modul radioactivity 2019 - alinaimanarif.files.wordpress.com · awesome physics is around you 3...

Topic: RADIOACTIVITY

Believe in yourself and all that you are. Know that there is something inside you

that greater than any obstacle. Christian D. Larson

Miracles happen everyday DREAM BIG…AIM HIGH…NEVER GIVE UP

NAME :………………………………………………………………

CLASS :……………………………………………………………...

TEACHER’S NAME :………………………………………………………………

AWESOME PHYSICS IS AROUND YOU 2

Checklist:

NO. QUESTION SUBTOPIC/REMARK STRUCTURE

1 SBP 2008 RADIOACTIVE RAY 2 SBP 2011 HALF-LIFE 3 SBP 2012 RADIOACTIVE RAY 4 MRSM 2013 HALF-LIFE

RADIOISOTOPE 5 TERENGGANU 2015 NUCLEAR ENERGY 6 SBP 2010 HALF-LIFE

RADIOISOTOPE

UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS (4 and 5 marks) 1 EDITED FINAL F5 HALF-LIFE 2 SPM 2006 RADIOACTIVE RAY 3 PERFECT SCORE 2013 RADIOISOTOPE 4 TRIAL JOHOR 2018 NUCLEAR ENERGY

FULL FORMAT ESSAY 1 SPM 2009 SECTION B 2 SPM 2008 3 SBP 2009 SECTION C 4 SBP 2018


STRUCTURE

SBP 2008

1. A radioactive source and a detector are used to check the level of fruit juice in a carton. Cartons of fruit juice pass between the detector and the radioactive source, as shown in Diagram 2. The radioactive source emits β-particles.

Diagram 2

(a) What is a β-particle?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark] (b) State the suitable detector to detect β-particles in Diagram 2.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

(c) (i) What happened to the reading of the rate-meter when a full carton of juice goes past the detector. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

[1 mark]

(ii) Give the reason for your answer. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(d) Explain why a source emitting α-particles is not suitable to be use as a radioactive source in Diagram 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

TOTAL 5 marks


SBP 2011

2. Diagram 3 shows the decay series of Radon-222.

Diagram 3

(a) What is the meaning of nucleon number?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

(b) Write an equation to show the decay of Rn-222 to Po-218. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

(c) Based on Diagram above, state the most stable nuclide. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

(d) Determine the number of alpha particles and beta particles produced in the decay. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

TOTAL 6 marks


SBP 2012

3. Diagram 1 shows an incomplete radioactive emission path in an electric field. The radioactive source emits alpha particles.

Diagram 1

(a) What is alpha particles?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

(b) On Diagram 1, complete the path of deflection of the radioactive emission. [1 mark]

(c) Give one reason to the answer in 1(b)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

(d) What happens to the angle of deflection of the radioactive emission path if the power supply is increased to 3000 V? …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark]

TOTAL 4 marks


TRIAL MRSM 2013

4. Diagram 7.1 shows dinosaur fossil unearthed at an archaeological site.

Diagram 7.1

Scientist can estimate the age of the dinosaur fossil by determining the amount of undecayed radioisotope carbon-14. Carbon -14, decay emits beta particle. The half-life of caobon-14 is 5730 years.

(a) What is the meaning of half-life?

...................................................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

(b) (i) Based on the information above, write the equation for the decay of carbon-14. .......................................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

(ii) Why does the radioactive substance decay? .......................................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

146 C


(c) On Diagram 7.2, (i) Sketch the graph of activity against time to show the decay of carbon-14.

(The activity of carbon-14 is 16 counts per minute in living organism)

Diagram 7.2

[2 marks]

(ii) Show how you determine the half-life of carbon-14. [1 mark]

(iii) Determine the age of dinosaur fossil if the current decay rate of carbon-14 is 2 counts

per minute.

[2 marks]

(d) The carbon-14 decay releases 2.56 X 10-15 J of energy. Calculate the mass defect.

[2 marks]

TOTAL 10 marks


TERENGGANU 2015

5. Diagram 3 shows a nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor produces nuclear energy that can generate electricity.

Diagram 3

(a) Name the material is used as a moderator in the nuclear reactor.

