mit radiation lab series, v3, radar beacons - front matter, preface, contents

8/9/2019 MIT Radiation Lab Series, V3, Radar Beacons - Front Matter, Preface, Contents

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MAS SACHUS ETTS INS T ITUTE OF TECHNOLOC YRADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

LouIs N. RIDENOUR,?Mitor-in-Chiej

RADAR BEACONS


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MASSACHUSETTS INS T ITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYRADIATION LABORATORY SER:

Board of EditorsLOUISN. RIDENOUR,Editor-in-Chiej

GEORGEB. COLLINS,lkprdy lMi~or-in-CMejBRITYONCHANCE,S. A. GOUDSMIT,R. G. HERB,HUBERTM. JAMES,JULIANK. KNIPP,JAMESL. LAWSON,LEON J 3.LINFORD,CAROLG. MONTGOMERY,C. NEWTON,ALBERTM. STONE,LouIs A. TURNER,GEORGEE. VALLEY, J R., HERBERTH. WHEATON

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24,25.26.27.28.

RADARSYSTEMENGINEERINGCidenourRADARAIDS TO NAVIGATIONHa llRADAR BEAcoNsRobertsLORAN%??Ce, M cKen zie, an d Woodw ardPULSEGENERATORs~lasoe and LebacqzMICROWAVEMAGNETRONSCO~~inSKLYSTRONSANDMICROWAVETRIoDEsHamillon, Knipp, and KuperPRINCIPLESOF MICROWAVECm culm -Montgom ery, Dicke, and PurcellMICROWAVETRANSMISSIONCIRculTsRaganWAVEGUIDEHANDBooKMaTcuu itzTECHN IQUEOF MICROWAVEMEASUREMENTSMonlgOmeTyMICROWAVEANTENNATHEORYANDDEsIGN~i~rJ erPROPAGATIONOF SHORTRADIO WAvEsKemMICROWAVEDUPLExERSSmu llin an d MontgomeryCRYSTALRect ifier sTor r t ?g and WhitmerMICROWAVEM1x!&lts-PoundCOMPONENTSHANDBooEBkzckbwwVACUUMTUBE AMPLIFIERSVa~kYan d WatlmanWAVEFORMSChanCejHughes, MacN 1chol, S ayre, and William sELECTRONICTIME MEASUREMENTSChan re,Huls iz er , MacNichol ,

and Williams~LECTRONIC1NSTRUMENTS~7&?nwOOd,oldam , and MacR aeCATHODERAY TUBE~mpmys-SoUer. S tarr, an d ValleyMICROWAVEREcE1vERsVan VoorhisTHRESHOLDSIGNALSLaWsonand 7Jh lenh t=rkTHEORYOF SERVOMECHANIS!IJ am?s,N ich ols, an d Ph illipsRADARSCANNERSANDRADOMEScad?/, Kawlitz, and TurnerCOMPUTINGMECHANISMSANDLINrcAGEs&ohodalNDExHenney


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RADAR BEACONS

Edited byARTHUR ROBERTS

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF PHYSICSSTATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

OFF ICE OF SCIENTIF IC RESEARCH .AND DEVELOPMENT

NATION.AL DEFENSE RESE .iRCH COMMITTEE

FIIWT EDITION

YEW YORK AND LONDONJ ](:(;R .-l M-HILL BOOK CO J!T PAN Y, IN C.

1947


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\,3

(OPYRIGHT, 1947, BY THEII(GR. +w-HILL F300K (OMP.iX~-.

PR1>-TE1) [\ - T1l E L-\ -lTEIl ,5T.ATES OF

.1 / / r zGfi/ .s ce.s er ved lhis book.

