modul 2 an 1 businesss english grammar

8/3/2019 Modul 2 an 1 Businesss English Grammar

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BUSINESSS ENGLISHGRAMMAR

MODULE 2


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The function of referring to peopleand things

Nouns

DefinitionA noun is any word that defines a person, animal, place, thing or phenomenon in a sentence.

Below are examples of different categories of nouns.Nouns give names to:

Concrete things: factory, desk, paper, money, office, computer etc.Abstract things: idea, scheme, moderation, sensitivity etc.Feelings: distress, happiness, joy, envy, pleasure etc.Activities and phenomena: thunder, electricity, earthquake, entertaining, training etc.People: John, Mary, Charles Dickens, Churchill, lawyer, assistant, employee.Animals: horse, hen, bear, crocodile, dog etc.

Places:Lancaster University, Romania, Iai, Al. I. Cuza University, Florence etc.


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The function of referring to peopleand things


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Nouns

Kinds

1. Nouns can be divided into two categories: common nouns and propernouns.

Common Nouns

Common nouns name ordinary things that are not specific or importantenough to be capitalized (except at the beginning of a sentence). Commonnouns refer to any of a class of people, animals, places or things. Commonnouns include most of the nouns used to name things:

trainee dog city moneyconsultant cat premises budgetdentist lion shop awareness


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Nouns

Proper Nouns

Proper nouns name particular people, places, orthings that are special enough to be alwayscapitalized:

Michelangelo Stratfordupon Avon Sony

John Smith AvalonOpel

President Roosevelt TheCarpathians McDonalds

2. Nouns can also be distinguished as count ormass nouns.


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Proper nouns


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Nouns

2. Nouns can also be distinguished as count or mass nouns.Count Nouns

Count nouns are nouns that can be quantified or counted with a number.Here are a few examples:

Names of persons, animals, plants and their partsSingular form: a worker, a cat, a rose, an arm

Plural form: five workers, nine cats, five roses, two armsObjectsSingular form: a computer, a desk, a ring, a lamp, a housePlural form: ten computers, six desks, two rings, three lamps, four houses

Units of measurement and words of classificationSingular form: a meter, a pound, a gram, a yard, a piece, an item, a state,a word, a language

Plural form: eighty meters, two pounds, fifty grams, ten yards, five pieces,many items, fifty one states, four words, hundreds of languagesAbstract words

Singular form: an idea, a plan, a concept, a principle, a categoryPlural form: many ideas, two plans, a lot of principles, five categories


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Count nouns


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Nouns

Mass NounsMass nouns are uncountable by a number. They represent names of:

materials, food, metals, and natural qualities, like: bread, cotton, wood,lightness, adolescenceliquids, gases, and substances made of many small particles: oil, smoke,oxygen, rice, sugar, salt, cementlanguages: English, Romanian, Spanish, French, Latin, Sanskrit, Chineseother categories of things: baggage, information, furniture, equipment,merchandise, insurance, advice, cashand are quantified by a word that signifies amount: much, little, a little,some, a great deal of, a lot of, measurement units: two pounds of, threeitemsof etc.Remember that a number cannot be used to quantify a mass noun. It is

incorrect to say: four woods, one rice, three courages. We would sayinstead: a foot of wood, a pound of rice, an ounce of courage, a bar ofchocolate, a piece of music, a lot of money, little sugar.


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Mass nouns


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Nouns

Collective Nouns

Some nouns can be seen both as anumber of people and as a unit: group,

family, government, team, staff, union etc.That is why they are used with the verb inthe singular or in the plural form:

The teamhave decided to accept theproject;

Our firmhas overtaken your firm.


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Collective nouns


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Noun - formation

Formation of nounsApart from those words that we use only as nouns, like book, office, car, oiletc, there are nouns derived from other parts of speech, by adding a suffix:Parts of speech

Verbs: initiate, recruit, employ, promote, train, fail, refer, perform, assist,deliverDerived nouns by suffixationinitiative, recruitment, employment,promotion, training, trainee, failure, reference, performance, assistant,deliveryAdjectives: fair, active, accurateDerived nouns: fairness, activity, accuracyNouns: man, partner, capital, lawDerived nounsmankind, partnership, capitalism, lawyer

Note: sometimes the pronunciation is different, even in the cases in whichthe noun and the verb have the same form:


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Practice1

Find the nouns that match the descriptions:1. He is the leader of a meeting, the person whocontrols the direction that it takes; so he is calleda.

2. The people that attend/participate in a meetingare called..3. He plays the piano, so he is a..

4. He gives legal advice to people, it means he isa.

5. He studied Spanish and became aSpanish.6. The person who is responsible for the agendaand the minutes of a meeting is called a..


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Practice 2

Decide if the following take the verb in the singular or in theplural form:

- Mathematics (be) taught from primary school.- I can say after your face that the news (be) bad.- The information (have) arrived this morning, I

havent had the time to discuss it with the staff yet.- The bank (have) invited me to discuss my loan.- The phenomenon of absenteeism (be) not unusual

in this department.- Their headquarters (be) in Sibiu.


