of wireless “Mote” networks for monitoring of remote locations or locations where monitoring of remote locations or locations where wired systems cannot be implementedwired systems cannot be implemented

Development of base station software to allow for Development of base station software to allow for uploading of Tmote data to the Internetuploading of Tmote data to the Internet

Development of external antenna systems to Development of external antenna systems to maximize range of the Tmotes while minimizing maximize range of the Tmotes while minimizing complexity of routing protocols and maintain low complexity of routing protocols and maintain low drain on the batteriesdrain on the batteries

Development of gas sensor array (4-5 sensors Development of gas sensor array (4-5 sensors simultaneously) & electronics to be used with the simultaneously) & electronics to be used with the motes motes

What are RF MotesWhat are RF Motes Radiofrequency wireless “motes” are low power, Radiofrequency wireless “motes” are low power,

inexpensive devices that incorporate sensors, processing inexpensive devices that incorporate sensors, processing and communications in a small package. These devices and communications in a small package. These devices were developed by the University of California at Berkeley were developed by the University of California at Berkeley in 1999 and have been expanded to include sensors for in 1999 and have been expanded to include sensors for light, temperature, humidity, and other parameters. We light, temperature, humidity, and other parameters. We have designed a low power toxic gas array for five sensors have designed a low power toxic gas array for five sensors that can be easily interfaced to RF motes.that can be easily interfaced to RF motes.

The RF motes can communicate using novel network The RF motes can communicate using novel network topologies suitable for specific applications. The data is topologies suitable for specific applications. The data is then relayed back to a base mote connected to a PC with a then relayed back to a base mote connected to a PC with a suitable database, which can be uploaded to the Internet. suitable database, which can be uploaded to the Internet. We describe inter-mote distance limitations, interface We describe inter-mote distance limitations, interface issues of the sensor board to the motes, solutions to long issues of the sensor board to the motes, solutions to long term power for the motes, communication protocols term power for the motes, communication protocols between motes, transfer of data from base mote to Mysql between motes, transfer of data from base mote to Mysql database, and creation of a dynamic website hosted on an database, and creation of a dynamic website hosted on an Apache webserver. Apache webserver.

Description of Remote SensorDescription of Remote Sensor

Have used 10 position RF ModesHave used 10 position RF Modes Acquisition time- every 10 secondsAcquisition time- every 10 seconds Have developed database & data Have developed database & data

collection programcollection program Have developed low power battery Have developed low power battery

operated 5 channel amp for sensors such operated 5 channel amp for sensors such as PID, IR (>3), CG, TC, RH, EC (> 30), as PID, IR (>3), CG, TC, RH, EC (> 30), wind speed…wind speed…

Can check remote battery condition every Can check remote battery condition every 10 seconds10 seconds

Key Features of the TmoteKey Features of the Tmote

-- 250kbps 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Chipcon Wireless 250kbps 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Chipcon Wireless TransceiverTransceiver

- - Interoperability with other IEEE 802.15.4 Interoperability with other IEEE 802.15.4 devicesdevices

- - 8MHz Texas Instruments MSP430 8MHz Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller (10k RAM, 48k Flash)microcontroller (10k RAM, 48k Flash)

- Integrated- Integrated ADC, DAC, Supply Voltage ADC, DAC, Supply Voltage Supervisor, and DMA ControllerSupervisor, and DMA Controller

-- Integrated Humidity, Temperature, and Light Integrated Humidity, Temperature, and Light SensorsSensors

-- TinyOS support: mesh networking and TinyOS support: mesh networking and communication implementationcommunication implementation

Tmote Components (Top)Tmote Components (Top)

Tmote Components (Bottom)Tmote Components (Bottom)

Range Issues with Standard Range Issues with Standard TmoteTmote

The short range of standard Tmote The short range of standard Tmote necessitates an improved antenna systemnecessitates an improved antenna system

External antennas on the Tmote are External antennas on the Tmote are feasible, but require board modificationsfeasible, but require board modifications

The measured range for the standard The measured range for the standard Tmote was about 20 metersTmote was about 20 meters

The solution...The solution...

A Parabolic DishA Parabolic Dish Allows for wide Allows for wide

area coverage area coverage when used as a when used as a receiverreceiver

Allows for Allows for perimeter perimeter reception of a reception of a deployment of deployment of motesmotes

Prevents to need Prevents to need to modify the to modify the deployed motesdeployed motes

Maximum Range MeasurementMaximum Range Measurement

The maximum range The maximum range measured (90% measured (90% efficiency based on efficiency based on packet loss) was 550 packet loss) was 550 metersmeters

The maximum (100% The maximum (100% reception) range was reception) range was 400 meters400 meters

Random packets Random packets were received at up were received at up to 1 km rangeto 1 km range

Cranberry Bog ProjectCranberry Bog Project

Cranberry crops are highly susceptible to Cranberry crops are highly susceptible to temperature fluctuation and must be flooded temperature fluctuation and must be flooded over to protect them during cold spellsover to protect them during cold spells

The purpose of this project is set up a mote The purpose of this project is set up a mote network to monitor temperature gradients in a network to monitor temperature gradients in a cranberry bog to assist in flood controlcranberry bog to assist in flood control

