Unit 7B Sex and Science

Workbook

Name……………………………………………………………………….Group……………….Teacher………………………

7B Workbook: (Slides 2 to 4)

7Ba Endangered Animals.

Answer questions here:

1………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………..2………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….3………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

All these creatures are endangered. Which would you save if you could? Would you just save the cute ones?http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

1. What is the definition of an endangered animal?2. Could we and should we, clone endangered species?

What are the problems with cloning?3. Should we protect all endangered animals? (Why not or

why should we?) Your own views, for Q3.

WE ARE ALL ENDANGERED

Problems with cloning:It is very expensive. (£12 000) for 1 lamb.Produces organisms with age of cells used. (E.g. Dolly the Sheep was born a lamb, but with 6 year old cells.) She died aged 6 instead of 12.Most religious faiths reject the idea as they see it as humans ‘playing God’.It is very unreliable. 9 out of 10 attempts fail to develop,Many successful clones have mutations (such as extra limbs) or are very unhealthy – diseased lungs, e.g.

Access the website above and learn about cloning Mimi the Mouse. Work through the cloning process and make notes.http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/sep/23/panda-extinction-chris-packham Check out the website above and read the views of Chris’ Packham on; ‘Should pandas be left to face extinction?’7Ba Starting out in life. (Fertilisation)

External fertilisation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

In internal fertilisation…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

An example of a species which uses external fertilisation to reproduce is………………………………………………………………… ………….Humans, however, reproduce using ………………………………………………………………………………

HSW: Scientific Method:Redi’s Experiment to prove that meat did not produce flies.

Redi used the scientific method, which all scientists use today. Scientists come up with theories (ideas that can be tested) to explain things that they have observed. They do experiments and make observations to collect evidence. Evidence can prove or disprove a theory.

1. L4. Explain the difference between internal and external fertilisation. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. L5. In your own words describe scientific method and explain how Redi used it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

L4 Explain the terms internal and external fertilisation.L5 Give examples of advantages and disadvantages of internal and external fertilisation. (Independent learning)

7Bb Reproductive organs.

Label the following partsby drawing lines from thewords to the parts.(Slide 8 on ppt)

Fill in the table

Sperm adaptations Egg adaptations

Penis

Testes

Scrotum

Sperm duct

Vagina

Uterus

Cervix

Ovary

Listen and watch very carefully.

Fill in the sex cell adaptation boxes(Slide 9 on ppt).

L4 Name the parts and simple function of male and female reproductive systems.L5 Explain how sperm and egg cells are adapted to their function.

7Bc Sex. The purpose of sexual intercourse is to produce new offspring within a species. Passing on the most useful characteristics (through genes) to help an organism survive its environment, ensures the highest possible chance of survival. Charles Darwin described ‘survival of the fittest’ as….

“…natural selection is a struggle for life in which only those organisms best adapted to existing conditions will survive and reproduce.”

Fill in the missing key words in the sentences below. (Cloze procedure)(Slide 10 on PowerPoint)• Sperm are passed from the _ _ _ _ _ into the _ _ _ _ _ _ during

sexual intercourse.• Thousands of sperm cells move through the vagina, through

the _ _ _ _ _ , into the _ _ _ _ _ _ and towards the _ _ _ _ _ _ _; to meet the egg.

• One sperm cell burrows (using _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ) into the egg cell membrane.

• Sperm and egg fuse together in a process called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

• One of the consequences of sex is that the female can become _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

• Other consequences of sex could be that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is passed from one to the other.

Development: (Slide 11 on PowerPoint)

L4 Describe sexual intercourse and the possible consequences of sex.L5 Describe, using science terms and proper English, the terms fertilisation and implantation.

Aim Higher Task:Investigate the use of

embryonic stem cells in helping to cure genetic diseases, such as cystic

fibrosis.(Optional for reward

points)

Look at the diagram below. At which stage would you say life starts? Justify your response.

I think life starts at…………..…days because.………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7Bc Sex. (Implantation) (Slide 12 on PowerPoint)

Literacy Task. (Extension L6) Write a descriptive piece which clearly describes the processes of fertilisation and implantation. Start with sperm

In the diagram above the egg has been fertilised in the oviduct (fallopian tube). It then makes its way to the ‘site of implantation’ in the wall of the uterus.

The diagram to the right shows the developing foetus at 8 weeks.

L4 Describe sexual intercourse and the possible consequences of sex.L5 Describe, using science terms and proper English, the terms fertilisation and implantation.

meeting egg and ending with birth! Use proper English and good science!(Stick to scientific terms, only)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________This is a level 6 literacy task. Marks are awarded for quality of written communication. This includes spelling. 6 marks.7Bc Sex. (Twins)

Mono.. means one. Di.. means two. A zygote is a fertilised egg.(Slide 13 on PowerPoint)There are 2 types of twins you need to know about. They are monozygotic twins (identical) and dizygotic twins (non-identical).

This diagram shows how identical and non-identical twins develop. On the left, monozygotic (identical) twins originate from one zygote (fertilised egg cell). The two new cells separate and develop using a shared placenta. They have identical genetic information so will be identical at birth. (E.g. both will be girls or both will be boys and have identical DNA.)

L5 Describe the differences between identical and non-identical twins. L6 Using correct science terms, explain the circumstances which lead to the development of identical or non-identical twins.

On the right the diagram shows how non-identical twins develop from two separate eggs and two separate sperm. They develop using separate placentas and can be 1 boy and 1 girl who have different coloured hair!

Homework in your book:In your own words state what this diagram is showing.

List the main differences between identical and non-identical twins. Think about what the two will look like and what their cells will contain.

