Mission-Based Approach

• Needed a context for sensors, power and propulsion to use for examining future capabilities– Aid to answering question: where are the technology gaps?

• Make use of previously developed conceptualized missions (SSMF workshop), developed by science community, to provide the context– Sampling of missions to generate discussion only– Warning: these missions are not designed to meet specifically

derived scientific objectives• System engineering approach not used in defining these missions• Lack of specific information may make task seem unconstrained

– Assumptions and inferences on sensors and power and propulsion attendees will be required

• This is OK!!! Just document assumptions and inferences• Keep the discussion flowing!

Mission Characteristics• Six Mission descriptions provided:

– Hurricane Genesis, Evolution, and Landfall– Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements– Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment– Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle– Antarctic Explorer (Cyrosphere)– Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry

• Potential platform class(es) to assign to a mission– Daughter ship UAV (launched from mother ship)– Small UAV (~20 lbs payload)– Medium UAV– Large UAV (~2000 lbs payload)– Very Long Endurance UAV (3 days +)

• Assumptions across all missions– For sensor track: Platform is capable of performing the mission as described in

the profile– OTH network centric communications– ‘File and fly’ access to airspace– ‘Plug and Play’ open architecture– Capable of 100% nominal autonomous sensor operation

Hurricane Genesis, Evolution and Landfall

• Science objective: Observation of hurricanes to improve predictions of hurricane paths and landfall.

• Remote, high altitude measurements:

• Tropospheric measurements:

• Boundary Layer:

- Precipitation- Clouds- Meteorological sounding

- Electrical activity- Microphysics- Dust

- 4-D thermodynamics

- Winds

- Sea surface temperature

- Surface winds

- Surface imaging

- Turbulent flux

- Surface state: wave spectra, sea spume, etc

Hurricane Genesis, Evolution and Landfall

• High altitude, Mother Ship UAV: Very Long Endurance Platform

• Tropospheric UAV: Daughter Platform

• Boundary layer UAV: Small Platform

- Optical Imager: lightning

- Meteorological sonde

- Daughter ships

- Radar: cloud and precipitation

- Microphysics (typical of drop-sondes, thermodynamics)

- GPS reflectance: surface wave spectra

- Lidar: surface wave spectra

- Sounder: water vapor and temperature

- Radiometer: cloud and precipitation

- Infrared pyrometer: SST

- Winds

- Optical imager: surface imaging

- Meteorological sonde: in-situ

- XRBT thermocline

- Turbulence flux

Hurricane

Hurricane Genesis, Evolution and Landfall

• Key mission characteristics:– High Altitude, Long Endurance

• Remote mother platform: 65K ft / 2-3 weeks

– Daughter ships => deploy/retrieve– Formation (coordinated) flight– Multi-ship operation– Quick turn-around– Re-tasking mission during flight

• Satellite data• Remote, mother platform observations• Scientist

– Payload directed flight– Terrain avoidance

• boundary layer platform

Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements

• Science objective: study transformations of aerosols and gases in following cloud systems– Convective systems

– Sea breeze cloud formation

– Marine stratiform

– Contrails in the Central U.S. in air traffic regions

– Synoptic scale systems & Fronts

– Cirrus outflow

• Measurement- Water vapor, total water, water isotopes

- Temperature

- Pressure

- Winds

- Ozone

- Lightning

- Aerosols and cloud particles

- Source gases and tracers

- IR radiance

- Radicals

Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor and Total Water Measurements

• Cloud and aerosol particles– Chemical composition– Number, size, volume– Habit– Extinction and absorption

• Source gases and tracers– Hydrocarbons, Formaldehyde- HN03, NOy, CO2, CO, HCl, CH3I, HCl- Sulfur species (e.g. H2SO4, SO2)

• Radicals– NO, NO2, OH– HO2, RO2

Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements

• In-flow & out-flow in-situ UAV: Medium platform– Lidar, Microwave, Doppler Radar, FTIR, Ultra-violet spectrometer (UV-Vis),

atmospheric samplers

• Convective in-situ UAV: Medium platform– Lidar, Microwave, Doppler Radar, FTIR, Ultra-violet spectrometer (UV-Vis),

Electrical Activity

• Remote UAV: Very Long Endurance platform– Lidar, Microwave, Doppler Radar, Drop-sonde, FTIR , Optical Imager, UV-Vis, 95

GHz radar

- Lidar #1 - water vapor- Lidar #2 – temperature, ozone, aerosol and cloud particles- Microwave – temperature- Doppler radar – winds- UV-Vis - ozone- FTIR – ozone, IR radiance- Optical imager – lightning- 95 Ghz radar – aerosol and cloud particles (ice water

content)- Atmospheric samplers – cloud and aerosol particles,

source gases and tracers, radicals

Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements

• Sensor Measurements

Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements, cont’d

Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements

• Key mission characteristics:– High altitude, long endurance

• 3 – 5 days

– All weather• Convective in-situ platform

– Range: 22,000 nmi– Terrain avoidance

• In-flow in-situ platform

– Formation (coordinated) flight– Multi-ship operations– Quick turn around– Re-tasking mission during flight