Ixc.!IIERICA

Of

THE MAPLE PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA


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RADAR BEACONS

EDITORIAL STAFFLOUIS A. TURNERGORDONC. DANIELSON J . J . G. MCCUEPETER A. DEPAOLO MARCUS D. ODAYERWIN R. GAERTTNER BEUHRINQW. P IKERAY G. HERB WILLIAM M. PRESTONCONRADL. LONGMIRE ARTHUR ROBERTS

CONTRIBUTING AUTHORSHOWLANDH. BAILEYMARTIN J . COHENGORDON C. DANIELSONPETER A. DEPAOLORAYI+IONDDICKINSONWILLIAM A. DOWNESERWIN R. GAERTTNERSERGE E . GOLIANGILBERT O. HALLJ ESSE R. LIENCONRADL. LONGMIREJ . J . G. MCCUE

RAYMONDA. MINZNERKENNETH R. MOREMARCUS D. ODAYBEUHRINQW. P IKEWILLIAM M. PRESTONJOHN C. REED, J R.ARTHUR ROBERTSTHEODORES. S-JOHN H. TINLOTLOUIS A. TURNERGEORGE PETER WACHTELLFRANK P. ZAFFARANO


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Foreword

T HE t remendous resea rch and developmen t effor t that went in to thedevelopment of radar and rela t ed techniques dur ing World War IIresu lted not only in hundreds of radar sets for military (and some forpossible peacet ime) use but a lso in a grea t body of informat ion and newtechniques in the elect ronics and high-frequency fields. Because thisbasic mat er ia l may be of gr ea t va lu e t o scien ce an d en gin eer in g, it seemedmost impor tan t to publish it as soon as secur ity permit ted.

The Radia t ion Laboratory of MIT, which opera ted under the super -vision of t he Na tion al Defen se Resea rch Commit tee, u nder took t he greatt ask of pr epa rin g t h ese volumes. Th e wor k descr ibed h er ein , h owever , isthe collect ive resu lt of work done at many laborator ies, Army, Navy,university, and industr ia l, both in this cou nt ry and in England, Canada,a nd other Domin ion s.

The Radia t ion Laboratory, once it s proposa ls were approved andfin an ces pr ovided by t he Office of Scien tific Resea rch a nd Developmen t,ch ose Louis h. Rldenour as Editor -in-Chief t o lead and direct th e ent ireproject . An editor ia l staff was then selected of those best qualified forthis type of task. Finally the authors for the var ious volumes or chapter sor sect ions were chosen from among those exper t s who were int imatelyfamiliar with the var ious fields, and who were able and willing to wr it ethe summaries of them. This en t ire staff agreed to remain a t work atMIT for six months or more aft er the work of the Radia t ion Labora torywas complete. These volumes stand as a monument to this group.

These volumes serve as a memoria l t o the unnamed hundreds andt housan ds of ot her scient ist s, en gin eers, and ot her s wh o actu ally ca rr iedon th e resea rch , development , and engineer ing wor k the resu lt s of whichare herein descr ibed. There were so many involved in th is work and theywor ked so closely t oget her even t hou gh oft en in widely sepa ra ted labora-t or ies that it is impossible t o name or even t o kn ow th ose wh o cont r ibu tedt o a pa rt icu la r idea or developmen t. On ly cer ta in on es who wr ot e r epor tsor a rt icles h ave even been men tion ed. But t o all t hose wh o cont r ibu tedin any way to this grea t coopera t ive development enterpr ise, both in this

$coun try and in England, these volumes are dedicated.

L. A. DUBRIDGE.

* vii


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Preface

THIS book is about radar beacons. As far as the au thors a re aware,n o ot her books on r ada r bea con s h ave yet a ppea red. Because beaconsconst itu te an impor tan t aspect of radar , an a t tempt will be made in thisbook t o give a comprehensive survey of th e pr esen t sta te of the bea con ar t .

