module – who am i? who are you?
DESCRIPTION
Module – Who am I? Who are you?. Lesson 5 – My morals made me do it. How to Navigate Tutorial. Click on hyperlinks within each slide first. Click on to move to the next slide. Click on to move to the previous slide. Click on the icon to return to the index. Lesson 5 Index. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Module – Who am I? Who are you?
Lesson 5 – My morals made me do it.
![Page 2: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
How to Navigate Tutorial
1. Click on hyperlinks within each slide first.
2. Click on to move to the next slide.3. Click on to move to the previous
slide.4. Click on the icon to return to the
index.
![Page 3: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Lesson 5 Index Theories of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg Cross Cultural Analysis John Haidt
Neurobiological Basis of Moral Reasoning
In Conclusion
References
![Page 4: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Summarize the cognitive mechanisms involved in each stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Objective #22
![Page 5: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Moral Reasoning…
According to Kohlberg
![Page 6: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Theory of Moral Development♂ Preconventional Level
♂ Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience♂ Stage 2: Mutual Benefit
♂ Conventional Level♂ Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations♂ Stage 4: Law and Order
♂ Postconventional Level♂ Stage 5: Legal Principles♂ Stage 6: Universal Moral Principles
![Page 7: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Heinz Dilemma
In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer.
There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was
a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently
discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was
charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $400
for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. The
sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow
the money and tried every legal means, but he could only get
together about $2,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the
druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or
let him pay later. But the druggist said: “No, I discovered the drug
and I’m going to make money from it.” So having tried every legal
means, Heinz gets desperate and considers breaking into the man’s
store to steal the drug for his wife.
![Page 8: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Preconventional: Stage 1
Morality is based on punishments and rewards. Judgments are formed according to external
authorities.
Chris, age 6:
“[Heinz] did something wrong; he will go to jail.”
[click]
![Page 9: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Preconventional: Stage 2
Morality is reciprocal. We seek what is in
our best interest, and only help others if it
benefits us.
Jonathan, 7 :
“He shouldn’t get in trouble for stealing it because he really needed it and the man who was selling it was so greedy
and only wanted the money.”
[click]
![Page 10: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Conventional: Stage 3
“Right” is being a “good” person by conforming to social expectations.
Andrea, 9:
“Because if you do you are caring about other people
instead of just you.”
[click]
![Page 11: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Bridge Dilemma
In Korea, a company of Marines was way outnumbered and was
retreating before the enemy. The company had crossed a
bridge over a river, but the enemy were mostly still on the other
side. If someone went back to the bridge and blew it up, with
the head start the rest of the men in the company would have,
they would probably then escape. But the man who stayed
back to blow up the bridge would not be able to escape alive.
The captain himself is the man who knows best how to lead the
retreat. He asks for volunteers, but no one will volunteer. If he
goes himself, the men will probably not get back safely and he
is the only one who knows how to lead the retreat.
![Page 12: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Conventional: Stage 4
“Right” is helping to maintain social order by doing one’s duty and showing respect for authority.
Grace, 11:
“That man joined the Army and the captain has every right
to order his men.”
[click]
![Page 13: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Postconventional: Stage 5
“Right” is protecting basic rights of all members of society by upholding legal principles that promote
fairness, justice, equality, and democracy.
Taya, 10:
“He’s doing it for the right reasons but he shouldn’t still.”
[click]
![Page 14: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Postconventional: Stage 6
“Right” is determined by self-chosen ethical standards that underscores ideals. If these
conflict with laws, self-chosen principles take preference.
Christa, 14:
“We must recognize all humans as human. Human life is human life.”
[click]
![Page 15: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Break down Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning by gender and culture
Objective #23
![Page 16: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cross-Cultural Relevance
• Western emphasis on individual rights, harm, and justice
• Don’t reflect collectivist emphasis on interdependence and group harmony
• Heinz’s Dilemma“If nobody helped him, I would say that we had
caused the crime.” man from New Guinea
Hockenbury, D. and Hockenbury, S. (2006). Psychology (3rd ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers.
![Page 17: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Moral Reasoning…
According to Gilligan
![Page 18: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Carol Gilligan – Gender differences♀ Later criticized his theory of moral
development as being biased toward a male perspective
♀ Proposed care-orientation as an alternative method of moral reasoning
♀ Believes girls are more inclined towards care-orientation so they score lower on Kohlberg’s stages because care-orientation is associated with stage 3 (good interpersonal relationships).
![Page 19: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Gilligan’s Three-Stage Theory
♀ Preconventional: Egocentricism
♀ Conventional: Care for others
♀ Postconventional: Balancing care for self and others
“The moral judgments of women differ from that of men in
the greater extent to which women’s judgments are tied to
feelings of empathy and compassion and are concerned
with the resolution of real as opposed to hypotheticaldilemmas.”
Gilligan, 1982
![Page 20: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Discuss morality according to Haidt’s five fundamental moral impulses
Objective #24
![Page 21: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Harm / Care
![Page 22: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fairness / Reciprocity
![Page 23: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Authority / Respect
![Page 24: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
In-Group Loyalty
![Page 25: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Purity / Sanctity
Creates most conflict
Best predictor of attitudes Abortion Gay marriage
![Page 26: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
5 Fundamental Moral Instincts
“Seeing things from multiple perspectives gives you a much better view of the whole.”A. Newberg
![Page 27: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Illustrate how Haidt’s theory of morality can be understood as a worldview
Objective #25
![Page 28: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Haidt’s Theory as a Worldview
Harm / Care Fairness / Reciprocity
Ignore or don’t see other perspectives
See as outdated or backwards
Loyalty Authority Purity
Acknowledges other perspectives, but don’t emphasize
Liberals Conservatives
![Page 29: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Describe the neurobiological basis of moral reasoning by discussing the roles of various structures and regions in the brain
Objective #26
![Page 30: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Brain and Moral Reasoning
Frontal Lobe (blue) Temporal Lobe
(green)
Abstract reasoning Working memory Willful thinking Regulates emotions
Newberg, A. and Waldman, M.R. (2006). Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth. New York: Free Press.
![Page 31: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
In conclusion…
![Page 32: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What is morality?
Moral Reasoning = neurobiology + social influence Interconnectedness = compassion and empathy
Individualists – guilt motivates change Collectivists – shame motivates change
Newberg, A. and Waldman, M.R. (2006). Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth. New York: Free Press.
![Page 33: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
How to Change Beliefs
1. Ideals and beliefs are superior to others2. Logical justification for beliefs3. Clearly defined group behavior4. Reinforce 1-3 over and over5. Contractual agreement (commitment to
group)
1-5 are standard in most groups
Newberg, A. and Waldman, M.R. (2006). Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth. New York: Free Press.
![Page 34: Module – Who am I? Who are you?](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/5681342f550346895d9b1f7e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
References
Haidt, J. (2007). Moral Psychology and the Misunderstanding of Religion. Retrieved August 13, 2009 from http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/haidt07/haidt07_index.html
Hockenbury, D. and Hockenbury, S. (2006). Psychology (3rd ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers.
Jacobs, T. (2009, April 27). Morals Authority. Retrieved October 4, 2009 from http://www.miller-mccune.com/culture_society/morals-authority-1099/2?article_page=3.
Naukan, D. and Fredendall, C. (n.d.). Morality in Kohlberg and Gilligan [PowerPoint]. Retrieved October 4, 2009 from http://dante.udallas.edu/fredendall/child_growth/ChildGrowth/Kohlberg.ppt.
Newberg, A. and Waldman, M.R. (2006). Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth. New York: Free Press.