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  • Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:
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Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either: molecules Ions Molecules and ions are both formed from atoms.

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Page 1: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Molecules

Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions.

Most natural materials are composed of either: molecules Ions

Molecules and ions are both formed from atoms.

Page 2: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Molecules

Molecule: A group of atoms combined in definite

proportions and held together by strong attractive forces called covalent chemical bondsCovalent bonds are formed when two

atoms share two or more electrons

The smallest representative particle of a molecular compound

Page 3: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Molecular Compounds

Molecular compounds composed of molecules that contain more than one

type of atom

Examples: Water (H2O) Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Ozone (O3)

Most molecular substances are composed of non-metals only.

Page 4: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Chemical Formulas

Chemical Formula notation that describes the types and

relative numbers of atoms in a pure substance

Chemical formulas always contain: elemental symbols subscripts

show the relative number of each type of atom

Page 5: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Chemical Formulas

Molecular Formulas chemical formulas that tell the actual

number of each type of atom in a molecule

provide the greatest information about a compound

Acetic Acid C2H4O2

Glucose C6H12O6

Page 6: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Chemical Formulas

Empirical Formula chemical formula that tells the smallest

whole number ratio of each type of atom in a molecule

NO2 vs. N2O4

HO vs. H2O2

CH2 vs. C3H6

Page 7: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Some compounds are composed of ions instead of molecules. “Salt” (NaCl)

contains Na+ and Cl- ions

Tums (CaCO3)Contains Ca2+ and CO3

2- ions

Milk of Magnesia [Mg(OH)2]Contains Mg2+ and OH-

Page 8: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Ions can be either monoatomic polyatomic

Ions form when atoms (or groups of atoms) gain or lose electrons

Monoatomic ion: a charged substance containing a single

atom that has gained or lost electrons

Page 9: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Predicting Ionic Charge

Many atoms gain or lose electrons in such a way that they end up with the same number of electrons as the nearest (closest in atomic number) noble gas. “octet” rule

Ca (20p, 20e-) Ca2+ (20p, 18e-) [Ar: 18p,18e-]

O (8p, 8e-) O2- (8p, 10e-) [Ne: 10p, 10e-]

Page 10: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Predicting Ionic Charge

Using the octet rule you can easily determine the charge on most of the monoatomic ions formed by the main group elements.

Main group metal cations:Charge = group number

Main group nonmetal anions:Charge = group # - 8

(or simply count the number of “spaces” away from the nearest noble gas and add a negative sign)

Page 11: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ions and Ionic Compounds

In general:Metal atoms lose e- and form cations.Nonmetal atoms gain e- and form anions.

Common monoatomic ions

Zn2+

Ag+

P3-

Page 12: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Mai

n gr

oup

Fe2+

Fe3+

Cu+

Cu2+

Mn2+

Mn3+

Co2+

Co3+

Bi3+

Bi5+

Cr2+

Cr3+

Sn2+

Sn4+

Pb2+

Pb4+

Many transition metals and a few main group elements form more than one ion.

Main group

Page 13: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Polyatomic ion: an electrically charged group of two or

more atoms that are held together by covalent bondsPolyatomic ions cannot be broken into

smaller pieces

Examples:NO3

-

SO42-

HCO3-

PO43-

O

3-

P O

O

O

Page 14: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Polyatomic Ions Some common polyatomic ions:

Ammonium NH4+

Hydroxide OH-

Cyanide CN-

Nitrate NO3-

Acetate C2H3O2-

Sulfate SO42-

Bisulfate (Hydrogen sulfate) HSO4-

Carbonate CO32-

Bicarbonate (Hydrogen carbonate) HCO3-

Phosphate PO43-

Page 15: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Common Ions

You are responsible for naming and writing formulas for compounds containing the ions shown in the Ion Chart given to you at the start of the semester.

You should be able to write the names and formulas for binary molecular compounds and the common acids shown in this set of notes.

You should also know the formulas and names of compounds that you use in the laboratory.

Page 16: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ionic Compounds

Ionic Compound a compound that contains both cations

(+ charge) and anions (- charge)

Ionic compounds generally contain a metal and one or more nonmetals.

Molecular compounds generally contain nonmetals only.

Page 17: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Structures & Formulas of Ionic Compounds

The ions in an ionic compound are arranged in a 3-D structure.