Beacons were, a t fir st , a minor and neglect ed aspect of the rada r ar t .Their usefulness was recogn ized in near ly all labora tor ies workingon radar , but on ly a fter the design of the rada r was well advanced.Organized work on beacons a t the Radia t ion Labora tory star ted onlywhen the labora tory was in its second yea r ; a separa te beacon divisionwas not organ ized unt il the summer of 1943. The influence of beaconswas slow in making it self felt ; never theless, by the end of the war , it hadestablished it self firmly in the thinking of the designers of a irborne andground radar equ ipment and was beginning t o be accept ed for ship radar .

This survey is divided in to four par ts. Pa r t I, Chaps. 1 to 6, dis-cusses the nature of beacons and the pr inciples according to whichsystems using beacons are designed. Par t II, which includes Chaps. 7to 16, is concerned with the design of beacons. Par t III, Chaps. 17 to 19,takes up the design of beacon in ter roga tors and gives examples of com-plete systems using beacons. Par t IV, Chap. 20, cover s the opera t ionof bea con system s in t he field.

This volume represen t s a summary of the effor t s of Division 7 of theRadia t ion Labora tory, which was cha rged with work on radar beacons.In an at tempt to give a complete pictu re of the beacon ar t , however ,the authors have included much tha t did not or igina te a t the Radia t ionLaboratory.

The plan of the book was drawn up by an editor ia l boa rd before thepersonnel of the division was dispersed. Many members of the divisionwer e thus able to cont r ibu te to the book; and it cou ld cer ta in ly neverhave been writ t en withou t the contr ibu t ions of so la rge and represen ta -t ive a group of the members of the division. Any omissions a re dueeit her t o in adver ten ce or t o r esidua l m ilit ar y secu rit y.

Full acknowledgment to everyone who cont r ibu ted to this book isimpossible; a pology must be made in a dvance for any omissions. Firstacknowledgment must go to L. A. Turner , who, as techn ica l editor ,gu ided the manuscr ipt from the beginn ing. A specia l debt of gra t itudeis due to B. V. Bowden of the Br it ish Air Commission, whose thorough

ix


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x PREFACEacquain tsace with the subject and fr iendly in terest in the manuscr iptwere of inest imable value. The authors wish to express their apprecia -t ion to J . FL Feldmeier , S. A. Goudsmit , D. E. Ker r , and F. F. Rleke fortheir const ruct ive comments and cont r ibu t ions to the manuscr ipt , t o theRCA-Vict or Compan y for permission t o descr ibe Sh or an , and t o St ua rt W.Seeley of that company for comments on its t rea tmen t .

Thanks are due to Constance R. Henderson, who, as product ionassistant , shepherded the manuscr ipt and figures through the mazes ofproduct ion; and to Nina M. Kropoff and Margaret J ordan for their.sacreta r ia l assistance. Especia l thanks are owed to Beka Doher ty, towh ose edit or ia l effor ts is du e wh at degr ee of lit er acy t he book ma y possess,an d wh o a ided immeasu rably in it s final or gan iza tion an d in telligibility.

A~~IIUR ROBERTS.CAMBRIDQE,ASS.,May, 1946.


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xii CONTENTSCHAP. 2. THE REQUIREMENTS OF SYSTEMS USING BEACONS:RANGE CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.1. Sta tement of Requ irement# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.2. Frost Pr inciples of t he Beacon Ar t . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.3. Character ist ics of Beacon Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

RANC+EREQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..302.4. Maximum Reliable Range. . . . . . . . . . 302.5. The Range Equa t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Display Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..342.6. Losses in CRT Dkplays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.7. Losses in Other Displays. . . . . . . . . . 362,8. Video St retch ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Applying the Range Eqruztion. . . . . . . 3S2,9. Exper imen ta l Ver ifica t ion of Reliable Range . . . . w2.10. Genera l Applica t ion to a System . . . . . . 402.11. Min imum Range ...,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4o

CHAP. 3. PROPAGATION AND COVERAGE CONSIDERATIONS 42PROPAGATIONEFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...42

3.1. Coheren t In t er ference. .3,2, Th e P ra ct ica l E ffects of In ter fer en ce3.3. An omalou s P ropa ga tion .34. Hor izon Range. . .3,5. Diffract ion .....,,. . . . . .3.6. Atmosph er ic Absor pt ion a nd Sca tt er in g3.7. Polar iza t ion . . . .