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Practice 3

Find the nouns derived from the followingparts of speech and put them intosentences that describe your place of work.The first example has been done for you:

recruit(v.) object (v.)accurate(adj.) effective(adj.) weak(adj.)complex(adj.) prosperous(adj.),social(adj.) rely(v.) refer (v.) initiate(v.)protect(v.) real (adj.)

Example: Recruitmentof new staff is madeafter very clear rules in our company.


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Practice 4

Work in pairs.a. Ask and answer questions about your ideal job.

Think in terms of:- interpersonal communication- job satisfaction

- social/medical facilities- stress level- working hours- financial satisfaction- promotion conditions

b. Write a letter to a friend of yours who would like toget a job. Use the collocations above to describe the job youfound for him/her; encourage him/her to apply for it.


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Plural of Nouns

To form the plural of a noun, in English, we add -sto thesingular form:workerworkers, mind minds, office offices, projectprojectsetc.

When the noun ends ins,-x, -ch, -sh, -th, o(with someexceptions) or -y(preceded by a consonant) we addes:dress dresses, fax faxes, watch - watches, bushbushes,bath-bathes(but mouth-mouths);delivery deliveries, hero

heroes,but

piano-pianos, photo-photos(in the case of foreign orabbreviated words).


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Plural of Nouns

Nouns ending iny(preceded by a vowel) form the plural byadding -sonly:toy toys, joy- joys.

Some nouns ending infor -feform the plural by dropping

theforfeand addingves:half-halves; loaf-loaves, shelf-shelves,but

belief-beliefs, cliff-cliffs, chief-chiefs.

There are also nouns with double forms for the plural:dwarf-dwarfs, dwarves, hoof-hoofs, hooves.


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Plural of Nouns

Other nouns form their plural by changing a vowelor a diphthong:

man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth,goose-geese, mouse-mice, louse-lice,

or by addingen, -rento the singular form:ox-oxen, child-children, brother-brethren.

A few names of animals and fish do not takesin

the plural:deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish, trout-troutetc.


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Plural of Nouns

There are also borrowed nouns, especially from Greek and Latinthat form their plurals according to the rules of those languages:appendix-appendices(appendixes), axis-axes, basis-bases,crisis-crises, datum-data,memorandum- memoranda, synthesis-syntheses, thesis- theses.

Within this context, there are cases in which the foreign nounseither adds, or -esto form the plural:

diploma-diplomas, bonus-bonuses,orthey have two forms for the plural:genius-geniuses, genii, syllabus-syllabuses, syllabi, formula-formuli, formulas, medium-mediums, media, sometimes with

different meanings[1].

[1] geniuses= extraordinarily intelligent personsgenii=supernatural beings


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Plural of Nouns

Other nouns occur only in the plural, for example somenames of tools:

scissors, tongs, binoculars, compasses, scalesetc.names of diseases:

measles, mumps, skittlesetc.,

names of games:billiards, draughtsetc.,

names of clothes:trousers, shorts, overalls etc.

but also:

outskirts, headquarters, premises, means, crossroadsetc.


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Plural of Nouns

Compound nouns usually form their pluralby marking the last word:

armchair-armchairs, classroom-

classrooms, forget-me-not forget-me-nots, armful-armfuls,

but court martial/ courts martial;

Compound words formed with prepositions

or adverbs make the first word plural:looker-on lookers-on, brother-in-lawbrothers-in law etc


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Cases of Nouns

When a noun is the subject of a sentence or the complementof a verb like to be, to seem, this noun is in the Nominativecase:The clerkasked for an identity card; She is my boss.

When a noun is the direct object of a verb or follows apreposition, it is in the Accusative case:The Board of Directors recruited the team;My colleagueswent to the meeting.

A noun in the Dative case is the indirect object of a verb:The head of our department gave Johna bonus; Wewhispered the colleaguethe right answer.


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Cases of Nouns

For the Genitive case we can use either ofor s to express possession. When thepossessor is a person or an animal the sis used:

The Presidents speech was verysuccessful; The dogs barking became veryannoying.When the possessor is a thing of is

commonly used:The screen of the TV-setis too small; Thetitle of your thesisis very suggestive.


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Cases of Nouns

Sometimes we just put two nouns togetherin well-known combinations, using the firstnoun as an adjective:The record storeis just across the street;

The staff spent a long time with the needsanalysis; We were kept in a traffic jam; Weoften remember our summerholiday.The possessive form is also used with

expressions of time:He got his fivemonthspay and left; I haveread it in todays paper.


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Practice 1

Correct the mistakes in the following sentencesand then use them in sentences of your own.

All those peoples came here to apply for the samejob.

Statistics are my favorite subject.Absenteeism is not a new phenomena in thissector.

The company started producing foods products as

well as tobacco.I met her while visiting their premis in Bucharest.

