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255 MOLYNEUX’S QUESTION REDUX  Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 2: 255–280, 2003.  © 2003 K luwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Molyneux’s question redux ALESSANDRA C. JACOMUZZI, 1 PIETRO KOBAU 2 AND NICOLA BRUNO 1 1 Università di Trieste, 2 Università di Torino, Italy  Received 2 1 Janua ry 2003; received in revised version 18 May 200 3 Abstract. After more than three centuries, Molyneux’ s question continues to challenge our understanding of cognition and perceptual systems. Locke, the original recipient of the ques- tion, approached it as a theoretical exercise relevant to long-standing philosophica l issues, such as nativism, the possibilit y of common sensibles, and the empiricism- rationalism de- bate. However, philosophers were quick to adopt the experimentalist’ s stance as soon as they became aware of recoveries from congenital blindness through ophtalmic surgery . Such re- coveries were widely reported to support empiricist positions , suggesting that the question had found its empirical answer. Contrary to this common view, we argue that studies of pa- tients recovering from early blindness through surgery cannot provide an answer. In fact, because of the very nature of such ophtalmological interventions it is impossible to test the question in the empirical condit ions outlined by Molyneux. Thus we propose that Molyneux ’s question be treated as an early thought experiment of a specific kind. Althou gh thought ex- periments of this kind cannot be turned into actual experimental conditions, they provide a conceptual restructurin g of theories. Such restructuring in turn leads to new predictions that can then be tested by “normal” experiments. In accord with this interpretatio n, we show that Molyneux’s question can be analyzed into a hierarchy of specific questions about vision in its phenomenal and sensory-motor components. Some of these questions do lead to actual experimental conditions that could be studied empirically. Key words: empiricism, haptic perception, Molyneux’s question, nativism, perceptual learn- ing, rationalism, visual perception, visuomotor learning Introduction In 1688, William Molyneux read an  Abrégé of Locke’s  Essay Concerning  Human Understanding (Locke 1688). Locke’s chapter on perception so in- terested Molyneux, that on July 7 of the same year he sent Locke the follow- ing letter:

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