COVERAGECONSIDERATIONS . . . .38. Genera l Considera t ions . . . . . .3.9. Air bor ne In ter roga torSu r fa ce Bea con s.3.10. Gr ound Rada rAir bor ne Bea con s3.11. Example of Range Ca lcula t ions. .

.,. . . . . 4245. . . . . . . 49

. . . . . 51

. . . . . 52. . . . 53. . . . . 56. . . . . . . 57. 57,.. . . . . ,, 5859. . . . . . 59

CHAP. 4. FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . 63GENERALCONSIDERATIONSN THE CHOICEOF FREQUENCY 63

4.1. Omnidirect ional Systems. . . . 634.2. Direct iona l In ter roga t ion , Omnidirect iona l Response 6443. In ter roga tor s a s Radar Set s . . . 66

SYSTEMCONSIDERATIONSN THE CHOICEOF FREQUENCY. 694.4, Ground or Sh ip Beacons. . . . . 694.5. Airborne Beacons .,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7046. Croesband-beacon Systems. . . . . 704.7. Sweeping-fr equency Systems, ,. . . . . . . 73

FREQUENCYASSIGNMENTS,.. . ...734.8. Genera l Considera t ions . 7349. F requency Channels for Single-band Microwave Systems 754.10, Fixed-channel Opera t ion . 76411. Adjacen t -channel Select ivity and Pu lse Shape 79


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CONTENTS . . .Xm(%lAP. 5. CODING AND COMMUNICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

INTERROGATIONODING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..835.1. Funct ions of In t er rogat ion Coding . . . . . . . . . . . 835.2. Signal Character ist ics . . . . . . . . . . 835.3. Types of Decoder s: Tr igger and Storage. . . . . . . . . 84

Coding Param eters an d Random In terrogation . . . . . . . . . . . 8554.Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.5. Number of Pulses, Pulse Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . 875.6. Pulee-width Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.7. Other In ter roga t ion Coding Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Other In terrogation Coding Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . 895.8. Slow Int er rogat ion Coding. . . . . . . . . . . . 895.9. Limita t ions on In ter roga t ion Coding . . . . . . . . . . 89

REPLYCODING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,10. Reply Coding Parameters . . . . . . . . .

Display Considerations. . . . . . . .5.11. Cathode-ray Tube Dkplays . . . . . . .5,12. Ra nge Codin g a nd PPI Clu tter 513. Dist in gu ish abilit y of Bea con fr om Ra da r Signals .5.14. Coding by Amplitude Modula t ion .

Number of Reply Codes. . . . . . . .5.15. Genera l Considera t ions . . . . . . .5.16. Pip Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.17. Combin ed pu lse-widt h a nd Puk e-spa cin g Cod in g.

DATATRANSMISSIONNDCOMMUNICATION,5.18. ChannelWidth and Data-handlingCapacity,5 .19. Data Transmissionover SystemsUsingBeacons .PRECISEDATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.20. The Use of Precise Posit iona l Data . . . . .5.21. System Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.22. Methods for Using Data of High Precision . . .

. . . . . 89

. . . . . 89. . . . . . SKI. . . . . 90. . . . . . 91. . . . . . 93. . . . . . 94. . . . . 94

. . 94. . . 96. . . . . 96. . . . . . 97. . . . . . 97. . . . . . 99. . . . . 100. . . . . 100

. . . . 101

. . 102t%AP. 6. TRAFFIC AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS . . . . 104

TRAFFICCONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1046.1. Sa tura t ion of the In ter roga t ion Link . . . . . . . . . . 1046.2. Beacon Densky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056.3. Sa tura t ion of the Response Lmk . . . . . . . . . . 1066.4. Over in ter roga t ion Cont rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