Both the head of the department and theemployes working there signed that document


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Practice 2

a. Put the nouns below in the plural; some of them have twoforms for the plural:

diary newsfreedom genius

cash shelfcurriculum informationmemo faxsheep fishmoney chief

appendix formulasyllabus equipmentinformationb. Pick up 5 of the nouns above and make up sentences inthe affirmative, interrogative and negative.


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Practice 3

Put the quantifying expressions in the right place:

He bought a pound of wood to finish the buildingwith.

I always listen to some wonderful lumps of music

while I travel by plane.He brought some pieces of sugar and thenserved tea..

When in Switzerland, I always buy a foot of

chocolate of the best quality.I wanted to borrow a bar of rice from my neighbor,but she wasnt home.


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Practice 4

Find the right nouns to fit the sentences, starting from theunderlined words. The first example has been completed foryou.When a company is not success it may be forced to go out ofbusiness

successfulThere are various express used only in businesscommunities.Corporate finance refers to the manage active and skillsrequired to raise money.Corporate plan refers to decisions about the goals and

activities of the company.A sole trade is a type of business organize owned by oneperson.


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Practice 5

There are many nouns that occur after the word business.Think of some of them and fill in the sentences below. Thefirst example has been done for you.

The people who own a business together are businesspartners.The termrefers to the organizations and peopleinvolved in business.A.is a college or part of university where courses onbusiness subjects are taught.The process of running a company is called

A visit to clients, suppliers or other business contacts whichtakes you away from home is called aThe small cards showing a persons name position andcompany name are


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Practice 6

a. Make up noun compounds by matching column A with column BColumn A Column Bcorporate financebusiness partnersector tripcompany studiesdepartment communitysales administrationresearch Planwork Image

Culture

StrategyPublicManufacturingServicePrivateFigures

MultinationalSubsidiary


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Practice 7

Form the Genitive of the nouns fromthe box and use them to make up atext about a company meeting.

Development/networkBoard/chairmanCompany/workforce

acquisition/companyShareholders/meeting


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Determiners1. The Article

The Definite ArticleForm

The definite article is theand it has the same formfor singular, plural and all genders.

Thewoman found thedocuments left by themanon theshelf.Use

The definite article is used with nouns that wereused before, in the discourse:

I interviewed a man and a woman yesterday; thewoman was very sure of herself.TheDanube is themost important river in ourcountry. TheBBC is one of themost famous TV-channels. You will be surprised to find out that

Helen plays thepiano.

The Definite Article


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The Definite Article

It is used with adjectives to specify a certain category ofpeople:Therich will never believe thepoor.

It is also used when it is clear for both communicator andreceiver what thing or place is meant:You know where theFinancial department is; on therightside of thebuilding;The definite article is always used before superlatives andsome geographical names or names of institutions, but also

before names of instruments:


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The Indefinite Article

Form

The indefinite articles are a or an. It is the samefor all genders. A is used/encountered before a

word beginning with a consonant or a vowelsounded like a consonant.

A boss will always appreciate a useful suggestion.

An is used before a word beginning with a vowel

or with a muteh.An example of how to behave in business settingswas given an hour ago.


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UseThe indefinite article is used before singularcountable nouns:He lives in a house, not in an apartment.

It is also used before names of professions, innumerical and measurement expressions:His brother is an engineer; It costs $20 a kilo. Iwould like half a dozen, please.The indefinite article is also used in certain cases

with fewand little(when they express a smallamount, respectively a small number or what thespeaker considers a small amount or number), aswell as in exclamations with singular countablenouns:


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There were a few clients inthe shop, and the owner was

satisfied;There is a little money left, so,dont be so disappointed.

What a success!


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The Zero Article

Before uncountable nouns, unspecified countable nouns inthe plural and some names of people and places there is noarticle or zero article:

No money, no funny.

Childrenusually enjoy playing with snow.Londonis known as one of the most cosmopolitan capitals.Dr. Smithis always ready to help.Before nouns as: home, church, school, college, bed, prison,work, sea.

From workhe went directly home.They were at seawhen our company launched the newproduct.


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Practice 1

Add articles where necessary in the followingtexts:

A lot of (1..) things have changed today owing to(2) development of (3) plastic industry, for(4.) materials are now obtainable which are notonly (5)lighter in (6) weight, but which are alsoeasily washed.In (7) great cotton mills (8) process ofweaving cotton thread into (9) cloth is

accomplished by hundreds of power looms run by(10) steam and electricity. These giant worldforces have taken (11) place of frail humanhands.In (12) England, (13) Wales (14) Scotland

and (15) Northern Ireland, English is (16..)official lan ua e s oken.


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Practice 2

Translate the following sentences into Romanian,paying attention to the use of articles in themarked expressions:We were visiting our new building site, when, allof a sudden, big drops of rain began to fall.

The news of her retirement did create a stir.The boss promised me he would put in a goodwordfor me.Its a pityyou couldnt attend that conference.