There are no discrete molecules of an ionic compound. Ionic compounds are

represented using empirical formulas

Page 18: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds must be electrically neutral. Total positive charge = total negative

charge

Na+ + Cl- NaCl (1 pos, 1 neg)

Na++Na++ Cl-

Page 19: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ca2+ + Cl- CaCl (2 pos, 1 neg)

Ca2+ + 2Cl- CaCl2 (2 pos, 2 neg)

Ca2+Cl-

Ca2+Cl-

Cl-

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Page 20: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

To write the empirical formula for an ionic compound: Determine the charge on each ion. Combine the ions in a ratio that gives

electrically neutral compoundIf charges on the ions are equal in

magnitude (but opposite in sign), then combine the ions in a 1:1 ratio.

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Page 21: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Na+ + F- NaF

Ca2+ + SO42- CaSO4

F-Na+

Ca2+ SO42-

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Page 22: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

If charges on the ions are different, then the charge of one ion becomes the subscript of the other ion.

Mg+2 Cl -1 Mg1Cl2 MgCl2

If the subscripts are not the lowest whole number ratio, divide them by the greatest common factor.

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Page 23: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Al3+ O 2-

Example: Write the correct formula for a compound containing Al3+ and O2- ions

Al2O3

O2- O2- O2-

Al3+ Al3+

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Page 24: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Al3+ SO42-

Example: Write the empirical formula for the compound formed from Al3+ and SO4

2- ions.

Al2(SO4)3

SO4 2-

Al3+ Al3+

SO4 2-SO4 2-

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Page 25: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Example: What are the empirical formulas for the compounds formed from:

Ca2+ and N3-

Sn4+ and SO42-

Remember to use ( ) around polyatomic ions if you need more than one of them.

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Page 26: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Names & Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are named using the names of the ions that compose them. You must know the names and charges

of all ions, including the polyatomic ions. Ion chart hand-outTrends discussed during lecture

General format for naming ionic compounds:Cation name followed by anion name

Page 27: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Cations

Cations formed from metal ions have the same name as the metal.

K+ potassium ionCa2+ calcium ionAl3+ aluminum ion

Page 28: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Cations

Many transition metals and a few main group metals can form more than one cation (i.e. two or more charges) the charge of the specific cation is given by

Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the metal

Fe2+ iron (II) ionFe3+ iron (III) ionCu+ copper (I) ionCu2+ copper (II) ion

Page 29: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Cations

Two common polyatomic cations

NH4+ ammonium ion

H3O+ hydronium ion

Page 30: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Anions

Monoatomic anions

drop the ending of the element’s name add “ide”

N nitrogen N3- nitride

O oxygen O2- oxide

Page 31: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Anions

Some simple polyatomic anions also use the “ide” ending

OH- hydroxideCN- cyanideO2

2- peroxide

Page 32: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Oxyanions

Oxyanions (polyatomic anions containing oxygen) have names ending in: “ate” most common oxyanion

of the element “ite” same charge, 1 less O

NO3- nitrate SO4

2- sulfate

NO2- nitrite SO3

2- sulfite

Page 33: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Oxyanions (cont.)

Prefixes are added if more than 2 oxyanions exist:

“per” 1 more O than the “ate” oxyanion “hypo” 1 less O than the “ite” oxyanion

ClO4- perchlorate

ClO3- chlorate

ClO2- chlorite

ClO- hypochlorite

Page 34: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Oxyanions

To learn & remember the names and formulas of the oxyanions:

learn the name and formula for the “ate” oxyanion

apply the rules discussed previously

Page 35: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Oxyanions

The names & formulas of the common oxyanions can be learned using trends within the same group of elements:

Halogens:The “ate” anion has 3 oxygens and a 1-

charge

ClO3- = chlorate ion

BrO3- = bromate ion

Page 36: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Oxyanions

Group 6 (S, Se, Te): The “ate” anion has 4 oxygens and a 2- charge SO4

2- = sulfate SeO4

2- = selenate

Group 5 (N, P, As): The “ate” anion has 4 oxygens and a 3- charge

except for Nitrogen PO4

3- = phosphate NO3

- = nitrate

Page 37: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Oxyanions

Other common oxyanions that you must know:

MnO4- = permanganate ion

CrO42- = chromate ion

Cr2O72- = dichromate ion

Page 38: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Oxyanions

Anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion: add “hydrogen” or “dihydrogen” as prefix

to oxyanion name

CO32- carbonate

HCO3- hydrogen carbonate

(also called bicarbonate)

PO43- phosphate

H2 PO4- dihydrogen phosphate

Page 39: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are named by: Cation name followed by anion name

NaCl

CaBr2

NaClO

Cu(NO3)2

sodium chloride

calcium bromide

sodium hypochlorite

copper (II) nitrate

Page 40: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Examples

Example: Write the names of these ionic compounds.