.................................................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

(b) Explain how the nuclear energy generate the electricity. .................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

[2 marks]

(c) A nuclear reaction is represented by the following equation:

+ → + + 2 + energy The mass defect produced in the reaction is 0.19585 u. [1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg, Speed of light, c = 3 x 108 ms-1] Calculate the energy released

[3 marks]

TOTAL 6 marks

U23592 n1

0 Cs14155 Rb93

37 n10


SBP 2010

6. Diagram 8.1 shows a graph of the number of radioactive nuclei, N versus time for a radioisotope P.

Diagram 8.1

(a) What is the meaning of half- life?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(b) Determine the half- life of radioisotope P from the graph in Diagram 8.1. [2 marks]

(c) The equation below shows the decay of Actinium (Ac) to Thorium(Th) by emitting a

beta-particle.

(i) Find the value of a and b.

[2 marks]

22789

abAc Th b® +


(ii) Determine the number of protons and neutrons of Actinium-227.

[2 marks]

(d) A company which manufactures breakfast cereals wishes to check the level of cereal in the packed boxes. A radioactive source and a detector are used to detect the level of cereal in the boxes as shown in Diagram 8.2. Table 8 shows the properties of four radioactive sources.

Diagram 8.2

Source Type of radiation Half-life

A Alpha 50 years B Gamma 40 days C Beta 300 years D Gamma 50 minutes

Table 8

Based on Table 8, state the suitable properties of the radioactive sources to detect the level of cereal in the packed boxes. Give reason for the suitability of the properties.

(i) Type of radiation ………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark] Reason ………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]


(ii) Half-life ………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark] Reason ………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(e) Based on the answers in 8 (d), determine the most suitable radioactive source in Table 8 to detect the level of cereal in the packed boxes. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

TOTAL 12 marks


UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS 1.

EDITED FINAL F5

Sketch activity against time graph to show the decay of a radioactive substance. Explain how the half-life is determined.

[4 marks]

2.

SPM 2006

Gamma rays can produce an effect on photographic film. Explain whether gamma rays is suitable to be used in taking photographs of an organ in humans.

[3 marks]

3.

PERFECT SCORE

2013

Diagram 1 shows how a system is used in a factory to ensure the thickness of paper sheets are uniform. The system uses radioisotope Strontium – 90 as the radioactive source.

Explain how Strontium-90 is used to measure the thickness piece of paper?

[4 marks]

4.

TRIAL JOHOR

2018

In a decay process, polonium-210 decays into polonium-206 and gives out an alpha particle. It is given that the atomic mass of an alpha particle is 4.004 u. 1 a.m.u = 1.66 × 10

−27 kg, 1 eV =1.6×10−19 J, e = 3.0×10

8 ms−1

Proton number Atomic mass Polonium- 210 84 209.982 Polonium- 206 82 205.969

Table 12

Sketch a graph of the number of nucleons, A, against the proton number, Z, for the decay process. Use your graph to write out the equation of the decay process.

[4 marks] Calculate the loss of mass (in unit kg) for the decay process.

[2 marks] Calculate the energy released (in unit MeV) in the process.

[3 marks]


SECTION B SPM 2009

1. Diagram 10(a) and Diagram 10(b) show the rate of decay of radioactive Xenon-133 and Iodine-131 respectively.

Diagram 10(a)

Diagram 10(b)

(a) (i) What is the meaning of radioactive decay?

[1 mark]

(ii) Based on Diagram 10(a) and Diagram 10(b), compare the shape of the graphs, the way the activity changes with time and the time taken for the activity to become half of the original activity. Name the time for the activity to become half of the original activity.

[5 marks]


(b) Why is an isotope that emits alpha particles not suitable for use as a tracer in medicine?

[4 marks]

(c) Radiotherapy is used in the treatment of cancer. The radioactive ray used can cause side effects to the patient. Using the knowledge about radioactivity, explain the steps taken to reduce the side effects. In your explanation, emphasize the aspects of:

(i) The type of ray used (ii) How the radioactive radiation is targeted on the cancer cells (iii) The dosage of the ray required (iv) The time of the ray exposure

[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks


SPM 2009

2. Diagram 10.1(a) and Diagram 10.1(b) show the deflection of a radioactive emission in an electric field.

Diagram 10.1(a)

Diagram 10.1(b)

(a) (i) What is the meaning of radioactivity?