The Probability of B eucon Resporwe . .6.5. St at ist ica l .k na lysis of t h e P r obabilit y of Respon se6.6. The Effect of Duty-ra t io Limita t ion. . . . . .6.7. Sca rming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In tsrfmng [email protected] in Beacon S yw%rrx . . . . . . . . . .6.8. Ext raneous In t er ference. . . . . .6.9. In ter ference with in the Beacon System . . . . .6.10. Spur ious Responses. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . 108

. . . . . 108. . . . . 111

. . . . . 113

. . . . . . 114

. . . . . . 114

. . . . . 116

. . . . . . 118


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xiv CONTENTS6.11. Unsynchronized signals . . . . 1186.12. Power Considera t ions in the Avoidance of in ter ference . . . 119

ENGINEERINGCONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . 1196.13. Physica l Limita t ions and Design Economy. . . . . . . . 1196.14. Need for At tendance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

PART II. BEACON DESIGNCHAP. 7. BEACON DESIGN: R-F COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 125

BEACONANTENNA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125General Requ irem enf.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

7.1. Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1257.2. Antenna Pat terns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267.3. Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Beacon AnbmmaDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1297.4. Microwave Antemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1807.5. Const ruct ional Features. . . . . . 1337.6. Bea con -a nt en na Requ irem en ts a nd th e Na tu re of Bea con Insta l-la t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...133

COMPONENTSOR R-P TRANSMISSION. . . . . . . . . . 1367.7. Transmission Lines.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Duplezers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1387.8. Genera lConsiderat ions . . . . . . . . . . . 1387.9. Radar and Beacon Duplexers . . . . . . . . . . 1397.10. Duplexingwithout Gas-filledTubes. . . . . . . . . 141Other R -f Componen ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...144

7.11. Radio-frequency Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447.12. Radio-frequency Accessor ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

CHAP.8. BEACON RECEIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1498.1. In t roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

GENERALCONSInERATIONS . . . . . . . .8.2. Types of Beacon Receiver . . . . . .8,3. sensit ivity. . . . . . . . . . .8.4. F requency Coverage . . . . .8.5. F idelity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NARROW-COVERAGEECE IVERS. .8.6. Superregenera t ive Receiver s . . .8.7. S up er h et er odyn e Receiver s,8.8. Cr yst al-video Receiver wit h R-f F ilt er .8.9. TRF Receiver .8.10. Rad io-fr equency Channeling.

WIDE-COVERAGERECEIVERS:SUPERHETEEODYNES.8.11. Genera l Considera t ions . . .8.12. Wideband I-f Receiver . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . 149

. . . . . . . . . . 149

. . . . . . . . . 150

. . . . . . . . 151

. . . . . . . . . 152

. . . . . . . . . . 153

. . . . . . . . . . 153. . . . . . . . . 157. . . . . . . . 158. . . . . . . . 159. . . . . . . . . 160

. . . . . . . . . . . 161

. . . . . . . . . . 161

. . . . . . . . . . 162


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CONTENTS xv8,13. Square-wave-modula tedLocal Oscilla tor . . . . . . 1648.14. Siie-wave Frequency-modula tedLocal Oscilla tor . . . . . . 1668.15. Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1688.16. Receiver AFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...170

WIDE-COVERAGERECEIVEIW.:CRYSTA~VIDEORECEIVERS. . . . . . . . . 1728.17. Video Crysta ls and Crysta l Detect ion. . . . . . 1728.18. Video-amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

CHAP.9. INTERROGATION CODING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180pULSE-WInTHISCRIbUNATORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

91. In tegra tor Discr iminators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18092. Delay-1ineDkcr iminators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1849.3. Compa risonof In tegr a tor a n d Dela y-lin eDiscr im in at or s. . . 1879.4. Delay Considera t ions . . . . . . . . . . 1899.5. Const an t -delayDiscr imina tor for both Long and Shor t Pu ls es 1919.6. E ffect of SignalAmplitude. . . . . . . . . . 1929.7. Gen er alCh ar act er ist icsof P ulse-widt hDiscr im in at ion . . . 193