• Remote platform observations• Weather, cloud, chemical forecasts

– Vertical profiling– Payload directed flight– 4 week campaign with 2 -3 flights

Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment

• Science objective: understand the influence of an active fire on carbon cycle

dynamics

• Measurements:– Atmospheric chemistry– Thermal intensity time-series– Plume composition: volume, albedo, particle size distribution– Fuel type and quality

• Remote UAV: Medium or Large platform– Imaging Spectrometer [thermal, midwave, shortwave IR]

• Hyperspectral (350 – 2500 nm)• Downword looking port• 5 – 20m horizontal, 5 – 50 km swath• < 50 kg weight

– Lidar• Resolution: .05 – 20 micron• Downword looking port• 1 m horizontal, 15 cm vertical• < 3 km swath• 30 kg weight

• In-situ UAV: Medium platform– Isotope ratio mass spectrometers– Gas chromatographer– Non-dispersive infrared (IR) analyzer

Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment

Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment, cont’d

Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment

• Key mission characteristics:– Endurance: 24 – 72 hours– All weather

• In-situ platform flies in plume of fire

– Formation (coordinated) flying– Multi-ship operations– Quick deployment / Quick turn-around– Re-tasking mission during flight– Payload directed flight– Engine emissions can’t affect measurements

Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle

• Science objective: local to regional sea-air flux measurements that reduce

uncertainty in global measurements and models of CO2 flux

• Measurements– Measure winds

– CO2

– Sea state (obstacle avoidance)

– Surface temperature

• UAV: small platform

Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle

- CO2 sensor (1 sample/m @ 150 m/sec)

- INU & GPS

- Hydrometer- Radiometer

- Ocean optics spectrometer

- Hyper-spectral radiometer

- Interferometer

Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle, cont’d

Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle

• Key mission characteristics:– Endurance: 48 hr– Low altitude flight: < 10K ft– Coordinated flight (swarm)– Multi-ship operations– Re-tasking mission during flight

• Sensor payload• Satellite data• Model forecasts

– Vertical profiling– Remote base operation (potentially ships)– Payload directed flight

Antarctic Explorer (Cryosphere)

• Science objective: – Provide data for validating simulations of the dynamics

of ice and land topography, iceberg volume, glacier profiles and glacier channel profiles

– Provide data on the effect on the ocean environment

• Measurements

- Time dependence of ice and land topography

- Coastal and open ocean salinity temperature, and currents, at surface and beneath iceberg depths

- Time evolution of targeted iceberg freeboard volume, land glacier profiles, and glacier channel profiles

- Atmospheric boundary layer observations at high space/time resolution

Antarctic Explorer

• UAV: Medium or Large platform- Optical imager

- Magnetometer- Radar depth sounder: ice sheet thickness- Drop-buoys: sea salinity, currents (at surface and beneath

iceberg depths), temperature- Scanning Lidar: topographic mapping

Antarctic Explorer, cont’d

Antarctic Explorer

• Key mission characteristics:– Endurance: > 12 hr on-station (low altitude)– Range: Antarctic continent– All weather– Terrain avoidance– Quick deploy– Quick turn around– Re-tasking mission during flight

• Dynamic event, e.g. ice shelf break-up– Remote base operations– One mission every 3 days for 2 months, during ice

break-ups

Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry

• Science objective: Provide 3-dimensional vegetation structure and information on composition and

chemistry

• Measurements– Terrestrial biomass

– Leaf-level chemistry (eg. lignin, xanthophylls, etc.)

– Water canopy content

Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry

• UAV 1: Medium Platform– Synthetic aperature radar (L=structure)

• 5-10m horizontal; 1m vertical• 5-20km swath• single pass interferometry

• UAV 2: Medium Platform– Synthetic aperature radar

(p=ground return)• 5-10m horizontal; 1m vertical• 5-20km swath• single pass interferometry

– Imaging spectrometer• Hyperspectral (350nm-2500nm), 10nm

channels• downward-looking port• 5-20m horizontal• 5-50km swath

• UAV 3: Medium Platform– Synthetic aperature radar (x=top of canopy)– Lidar

• 2 frequency (525m, 1050nm), waveform digitized

• downward-looking port• 1m horizontal; 15cm vertical

Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry, cont’d

• Key mission characteristics:– Endurance: 12 – 24 hr– Formation (coordinated) flight– Multi-ship operations– Flights weekly during seasons of interest

Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry

Summary

• Why are we here?– To supply science sensor technology gap data to fit

within user-defined future UAV uses– To document power/propulsion shortfalls

• What are we going to do?– Meet in two sessions to collect the data

• Mission based• Technology based

• What do we hope to gain?– Updates to the capabilities assessment which will

enable efficient funding policies of key technologies

Logistics

• Mission session at 1:30– Sensor track: Room 335– Power and Propulsion Track: Room 312

• No later than 5:30 PM: report out within each track

• Lunch Logistics…– TBD