Module 4B7VLSI Design, Technology & CAD

Engineering Tripos Part IIBYou can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at:

http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh

David Holburndmh@eng.cam.ac.uk

David Mooredfm1@eng.cam.ac.uk

12 lectures in LR6:- Friday at 12, Tuesday at 10

Printed handouts (approximately one per lecture) gaps to be filled in places where you need to add your own notes

Two examples sheets:- MOS circuits Microelectronics technology

Various other notes and leaflets Exam - start of Easter term Coursework - later this term Material on the WWW

4B7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD

Coursework

Electrical characterisation of CMOS ring oscillator circuit

Takes place in EIETL/Part I Lab, Weeks 7-8

Coursework SEM examination of CMOS ring oscillator circuit Takes place in Electrical Research Lab, Weeks 7-8

Course ActivitiesVisits to IC manufacturers EEV (Chelmsford) – Charge-coupled imaging devices Fujitsu (Durham)- Memory/Microprocessor manufacture

Guest Lecture James Collier from Cambridge Silicon Radio is expected

to give a talk an the evolution of their world-beating Bluetooth CMOS chip set … details later ...

Case Study - Flash MemoryCase study illustrating advanced VLSI design & manufacture

Intel® StrataFlash™ offers: non-volatility, reliability, and smaller form factor.

MultiLevel Cell (MLC) technology stores multiple bits of data on a single memory transistor.

Allows increased densities and decreased cost-per-megabyte

Uses 0.18 m technology

Evolution of the Microprocessor

Paper D7: VLSI Design, Technology & CAD

Engineering Tripos Part IIB/EIST Part II

You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh

The First Transistor

New York Times

“A device called a transistor, which has several applications in radio where a vacuum tube ordinarily is employed, was demonstrated for the first time yesterday at Bell Telephone Laboratories, 463 West Street, where it was invented.”

23rd December 1947

http://www.lucent.com/ideas2/ideas.html http://www.bell-labs.com

The First Integrated Circuit

1958, Jack Kilby, a young electrical engineer at Texas Instruments, figured out how to put all the circuit elements - transistors, resistors, and capacitors, along with their interconnecting wiring - into a single piece of germanium.

His rough prototype was a thin piece of germanium about one-half inch long containing five separate components linked together by tiny wires.

The Microprocessor

4004: Intel’s first microprocessor

The speed of this 1971 device was estimated at 0.06 MIPS (million instructions/s).

By comparison, in 2000 Intel's Pentium ran at 133 MHz, contained 5.5 million transistors, & could execute 300 MIPS. Complexity & speed have risen steadily since then!

The 4-bit 4004 ran at 108 kHz & contained 2300 transistors.

Intel 8086/8088 and IBM PC

1978: 8086/8088 Microprocessor

A pivotal sale to IBM’s new personal computer division made the 8088 the brains of IBM’s new ‘hit product’ -- the IBM PC.

This was followed in 1982 by the 80286, on which was based the IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) computer.

Intel 80386 and 80486

The Intel ‘386 (1985) contained 275,000 transistors. It was Intel’s first ‘32-bit’ chip, and was capable of ‘multi-tasking’.

The ‘486 (1989, shown) was significantly more powerful, and was the first to offer a built-in math. co-processor, greatly speeding up transcendental functions.

Intel Pentium

The Pentium was first introduced in 1993 - it was designed to allow computers to handle “real-world” data such as speech, sound and images.

The latest Pentium II (1997) contained 7.5 million transistors, and is packaged in a unique format.

Scaling - Intel Pentium Origin design used MOSFETs with L=0.8 m

Speed limited to fclk= 66 MHz

Shrink minimum dimension to 0.6 m Raise clock to 100 MHz - 50% more throughput Lower power consumption Latest P4 uses L=0.09 m fclk=3800MHz (internal)!

Relative sizes

Moore’s Law The Intel view of Gordon Moore’s observation.

The billion-transistor chip is imminent!

http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm

Moore’s Law1. Chip complexity doubles every process generation1. Chip complexity doubles every process generation2. Factory cost doubles every factory generation 2. Factory cost doubles every factory generation

Co

mp

lexi

ty

10 9

10 8

10 7

10 6

10 5

10 4

10 3

10 2

10 1

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

8080

PentiumPentium®®

80486

80286

PentiumPentium®®Pro

$5000

$2000

$500

$200

Co

st in

$M

cost

complexity

Silicon Technology

Intel386™ DXIntel386™ DXProcessorProcessor

1.5µ1.5µ 1.0µ1.0µ 0.8µ0.8µ 0.6µ0.6µ 0.4µ0.4µ 0.25µ0.25µSilicon ProcessSilicon ProcessTechnologyTechnology

Intel486™ DXIntel486™ DXProcessorProcessor

PentiumPentium® ®

ProcessorProcessor

PentiumPentium® ® IIIIProcessorProcessor

Wafers - 4" to 300 mm

Web resource

http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/4b7