[1 mark]

(b) Using Diagram 10.1(a) and Diagram 10.1(b), (i) state the charge of the radioactive emission

[1 mark]

(ii) compare the voltage of the EHT and the deflection of the radioactive emission

[2 marks]

(c) State the relationship between (i) the voltage of the EHT and the strength of the electric field between the plates

[1 mark]

(ii) the strength of the electric field between the plates and the deflection of the

radioactive emission. [1 mark]


(d) Diagram 10.2 shows a type of nuclear reaction.

Diagram 10.2

(i) Name this type of nuclear reaction

[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how nuclear energy is produced from the nuclear reaction shown in Diagram 10.2.

[3 marks]

(e) Diagram 10.3 shows how a radioactive source is handled by a student.

Diagram 10.3

The method shown is not safe. Suggest and explain:

(i) The equipment to be used in handling a radioactive source. (ii) Modifications to the storing method to ensure safe keeping of the radioactive

source. (iii) Other precautions that need to be taken when handling a radioactive source.

[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks


SECTION C SBP 2009

1. Diagram 12.1 shows a system used in a factory to ensure the volume of guava juice in a bottle is uniform.

Diagram 12.1

The radioactive source, radiation detector and counter are used to detect the volume of guava

juice. The radioactive source contains a radioisotope. (a) What is meant by a radioisotope?

[1 mark]

(b) Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T.

Radioisotope Half life Types of ray State of matter

Ionising power

P 7 hours Alpha Solid High Q 10 days Beta Liquid Low R 100 days Gamma Solid Low S 10 years Gamma Liquid High T 30 years Beta Solid Low

Table 12.2

As a factory engineer, you are required to determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used by the system to ensure the volume of guava juice is uniform. Study the characteristics of all 5 radioisotopes and explain the suitability of the aspects. Determine the most suitable radioisotope and give the reason for your choice.

[10 marks]


(c) Table 12.3 shows the reading of the rate meter for 6 bottles through detector and radioactive source .

Bottle A B C D E F Rate meter reading (count per minute) 464 468 467 462 568 470

Table 12.3

(i) State one detector that is suitable to be used for this purpose.

[1 mark]

(ii) Based on table 12.3, which bottle shows the least volume of juice and state the reason for your answer.

[3 marks]

(d) In a radioactive decay series, Uranium-238 decays to become Radium-226 by emitting alpha and beta.

Determine the values of X and Y?

[5 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks


SBP 2018

2. Diagram 12.1 shows structure of a Geiger-Muller tube.

Diagram 12.1

(a) Name the part label Q.

[1 mark]

(b) Explain how the Geiger-Muller tube used to detect the radioactive radiation. [4 marks]

(c) Food irradiation is a food preservation process using a controlled radioactive radiation

emit by radioisotope to destroy insects, bacteria, parasites or to maintain food freshness. Diagram 12.2 shows the food irradiation system in a factory.

Diagram 12.2


You are required to investigate the characteristics of radioisotope as shown in Table 12.1.

Radioisotope State of matter Types of ray Half-life Ionizing

power

Posphorus-32 Liquid Beta 14 days Medium Xenon-133 Solid Beta 5 days Medium

Technetium-99 Liquid Gamma 6 hours Low Cobalt-60 Solid Gamma 5 years Low

Polonium-210 Solid Alpha 140 days High

Table 12.1 Explain the suitability of each characteristics of the radioisotope to be used in the food irradiation. Determine the most suitable radioisotope to be used in the food irradiation so that the food is safe for consumer. Give reasons for your choice.

[10 marks] (d) Other radioisotope used in the food irradiation is Cesium-137.

Cesium-137 decay is represented by the following equation:

𝐶𝑠##$%& → 𝐵𝑎#*

$%& + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

Table 12.2 shows the value of atomic mass unit (u) of the elements.

Element Atomic mass unit (u)

Cesium 𝐶𝑠##$%& 136.907089

Barium 𝐵𝑎#*$%& 136.905827

Beta particle 𝛽 0.000549

Additional information :

1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg Speed of light, c = 3 x 108 ms-1

Table 12.2

(i) Determine the mass defect in kg.

[3 marks]

(ii) Calculate the energy released from the radioactive decay. [2 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks

modul radioactivity 2019 - alinaimanarif.files.wordpress.com · awesome physics is around you 3...

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