Their success was to a great extent the result ofhard work.Because of my problems at work I couldnt sleep awink all night.They didnt give a damn on what the witness said.


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Practice 3

Translate the following sentences into English,using the phrases in the box below:

to be in a hurry;to have a mind; to keep a secret;to have a good time to suffer from a headache

De o bun bucat de vreme eful nu se mai poateconcentra asupra proiectelor sale; se pare csufer de cumplite dureri de cap.

L-am intilnit ieri la universitate, dar nu am putut stade vorba cu el, se grbea.M bate gndul s-mi schimb locul de munc.Ne-am distrat bine in concediu, dar mine trebuies ne ntoarcem la lucru.

Ai aflat care sunt departamentele vizate deconducerea fabricii?


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Numerals

Form and useNumerals can express a number, the numeric determinationof objects (cardinal numerals), or the counted order of things(ordinal numerals)

Cardinal numerals0 (zero, oh, nil, nothing) may be also read /u/, especially inexpressing telephone numbers ( 2040 is read /tu: u fo: u /

1. Zero is used in mathematics and in temperatureindications:We will have 2 degrees below zero tomorrow.

nil and nothing are used in expressing scores in sportmatches:Rapid Steaua won 2-0 (two nil/ two to nothing)


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Cardinal numerals

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 12 are:

1 one 7 seven

2 two 8 eight

3 three 9 nine

4 four 10 ten

5 five 11 eleven

6 six 12 twelveHe had seven days of medical leave.


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Cardinal numerals

Starting with 13 thirteen up to 19 nineteenwe form the cardinal numbers by addingthe suffix -teen to the numbers 3-9 withsome changes marked below for 13 and

15.13 thirteen 17 seventeen

14 fourteen 18 eighteen

15 fifteen 19 nineteen16 sixteen

We are fifteen people in our department.


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Cardinal numerals

The suffix added to form tens isty,starting with number 20 twenty, again withsome spelling changes marked below:

20 twenty 60 sixty30 thirty 70 seventy

40 forty 80 eighty

50 fifty 90 ninetyHe was forty when he became Marketing

director.


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Cardinal numerals

To form the numerals between tens we add units in thefollowing way:Twenty-one; fifty-seven; eighty-nine; ninety-fiveetc.Starting with 100 one/a hundred, we add and to form othernumerals:102 one hundred and two1,001[1] a/one thousand and one2,301 two thousand, three hundred and one5,000[2] five thousand1,000,000 a/one million2,000,001 two million and one

They announced there were five hundred people injured inthe train accident[1] numbers exceeding 1000 are separated by commas[2] hundred, thousand and million do not take a plural whenthe number is specified, they receive the plural mark onlywhen the number is not precise: thousands of students,

hundreds of companiesetc.


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Use

We use the cardinal numeral to express;1. abstract numbers:One, two, onethousandare cardinalnumerals.

2. numerical determination of objects:He owns four housesand ten cars.

3. dates:Today is the 3-rd of March 2006 /two

thousand and six.I first met him in 1980/one thousand nine

hundred and eightyor nineteen eighty.


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Use

4. chronological time:It is nine oclockand the meeting is due to start in half anhour.It is half past five, the secretary has already left.

5. decimals/ percentages

They reported only 5.9/ two point fiveof the total production.He said that 10% /ten per centof the profit was used forinvestments.

6. mathematical operations:Tenand twentymake thirty./Tenplus twentyequals/is thirty.Five minus two equals/is three./ Two from five leaves/is

three.Twotimes threeis six.Twentydivided by twoequals/ is ten/Twointo twentygoestentimes.


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Ordinal numerals

By ordinal numerals we express the counted order ofthings (in time and space). We generally form themstarting from cardinal numerals and adding the suffixth:the fourth, the seventh. They are always preceded by thedefinite article the As we have seen in cardinal numeralsthere are some spelling changes in ordinal numerals too:the fifth, the twelfth, the thirtieth, the fortieth.There are a few exceptions from the rule stated above: thefirst (1-st), the second (2-nd) and the third (3-rd).

In the case of compound numerals only the last onereceives the suffixth: the 35-th/ the thirty-fifth; the 911-th/ the nine hundred and eleventh.


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Use

We use ordinal numerals to express:

dates:On the 25-th/twenty-fifthof July[1] 2006, we delivered thegoods by plane.

repeated actions in time:We have a board meeting every second[2]week.

NoteFractions contain both cardinal and ordinal numerals: 1/3one third; three quarters; 5/30 five thirtieths etc.

[1] this order is used in Br. E; in Am. E the order is month,day, year: July, the 25/ 2006[2] we omit the definite article the in this case


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Practice 1

In the following text the numerals havebeen misplaced, find their right place andtranslate the text into Romanian:They started building the premises in June

2005and finished it in May 2004. The damwas built in blocks that varied in size fromabout 500 km at the bottom to about 800tons at the top. To set the concrete theylaid more than12 m steel pipe in the

concrete and pumped icy water through it.The water came from a refrigeration plantthat could produce1.5 m of ice a day.