OTEXERTYPESOF DECODER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959.8. Double-pulse Decoders . . . . . . . . . 1959.9. Mult iple-pu lse Decoder s. . . . . . . . . . . 1999.10. pu lse-repet it ion-frequency Discr imina tors . . . . . . . . 201

CEAP.lO.RESPONSECODERS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...20410.1. Genera lConsidera t ions . . . . . . . . . . . 20410.2. Siigl*pulse ResponseCoders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206MULTIPLE-RESPONSEULRECODERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

10.3. Blanking Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...20710.4. Coders for Equally Spaced Pulses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

PULSE-SPACIN~CODERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21010.5. Delay-line Delay Stages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21010.6. Mult iVibra tor Delay Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21110.7. Overshoot Delay Stages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21310.8. Blocking-oscilla tor Delay Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

ChEERTYPES OF CODER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21710.9. MiaceUaneous PIP Coders . . . . . . . . . . . . 21710.10. (kder -pukr Combina t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21810.11. Combined Pulse-width and Pulse-spacing Coders. . . . . . . 219

CW. 11. BEACONS AS PULSE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS . . . . 22111.1. Beacon C!emmunica t ion Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

COMMUNICATIONMETHODSNoT INVOLVINGSPEECHTRANSMISSION . . . 222hfcfhodaofiwodu.wion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...22211.2. Modulat ion of the Pulse-repet it ion Frequency . . . . . . . . 22211.3i Space Modrdat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22311.4. Pu lea -width Modulat ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226


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,xvi CONTENTS

Method-s of In terpretation by an Operator . . . 22611.5. Vimal Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...22611.6. Aural Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...226Metkods for AufQm tic In tirpretit im . . 227

11.7. Pulse-repet it ion-frequency Systems . . . 22711.8. Pulw-width System~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22711.9. Mult iple-pu lse Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

SPEECHTRANSMISSIONONBEACONSYSTEMS . 22811.10. Pulsed Voice Systems. . 2281111.TypesofM ovula t ion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23011.12. Talking Rebecca-Eureka 23111.13. Double-pu lse Modula t ion 232

Vaice-undu lation S yst+vnS to Work with Rodars . 23211.14. Communica t ion with a Radar of Very High Pulse-repet it ionFrequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...233

11.15. Voice Communica t ion with Low-repet it ion -ra te Radars 23411.16. Use of More Complex Modula t ion Envelopes. . .

CHAF.12. MODULATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.1. Genera l Considera t ions . . . . . . . . . . . .

PULSE-FOBMINGCIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hard-tube Pulse-forming (%mds . . . . . .12.2. Mult ivibra tors. . . . . . . . . .

12,3. Blocking Oscilla tors. . . . . . .Line-type Pulse-forming Circuits.

12.4. Pu lse-forming Networ ks a nd Swit ch -t ubes.125. Other Charging Methods12.6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PULSE FORMATIONN MODULATORS.127. Th e Lin e-type Modula tor12.8. H ar d-t ube Modu la tor s129. Ou tput Cou plin g Circuits1210. The Block ing-oscilla t or Dr iver12.11. Compa rison of Lin e-t ype and Har d-t ube Modu la tor s

CHAP. 13. BEACON TRANSMITTERS: MAGNETRONS131. Gen er al Con sider at ion s13.2. P erfor ma nce Ch ar ts a nd Rieke Dia grams13.3. F r equ en cy St abilit y.13.4. Magnet ron Input Requirements . .

SPECIALBEACONMAGNETRONREQUIREMENTS13.5. Coded Opera t ion . . . .13.6. Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.7. F ixed-tuned Magnet rons. . . . . .1343. F requency Modula t ion . . . . . . .139. Long-line Effect . .131o. Ma gnet ron Stabiliza t ion . .