Na2O

FeCl3

(NH4)3PO4

KClO4

Pb(CO3)2

Page 41: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Writing Formulas from Names

To write the correct empirical formula from the name of an ionic compound: Identify the symbol and charge for each

ion. Determine the correct number of each ion

needed to balance the charges.

Page 42: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Writing Formulas from Names

Example: Write the empirical formula for ammonium sulfate

(NH4)2SO4

ammonium

sulfate

NH4+

SO42-

Page 43: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Writing Formulas from Names

sodium bicarbonate barium nitrate sodium bromate iron(III) carbonate sodium hydrogen phosphate potassium dichromate tin (IV) oxide

Example: Write the formulas for these ionic compounds

Page 44: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Names & Formulas of Acids

Acid: a substance whose molecules form H+

ions when dissolved in water

HCl (aq) HCN (g) HClO3 (aq)

Name of acid depends on the type of acid, its physical state, and the name of the anion.

Page 45: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Names & Formulas of Acids

Three naming systems for acids:

Acids containing oxygen

Acids without oxygenaqueous solutionsgases

Page 46: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Acids

To name an acid: Does it have oxygen?

YesWrite name of anionChange “ate” to “ic acid”

Example: HClO4 = perchloric acid

Change “ite” to “ous acid”Example:

HClO2 = chlorous acid

Page 47: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Acids

To name an acid: If no oxygen, is it (aq)?

YesStart with hydroAdd the name of anionChange “ide” to “ic acid”

Example:HCl (aq) = hydrochloric acid

Page 48: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Acids

To name an acid: If no oxygen, is it (g)?

YesStart with hydrogenAdd the name of the anion

Example:HCN (g) = hydrogen cyanide

Page 49: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Acids

You must know the names and formulas for the following acids for the exam:

HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid HBr (aq) hydrobromic acid HI (aq) hydroiodic acid HNO3 nitric acid HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid

Page 50: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming Acids

You must know the names and formulas for the following acids for the exam:

HF (aq) hydrofluoric acid H2S (g) hydrogen sulfide HCN (g) hydrogen cyanide HC2H3O2 acetic acid H2CO3 carbonic acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid

Page 51: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Writing Formulas for Acids

Which category of acid is it? Oxyanion based Not oxyanion based, (aq) Not oxyanion based, (g)

Write the formula for the anion (including charge).

Add enough H ions to make a neutral compound.

Page 52: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Example

Example: Write the formula for perchloric acid.

Category: oxyanion containing acid

Anion: perchloric acid

Formula: HClO4

perchlorateClO4

-

Page 53: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Examples

Acetic acid:

Hydrochloric acid:

Chloric acid:

Hydrogen sulfide:

Page 54: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Binary Molecular Compounds

Binary molecular compound: compound composed of molecules with

two different types of atoms

Remember: Many molecular compounds are composed strictly of non-metals.

SO2 N2O4

H2O PCl5

P4O10 CO

Page 55: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Binary Molecular Compounds

The names of binary molecular compounds give both the type and number of each type of atom present.

The general pattern for naming binary molecular compounds is:

______element name ______ element name with ide ending______element name ______ element name with ide ending

Page 56: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Binary Molecular Compounds

The first element is named using the name of the element.

The second element is named using the “ide” ending.

Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of each type of element present.

______element name ______ element name with ide ending______element name ______ element name with ide ending

Page 57: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Greek Prefixes

Prefix Meaningmono 1di 2tri 3tetra 4penta 5hexa 6hepta 7octa 8nona 9deca 10

You must know these!!You must know these!!

PP44SS1010 = =

tetraphosphorus decasulfide

Page 58: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Binary Molecular Compounds

Special conventions for using Greek prefixes: Mono is never used with the first element

The “a” or “o” in the prefix is dropped if the name of the element begins with a vowel.

CO: carbon monooxide carbon monoxide

Page 59: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Binary Molecular Compounds

Example: Name the following compounds.

N2O4

PCl5

NO3

Page 60: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Binary Molecular Compounds

Example: Write the formulas for the following compounds.

tetraphosphorus decoxide

sulfur trioxide

disulfur dichloride

Page 61: Molecules Most elements found in nature are not found as isolated atoms. Noble gases are common exceptions. Most natural materials are composed of either:

Naming — Revisited

Before you can correctly name a compound or write its formula, YOU MUST determine which type of compound it is:

Ionic starts with a metal or NH4 Acid starts with H or Hn Binary Molecular two non-metals

THEN use the appropriate naming system or method to write the formula.


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