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Practice 2

Fill in the following sentences withnumerals extracted from the box below:Dozen threefourth two/oh/six/seven/nine four

two(pence)How much bread will you buy for ..?One half of six is..Twelve things are called a ..

Oneof eight is two.Ring him up at his office, here is histelephone number


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Practice 3

Fill in the sentences with figures from the following box. See also the tablebelow to remember the forms of numerals:8-th 1.36 200723% 90 5670[1] 1/3[2]Last month one euro was worth .. US dollars.

Can you explain why a Trinitron Panasonic TV costs . euros more inFrance than in Germany?

Average US car prices are .. less than comparable cars in Europe.He allotted . of the total budget to investments, which is a good point, ifwe think that last year the proportion was smaller.The . International Congress on E-learning will be held in India next year.Today is the 12-th of March... .His extension number is .

[1]0 (zero, oh, nil, nothing) may be also read /u/, especially in expressingtelephone numbers.[2] Fractions contain both cardinal and ordinal numerals: three quarters;5/30 five thirtieths etc.


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Adjectives

ADJECTIVESDefinitionAdjectives are words that are used to modify a noun.KindsThere are many kinds of adjectives and they usually

determine a noun. We have met a clevernegotiator(adjectives of quality: new, young, interesting, rich, poor etc);Somepeople understand our policy (quantitative adjectives:some, any, no, few, many, much, one)); Thisoffice is ours(demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those). There arealso distributive adjectives: each, every, either, neither,interrogative adjectives: which, what, whoseand possessive

adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.


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Adjectives

Adjectives of QualityWe will focus on adjectives of quality in thissection.

FormThese adjectives have only one form for singular,plural, masculine and feminine nouns:

I have a very young boss(m. or f.) I have a young

sister/ I have youngcolleagues.Some adjectives are derived from other parts ofspeech (usually verbs or nouns) by means ofsuffixation, as shown in the table below:


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Adjective

Verb: limit, persuade, deduct, persist,etc.

Derived adjective: limited,

persuasive, deductible, persistent.

Noun: hope, fame, care, professionetc

Derived adjective: hopeless,famous, careful, professional


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Adjectives

UseThe position of adjectives is usually before nouns, but alsoafter the verbs: be, seem, appearand look.

We have a competitiveproduct/ The product seemscompetitive.

Some adjectives are used after the nouns:The problems discussedwere very interesting for most of thedirectors.Other adjectives may be used both before and after the noun

(present, involved, responsibleetc.)

The present members of our Board will decide in thismatter./ Those members present today will take a decision.


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Compound adjectives

Nouns and adjectives may becombined to modify another noun, in

which case the word can behyphenated (although the hyphen isoften a matter of personalpreference).

He is an open-mindedfellow.

I can be empty-headedsometimes.


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Degrees of Comparison

There are three degrees of comparison:positive, comparative and superlative.

One-syllable adjectives form theircomparative and superlative in a syntheticway, namely by adding -er and -est to thepositive form. Let us take the adjective rich

as an example. Here are its degrees ofcomparison:


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Positive: rich

Comparative of superiority: richerthan

Comparative of equality: asrichas

Comparative of inferiority: lessrichthanSuperlative absolute: veryrich

Superlative relative: the richest of/from


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In the case of long adjectives (of two or moresyllables) the comparative of superiority and thesuperlative relative are formed by the help of moreand respectively most. Let us take the adjectiveinteresting and form its degrees of comparison:

Positive: interestingComparative of superiority: moreinterestingthanComparative of equality: asinterestingasComparative of inferiority: lessinterestingthanSuperlative absolute: very interestingSuperlative relative: the most interesting of/from


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Adjectives of two syllables can follow oneor other of the above rules: the onesending inful orre usually take moreand most, whereas those ending iner, -y

orly takeer andest:careful more careful the most careful

obscure more obscure the most obscure

clever cleverer the cleverestpretty prettier the prettiest

holy holier the holiest


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Irregular comparisons

Some adjective have irregular comparisons:good better bestbad worse worstilllittle less leastmany more most

muchfar further furthest

farther farthest(of distance only)old older oldest

elder eldest(of people only and especially withina family)

late later latestlatter(the second of two)last(the opposite of the first)


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Expressions with adjectives

There are many constructions with comparisons used in thediscourse:Thebiggerthe investment is themoremoney it will produce.His position in the company is getting higher and higher.Lastbut not leastpoint is..

The results of our team are exceptionally good.NoteSome adjectives are also used as nouns: good, bad, poor,rich, young, old, living, dead, healthy, sick.The rich(n[1]) are making the rules here. Rich (adj[2].)people are always making the rules.

[1] n = noun[2] adj. = adjective


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Expressions with adjectives

Multiple adjectivesWhen using more than one adjective to modify anoun, they may be separated by a conjunctionor by commas.

Your results are goodandpromising.You have good, promisingresults.