. . . . 236

. . . . 237237

. 239239. . . . . 239240

... . 242242

. 243245

... . 245

. . . . 246. 248. 251

253. . 255. 256

256257259

. . 261

. . . . . 262,.. . 262. . . . 262

263. 265

. . . . . 265

. . . . 267


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CONTENTS xviiAUYOMATICFREQUENCYCONTEOL,AFC 270

1311. AFC Discr iminators. 27113.12 .AFC Amplifier s, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27413.13. AFC Servomechanisms . . . . . . . 276

CHAP. 14. TRIODE TRANSMITTERS . . . . . . 279PROPERTIESOF TRIODEOSCILLATORS

14 1. Gen er al Con sider at ion s14.2. Ba sic Circu it s.14.3. F requ en cy Ra nge a nd Limitat ion s14.4. Delay an d Impeda nce,

Types of Modu lation for Triode Oscillators145.P la tePulsing, . . . . . . ,. ..,,..14.6. Gr id Pulsing . . . . . . . . .14.7. Cathode Pulsing .

VHF and UHF Triode Oscillators (200 to 1000 M./see).14.8. Lumped-constant Oscillators. . . .149. Pa ra llel-lin e Oscilla t or s1410. Coaxia l-line Oscilla tor s14.11. Ca vit y Oscilla tor s a t 700 a nd 1000 Me/see.

,.. . . . . 279,,, . 279,,. . 280... 283

284.,. 286.,. 286.,. 288289

291291291293

,.. 297MICROWAVETRIODEOSCILLATORS. 301

14,12. Microwave Cavit ies a nd Tubes. 30114.13. Tube Requirements. 303

Reentrard Carr it ies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3041414, Pla te-tuned Reent rant Cavit ies. 30414.15. Opera t ional Character ist ics 3071416. Ca thode-tuned Reentrant Cavit ies 311

CHAP. 15. POWER SUPPLIES AND PERFORMANCE TESTING 313POWERSUPPLIES, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 313

15.1. Pr ime Power Sources . . . . . . . . ,314152. Alterna t ing-cur rent Power Supplies. 31615.3. Vibra tor Power Packs. 31815.4. Dynamotor Supplies. . .32015.5. Filament Supplies,. . .321156. Miscellaneous Power Supplies 32115.7. Power -cont rol circuits. . . 322

Ezamples of Power S upplies and Ccm trols of T ypical Radar Beacons 32415.8. AN / CPN -6: A La rge A-c 3-cm Bea con for Gr ou nd or Sh ipboa rd

Insta lla t ion . . . . . . . . . ,,, ,, ...,....32415.9. AN/UPN-2: Lightweight A-c 10-cm Ground Beacon 32715.10. AN/UPN-4: A Bat tery-opera ted Lightweight Beacon. 32815,11. AN/APN-19: A D-c-opera ted Airborne lo-cm Beacon. 330

PERFORMANCEESTING . . . . . .. 33215.12. Monitors and Test E quipment . 332

Test Equipm ent .,.,...., . . . . . . . ,33315.13. The Signal Genera tor or Test Set . 333


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...Xvlll CONTENTS15.14. The Synchroscope and Envelope Viewer . . 3341515. The Spect rum Analyzer . 33515,16. Wavemeters and Reference Cavit ies. . . . . 33715.17. Measurement of R-f Power . . 338

Monitors and Built-in Test Facilities. . . 33915.18 . Test J acks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33915.19, Audio Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3401520.OtherTestF abilit ies .341

Crew. 16. BEACON SYNTHESIS .16.1. Bea con Syn th esis.162. In ter act ion of Compon en ts.

OVER-ALLCONTROLOF THE DELAY16,3. Gener a l Con sid er a tion s16,4. Magnitude of Delay.165. In ten t iona l Delays16,6. Summary . . . . . . . .