The motes must be deployed and left in place The motes must be deployed and left in place during the growing season to prevent damage during the growing season to prevent damage to the delicate cropto the delicate crop

The cranberry bog in questions is The cranberry bog in questions is approximately approximately 300 meters by 300 meters300 meters by 300 meters

Cranberry Bog MapCranberry Bog Map

Mote Team discusses Mote Team discusses placement and range placement and range

measurementsmeasurements

Cranberry Bog Range Cranberry Bog Range SummarySummary

The maximum range was The maximum range was 400 meters400 meters The dish was able to receive motes The dish was able to receive motes

along a line drawn from the edge of along a line drawn from the edge of the dish to 200 meters in either the dish to 200 meters in either directiondirection

Coverage of the entire bog was Coverage of the entire bog was easily obtainedeasily obtained

Full receive capabilities were Full receive capabilities were maintained upon moving the dish maintained upon moving the dish inside (an additional 50 meters)inside (an additional 50 meters)

Looking out from Dish location. Looking out from Dish location. Farthest mote out was 350 meters Farthest mote out was 350 meters

and had perfect receptionand had perfect reception

Setup of the Data Collection System:Setup of the Data Collection System:

Modified nesC and Java Programs for data collection system:Oscilloscope, Oscope.

Radio Transmission FactsRadio Transmission Facts

Calibration of Remote Gas SensorsCalibration of Remote Gas SensorsDistance 100’Distance 100’

Spreadsheet Data FormatSpreadsheet Data FormatTimeTime DateDate HumidHumid

ityityTempTemp

AATSRTSR PARPAR TempTemp

SSBatt VBatt V H2SH2S

ppmppmCH4CH4

%%

MoteID1

15:32:15:32:0505

2/18/062/18/06 20.520.5 24.424.4 11 11 24.424.4 2.972.97 00 0.030.03

MoteID1

15:32:15:32:1515

2/18/062/18/06 20.520.5 24.424.4 1 1 11 24.424.4 2.972.97 00 2.302.30

MoteID1

15:32:15:32:2525

2/18/062/18/06 20.520.5 24.424.4 11 11 24.424.4 2.972.97 00 2.482.48

MoteID1

15:32:15:32:3535

2/18/062/18/06 20.520.5 24.424.4 11 11 24.424.4 2.972.97 00 2.502.50

MoteID1

15:32:15:32:4545

2/18/062/18/06 20.520.5 24.424.4 11 11 24.424.4 2.972.97 00 0.310.31

MoteID1

15:32:15:32:5555

2/18/062/18/06 20.520.5 23.423.4 11 11 24.424.4 2.972.97 00 0.060.06

packMICA2 Mote network XListen+ Mote-VIEW Client Toolsw/XMesh Routing PostgreSQL Database

Homeland Security Area MonitoringHomeland Security Area Monitoring

Mote with sensors

Sensors AvailableSensors Available TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES- - GASESGASES-PID (3), IR (3), -PID (3), IR (3),

TCD , UV, CG, EC (4 TYPES) > 30 SENSORSTCD , UV, CG, EC (4 TYPES) > 30 SENSORS MEASUREMEASURE-VOC’s, CH-VOC’s, CH44, CO, CO22, N, N22O, HO, H22, SO, SO22, ,

Hg, % LEL, NHHg, % LEL, NH33, AsH, AsH33, CO, Cl, CO, Cl22, ClO, ClO22, ETO, F, ETO, F22, , CH2O, Hydrazine, HBr, HCN, HCl, HF, HCH2O, Hydrazine, HBr, HCN, HCl, HF, H22S, S, II22, RSH, NO, NO, RSH, NO, NO22, O, O22, O, O33, Phosgene, PH, Phosgene, PH33, , SOSO22, SiH, SiH44. .

RANGERANGE- ppb to % depending on sensor - ppb to % depending on sensor MEASURE- MEASURE- LIQUIDSLIQUIDS-pH, T, CONDUCTIVITY, -pH, T, CONDUCTIVITY,

DISSOLVED ODISSOLVED O22, TURBIDITY , TURBIDITY

SummarySummary The RF motes have a range > 100’ in a building The RF motes have a range > 100’ in a building

(through walls)(through walls) To cover a wider area up to 400 meters, we used To cover a wider area up to 400 meters, we used

an antennaan antenna Motes will talk to each other & can be used to Motes will talk to each other & can be used to

relay info to PCrelay info to PC The RF modes can be used to monitor up to 10 The RF modes can be used to monitor up to 10

parameters local T, RH, Battery V, sensor T, parameters local T, RH, Battery V, sensor T, Calibration set & 5 gas or liquid sensors Calibration set & 5 gas or liquid sensors

We are also evaluating a new antenna design to We are also evaluating a new antenna design to improve the range & improved software to make improve the range & improved software to make the operation easier to operatethe operation easier to operate

Suffolk Mote TeamSuffolk Mote Team

Students: Jack Hamm, Nick Hennigar, Niko Liakis, Brian Muccioli, Jim Speers

Alumni: Jennifer Stinchfield-Fernandes, Josel Fernandes, Natasha Perova

Physics Faculty: Walter Johnson, Igor Kreydin, Pol Perov, Yevginy Rodin

Environmental Engineering faculty: Pat Hogan

Electrical Engineering Faculty: Craig Christensen, Harold Giminez