Past participles of verbs can also be used as

adjectives, such as native born, foreign made,soft spoken, warmly dressed, well behaved, andso on.

I was satisfied with that foreign madedevice.


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Adverbs

DefinitionAn adverb is a word or group of words that modify verbs,adjectives, or other adverbs. They may be simple,interrogative or conjunctive.

FormSimple AdverbsA simple adverb is used as a simple modifier telling manner,time, place, degree, or number.Eric delivered the presentation yesterday.The desk belongs there.

He seemed extremelyconfused by your question.She came to the party first.


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Adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

An interrogative adverb is used to ask questions. They are:why, when, where, how:Whendo you go to that conference?

Howdo you use this laptop?

Conjunctive AdverbsA conjunctive adverb connects independent clauses. Somecommon conjunctive adverbs are accordingly, also, anyhow,besides, consequently, however, moreover, nevertheless,

otherwise, still, then, therefore, and yet. You may use asemicolon before the conjunctive adverb to join the twoclauses;Michael did not fulfil his tasks; however, he still receivedbonuses .


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Adverbs

Some adverbs are formed from adjectives, by addingly totheir form: slow (adj.)/ slowly (adv.[1]); sincere(adj.)/sincerely (adv.), immediate (adj.)/ immediately.

Some adjectives, such as: deep, early, fast, far, high, hard,low, little, muchand nearcan also be used as adverbs:

He came early(adv.) to meet the foreign partners./ An early(adj.) flight will save us a lot of time.He definitely had a hard(adj.) time, trying to cope with thoseconditions./ He tried hardto cope with those conditions.

[1] adv. = adverb


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Adverbs

UseThe position of adverbs is quite a complexproblem. Here are some instances of use:He speaks English very well(after the

direct object).I saw files everywhere.He behaved wellunder the circumstances(after the verb)

Yesterdayhe made a statement. / Hemade a statement yesterday(either at thebeginning or at the end of the sentence).


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Adverbs

She is alwayskind with the employees. / Ioftensaid that you were the best for that

job (after the simple tenses of the verb tobe, but before the simple tenses of theother verbs)I have neverunderstood your staff policy(after the auxiliary in a compound tense).Hardlyhad I entered the office when thephone started to ring (inversion of the verbafter the following adverbs: ever, never,hardly, only by, only then, seldom,scarcely, no sooner..than, neither, nor).


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Degrees of comparison

As we have seen in the case of adjectives, the comparativeand superlative degrees are formed by adding the -er and -est suffix to short adverbs.Positive: soonComparative of superiority: sooner thanComparative of equality: as soon asComparative of inferiority: less soon thanSuperlative absolute: very soonSuperlative relative: the soonest of

Adverbs ending in -y drop the -y and add an -ier in thecomparative degree and an -iest in the superlative degree:


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Positive: earlyComparative: earlier

Superlative: the earliest

Adverbs (as well as adjectives) ending inthe silent or mute -e drop the ending -e andadd the -er for the comparative and the -est for the superlative:

Positive: freeComparative: freer

Superlative: the freest

D f i


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Long adverbs (of two or moresyllables) use moreand mostto formthe comparative and respectively the

superlative degree:Positive: fortunately, quickly,

Comparative: more fortunately morequickly,

Superlative: the most fortunately, themost quickly.

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There are also, as in the case ofadjectives, irregular adverbs. Here are theircomparative and superlative degrees:

Positive: badly, far, little, late, much, well

Comparative: worse, farther (referring todistance only) further, less, later, more,better

Superlative: the worst, farthest (referringto distance only) furthest, least, last, most,best

P i 1


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Practice 1

Change the underlined words in thesentences below, into adjectives, accordingto the model:It has no use It is useless.

The man leading the meeting had a beard.I like the taste of this drink.Nothing changes in this office.Of course we use this device for a lot of

operations.I think the dress has no shape, I wont buyit.

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Practice 2

Attach the appropriate suffixes to thefollowing words to form adjectives/otheradjectives, then use them in sentences ofyour own:

absorb defence passive

book desire legal

consist dust proportionate

cost fool

danger lone

P ti 3


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Practice 3

Pick up the right words to form meaningfulsentences.

Things made of wood are usually (expensive,inexpensive, expensively, inexpensively)

Applications with (complete, incomplete,completely, incompletely) data will not beconsidered.

Let us be reasonable. People who ask (possible,impossible, possibly, impossibly) questions cannot

hope to be answered.The car runs (smoothly, smooth).

P ti 4


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Practice 4

Complete the text below with the correct form of the word inbrackets, add prefixes or suffixes wherever necessary:(Small) organizations commonly require staff and managersto cover a wider or more mixed range of responsibilities thanin (large) organizations; for example, the 'office manager'role can comprise financial, HR[1], stock-control, scheduling

and other duties. Therefore in smaller organizations, jobdescriptions might (necessary) contain a (greatest) numberof (list) responsibilities, perhaps 15-16. However, whateverthe circumstances, the number of responsibilities should notexceed this, or the job description becomes unwieldy and(effective).