PREVENTIONOF RADIONOME167. Noise Tr igger in g a nd Noise Radia tion .16.8. E limina tion of Noise P rodu ced by Bea con s.

Protection oj Beacons from Interference, .16,9. N oise Tr igger ing .16.10. Suppression .16.11. Crysta l Protect ion .

PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.12. Genera l Considerat ions . .16.13. Vibr at ion a nd Shock Mount in g.16.14. Other Cons idera t ions

. . . . 342342,.. 343

... 344.,. 344345.,. 347348348,.. 348349

. . . 352. . . . . 352. . . . . 354357. . . 357,.. . . . . . 357. 360. ... 360

PART III. INTERROGATOR AND SYSTEM DESIGNCHAP.17. RADAR DESIGN FOR BEACON OPERATION. 365

17.1. The Transmit ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..365THE RECENER. . . . . . . . . .. 367

17.2. Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...36717.3. Receiver Charmeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...36817.4. Receiver Gain Cont rol and Time-var ied Gain 371

ANTENNADESIGN. . . . . . . . ...374175. Genera l Proper t ies. . .37417.6. Dispersion or Squint 375

INDICATORS. . . . . . . . . . ...37717.7. Sweep Speed and Code Legibility. 37717.8. Signal In tensity . . . . . 37817.9. Range Accuracy: Correct ion for Beacon Delay. 37917.10. Split Azimuth presen ta t ion 380


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CONTENTS xixCHAP. 18. THE DESIGN OF INTERROGATOR-RESPQNSORS 385

INTEHRO~A~R-REEPONSOnUSEDALONEFOBRANGE-ONLYNFORMATION. 385181.Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...38618,2. The In ter roga tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,38618.3. The Responsor . ..,.., . . . . . . . . . . . . ...38718.4. Combined In ter roga tor -responeor -beacon 389

INTE ItROGATOR-RESPONSORSED ALONE FOR RANGE ANDAZIMUTHINFOR-MATION ...,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38918.5. Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36918.6. In ter roga tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39218.7. Responsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 393

RANGE-ONLYINTERROGATOR-RESPONSORSSEDWrTRRADARS . . 39418.8. Synchron iza t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39418.9. In ter roga tor ..,,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39518.10. Responsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 396

INTERROGATOR-RESPONSORSED WITH RADARS FOR RANGE .Nn AZIMUTRINFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.11. Design Considera t ions. . . . . . . . .CHAP . 19. TYP ICAL BEACON SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . .

AIRBORNE-RADARGROUND-BEACONYSTEMFOR AIR NAVIGATION.19.1. Airborne Radar (AN/APS-10) . . . . . . . .19.2. Ground Beacon (AN/CPN-6) . . . . . . . . . .19.3. System Performance . . . . . . . . . .19.4. Ligh tweigh t Beacons . . . . . . . . . . .

GROUND-RADARAIRBORNE-BEACONYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . .19.5. Ground Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19.6. Airborne Beacon (AN/APN-19) . . . . . . . . .19.7. System Performance . . . . . . . . . .19.8. Comment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19.9. In t er roga t ion Channels .

SHIP -INTERROGATOR-RESPONSORSHORE-BEACONYSTEM,19.10 . Int roduct ion ..,... . . . . . . . .1911. In ter roga tor -r esponsor , . .19.12 .The Ground Beacon . .19.13. Sys tem Per formance

A PRECISIONBEACON-NAVIGATIONYSTEMSHORAN.19 .14. In ter roga tor -responsor (AN/APN-3)19.15. Ground Beacons (AN/CPN-2)19.16, Syst em P er forma nce .

PART IV. BEACONS IN THE FIELDCHAP.20. INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE ,

HEAVYGROUNDBEACONS . . . .20.1. Choice of Site,.... .

396396

398. . 398. . . 398. . . 400

402. . 405. . . 408. . . 409. . . 412. . 414. . . 417

418419419

. . 419422424426426428

. 432

437437437


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