[1] HR = Human Resource

P ti 5


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Practice 5

Complete the sentences with words extracted from the box below:Lately friendly extremely directhard Fast wrongly hugelyeasily

Is there any possibility to fly.to Milan?

He is known to be a ..worker.I dont think he is a very .person.We havent seen our boss., but we know we can ..find him ifwe really wish.Dealing with advertising materials was.challenging for me.Young fellows like you like driving. cars.

Unfortunately he was. ..dressed for the occasion.I wish you had a.. successful business.

P


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Pronouns

DefinitionPronouns are words that take the place of nouns in thediscourse.Personal PronounsPersonal pronouns are the most commonly used pronounsand function as substitutes for nouns.They have the

categories of person (I, you, heetc), gender (he, she, itetc.),number (I, we, she, theyetc.) and case (he, him, she, heretc.)

FormThe forms of the personal pronouns for the singular are: I,me, you, he, him, she, her, it and for the plural: we, us,you, they, them. The pronoun I, for the first person singular,is alwayswritten in capital letters..

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Pronouns

UseHere are some instances of use:

Shecan use the computer very well;

How many projects has he? It is hewho wants to come (Nominative); Isaw themat the meeting; Thisproduct was made up by us;(Accusative); I gave herthisresponsibility; (Dative).

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Pronouns

The pronoun itis used for objects and animalsand it has the same form for Nominative,Accusative and Dative cases:

This is my dog, itoften barks;(Nominative);But Ilove it; (Accusative); I have just given ita bone;(Dative).

The pronoun itis also used in expressions of time,distance, weather, temperature etc.

How far is itto your headquarters? Itis five

oclock, the negotiation should start. Itis too coldin this office. Itis a pleasure to meet you. Itseemswe will win this deal.

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Pronouns

Reflexive and Emphasizing PronounsForm

These pronouns have the categories of person, gender,number and case.NumberFormSingular 1st person myself2nd person yourself3rd person himself(m[1]); herself(f[2]);itself (n[3])Plural 1st person ourselves2nd person yourselves3rd person themselves[1] m = masculine[2] f = feminine[3] n = neutre

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Pronouns

UseAs reflexive pronouns, they are objects of a verbwhen the subject and object are the same person:

We blamed ourselvesfor the failure of the

presentation; He cut himselfwhile trying to repairthe device.

As emphasizing pronouns, they emphasize a nounor a pronoun:

The manager himselfmade this observation, you

cannot argue with him; She knows about the giftbecause she opened the box herself.

Prono ns


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Pronouns

There are verbs usually followed bysuch pronouns: to behave oneself, tocut oneself, to wash oneself, to dress

oneself, to look after yourself, to takecare of yourself etc.

We dressed ourselvesquickly and got

to the meeting on time.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Possessive PronounsPossessive pronouns are thosepronouns that show ownership or

possession: The house is mine.Form

The singular possessive pronouns

are: mine, yours, his, hers and theplural ones are: ours, yours, theirs.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Use

The possessive pronouns replacenouns:

Look at this performing computer. It ishers;See the red car parked there? Itis ours.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Demonstrative PronounsDemonstrative pronouns call attention to theirantecedents. An antecedent is the word or wordsto which a pronoun refers.

FormThe forms of the singular demonstrative pronounsare: this, that and the plural demonstrativepronouns are: these, those.

Use

If we take the following example: the yellow car ishis; thatis his car , the antecedent is the yellowcar, to which the demonstrative that refers.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Relative PronounsRelative pronouns refer to thepreceding nouns (or replacers of

nouns), distinguishing them fromother nouns of the same class:

Our manager is the man who istalking now.

This is the shop-assistant to whom Igave the money for the scarf.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

FormRelative pronouns have different forms forpersons and things and for different cases:Relative pronouns referring to persons

Nominative: who, thatAccusative: whom, who, thatPossessive: whoseRelative pronouns referring to things

Nominative: which, thatAccusative: which, thatPossessive: whose, of which

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Use

Who, whomand whoserefer to masculine

or feminine persons:The woman whom you saw is my aunt.

Whichand again whoserefer to neuternouns.

The fact which really matters is that.

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Pronouns

Thatmay refer to all categories of nouns: personsor things in any gender and number

The apartment which/thatI bought was not largeenough.

Relative pronouns may be accompanied byprepositions:The person to whom I gave the responsibility isvery reliable./ The person I gave the responsibilityto is very reliable; The chair on which you are

staying is an old one.Relative pronouns can be omitted:The person whom I like/ The person that I like/The person I likeare all correct.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Interrogative PronounsInterrogative pronouns are used ininterrogative sentences.

Form

They have the following forms: who

(with the variants whomand whose),what,which, how much, how many,what kind of.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

UseWe use who, whom or whose forbeings:

Whose son are you? /Who is yourboss? /Whom do you trust more inthis company?

Whatis used with things:What quality do you mean?/Whatdepartments would you like to visit?

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Whichcan be used with both beings and things:Which of the two is your colleague?/Which tieshall I wear?

How muchand how manyare used for quantities

and numbers:How much money have you got on you?/Howmany products have you launched this spring?

We use what kind ofwith qualities:

What kind of skills would one need as to work onthis project?

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Indefinite pronounsIndefinite pronouns refer tononspecific persons or things.

FormThe indefinite pronouns include: any,either, everything, some, no one,each, anybody, everybody, neither,someone, anyone, everyone, none,something.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Use

These pronouns can be used inaffirmative, interrogative and negative

sentences:I saw someone in your office.

Some files were on my desk

yesterday. Did you take any? Yes, Itook some./ No, I didnt take any.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

NoteFrequent misuse of plural pronouns occurs withtwo types of singular antecedents: indefinitepronouns and generic nouns.

In our company everyoneperforms at hisor her[not their] level of ability.

Generic nouns represent a typical member or anymember of a group, such as atypical studentor

any lawyer.Everystudentmust deliver a presentation if heorshewants to excel.

Pronouns


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Pronouns

Compound antecedents connected by "and"should be treated as plural:Jack and Jill entered the office; theyintroduced

themselves to the head of the departmentWhen compound antecedents are connected by

"or" or "nor" (or by "either...or" or "neither...nor"),make the pronoun agree with the nearerantecedent:Parents were allowed to enter the hostel. EitherMary or Lucy should hear from hers.

Schedules are hard to remember. Neither theengineering student nor the biology majors couldremember theirs.

Practice 1


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Practice 1

a) Fill in the personal pronouns in the right case:The head of the department said to (he) not to delay theproduction.How kind of (she) to help us with the conference.Will you answer the phone for (I), my hands are full of files.The boss is very interested in (you) and your new idea.Listen to (she), she has got the expertise, you will certainlylearn a lot from (she).Ive brought the plant from my office, please look after (it)while I am away.b) Use the information from part a) to make up a dialoguebetween two colleagues at work.

Practice 2


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Practice 2

Translate the following sentences using the pronoun itwhenever necessary:Snt dou sptmni de cnd mi-am depus cererea deangajare.Era foarte frig atunci cnd am ntmpinat delegaia dejanonezi la aeroport.

E o prostie din partea ta sa cheltuiesti att de mult cuamenajarile interioare.Ploua? Asa se pare.Este imposibil sa ajungem la sedinta daca pregatirile pentruSummit-ul francofoniei se extend si in zona noastra.Nu e greu pentru tine sa muncesti atit de multe ore pe zi?

Practice 3


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Practice 3

a) You are at work. Ask the right questions for the answersbelow, using interrogative pronouns:He is our new employer, but an old colleague at the sametime.I dont know about that file, what I know is that the one fromthe desk is mine.

I guess he gave it to the cleaning woman; anyway, he didntgive that key to me.I really dont know whom he asked for advice this time.Nothing changed in the office; you only had the impression,because of your long absence.b) Use the information above to tell a friend what has

happened to your work place today.

Practice 4


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Practice 4

Here is what someone said about your ex-colleague John; rephrase the sentences byomitting which:John was happy with the office in which heworked.

He has written the memo about which we talkedyesterday.A customer bought the TV-set at which John waslooking a few minutes ago.The study to which he was referring was published

last year.Unfortunately, from the hotel at which John stayedhe couldnt communicate with us.

Practice 5


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Practice 5

a) Substitute the underlined words by ademonstrative pronoun to make up a text aboutforeign places and people.

The houses here are cozier than the housesinthe town we have just seen. But the noise of trainsthat you are exposed to here is more unbearablethan the noiseof cars. There is a problem with theway people use language too. There is a bigdifference between the language of Mary and thelanguageof John.

b) Use demonstratives in a text of your own abouta holiday place.

Practice 6


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Practice 6

Fill in the text with the right pronouns(emphatic or reflexive):

In the university cafeteria we have to

serve.Many of my colleagues help.plentifully to the sweets. They are

quite expensive and nobody pays for them,they pay for them.If one eats so much

one will make ill. I can tell you allthese because I have seen them..

Practice 7


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Practice 7

In the following sentences the indefinite pronouns are misused.Find the right pronouns to obtain meaningful sentences:A memo is someoneto write at the level of in-companycorrespondence.If somethingcomes while I am away, tell them I am out of town.Nobodyis calling. It must be the new postman.Anybodycame a few minutes ago with this complaint letter for you.I couldnt talk to the director because somethinganswered thephone to that company.Can everybodytell me where I have put my briefcase? There wasanythingvery important in it.Im grateful to you for sending me those two workers, Fewwerehelpful.

Muchwere present but littlelistened to what the director said.It was a successful negotiation but manywas known about whatwas going behind the scenes.Are there muchmistakes in my application letter? No, only a little.

modul 2 an 1 businesss english grammar

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