Fully explain the science involved in the development of the twins on the left. Use correct science terminology.7Bc Sex. (Fertility)

(Slides 14 to 17 on PowerPoint)1. Eggs stimulated

in hormone therapy.

2. Eggs removed from ovary.

3. Sperm collected.4. Eggs and sperm

mixed to allow fertilisation. IVF.

5. Fertilised eggs placed in uterus to allow implantation.

6. Embryo/s develop.

This process may be carried out in humans for the following reasons. For example, a) a blocked oviduct (fallopian tube), b) fertilised eggs not implanting, c) low sperm count, d) immature or undeveloped sperm.

In vitro means in glass.The idea that babies grow in test tubes is wrong. The egg is fertilised in glass (in vitro),

L5 Explain how science can help couples through fertility treatments.L6 Clearly describe the process of in vitro fertilisation, giving examples of where and when it could be used in humans. Also, relate the process of IVF to wildlife conservation.

6

then the zygote (fertilised egg) is placed back in the mother’s uterus to develop naturally.

IVF treatment can be carried out on most mammals. Panda numbers, e.g. would increase if IVF was used. However, should we interfere with nature? The Chengdu Zoo in Sichuan, China, started with just six pandas in 1987 and now has 108 pandas. (28/09/11) 12 pandas born through IVF)

7Bc Sex. (Fertility questions)

On July 25th 1978, Louise Brown of Oldham, Lancashire became the world’s first test tube baby. Aim Higher Homework Task. (Optional for reward points)Research Louise Brown’s story and investigate how IVF has changed since 1978.

L4 Explain how science can help couples through fertility treatments.L5/6 Clearly describe the process of in vitro fertilisation giving circumstances in which it would be used in humans. Also, relate the process of IVF to wildlife conservation.

L4a. One reason for needing in vitro fertilisation treatment might be that the

male has a low sperm count. Name 3 other reason for using IVF.

1………………………………………2……………………………………..3………………..………………..

b. Why might the surgeons transfer five embryos instead of just one into the uterus of a female?Because…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..L5

c. Using science terms and proper English, describe the IVF process. Include a labelled diagram.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Labelled diagram:

L6 (Good science, an argument for and against and proper English are all essential to achieve level 6.)FACT! Panda numbers in the wild are in decline. In pairs discuss the question below. Feed back with a 2 minute talk.How can IVF in zoos help increase panda numbers in the wild?Homework.

d. In 2 short letters to 2 pandas, argue 2 different points.For panda a) argue that they should be left to fend for themselves and therefore possibly die out. (Become extinct).For panda b) argue that science should interfere with nature

7Bd (Periods) (Slides 18 and 19 on PowerPoint)

There are many glands in the human body. Glands make hormones. In the menstrual cycle glands A and B communicate using hormones which control chemical processes in the female body.Gland A………………………………..glandGland B………………………………..(also a gland)

Within the menstrual cycle there are two functions you need to know about and understand.

1. Menstruation (having a period) is when the soft lining of the uterus breaks apart. The lining and an unfertilised egg are flushed out, along with a little blood. The whole process

takes between 3-7 days.

2. Ovulation happens about 14 days into the cycle. The soft lining starts to build up again and the egg is

L4 Explain what happens in the menstrual cycle.L5 Describe the process of ovulation and clearly explain each stage.

The menstrual cycle is a series of biological events that happen within the female reproductive system. The cycle is controlled by hormones made in the brain and in the ovaries. The menstrual cycle can last between 28 and 32 days.

Periods occur every 28-32 days. Sanitary towels or tampons are used to absorb the products of menstruation. They also help prevent infection.

released from the ovary. If the egg meets a sperm it could be fertilised. If fertilised, the egg cell will make its way to the uterus and implant in the soft wall.

L41. For how long does the menstrual cycle last?

A1………………………………………………….2. On average how long does menstruation last?

A2…………………………………………………3. On which day of the cycle is the egg released from the

ovary? {Day 4, day 14 or day 24}A3. Day……………………………..

4. Name 3 biological events that occur within the menstrual cycle.A4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

L5 (Depending on terms used and QWC)1. Clearly describe ovulation in terms of the menstrual cycle.

Consider fertilised and unfertilised eggs. Also include a diagram to explain each stage.A1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Diagram:

7Bd Questions about the period.

L4 Explain what happens in the menstrual cycle.L5 Describe the process of ovulation and clearly explain each stage.

7Bd (Being pregnant/Healthy foetus) (Slides 20 and 22 on PowerPoint)

The fertilised egg develops in the uterus at a rapid rate. The three main stages are called trimesters. The placenta (through the mother’s blood) provides the developing foetus with oxygen, water and food. Harmful waste products, like carbon dioxide, are also removed by the placenta and umbilical cord.It is the umbilical cord which connects the foetus to the placenta.

The foetus doesn’t mix its blood with the mother’s blood directly; as the pressure of the mother’s blood would damage the foetus.7Bd Being pregnant questions

During the first weeks after implantation, the

uterus lining is surrounded by fluid which helps protect the growing

embryo. The embryo is about 5mm at 5 weeks

old.

At 15 weeks the foetus is about 16cm long. This is

only an average, because a poor diet, smoking, taking drugs and drinking alcohol can all reduce the size of the foetus and damage

cells in the unborn baby.

Babies are born at around 40 weeks. Parents can ensure they

have a healthy child by attending ante-natal classes, having ultra sound scans and living healthily themselves.

L4 Describe how the foetus is protected and cared for in the uterus.L5 Describe in detail the role of the placenta and umbilical cord.

L4 Describe how the foetus is protected and ‘cared for’ in the uterus.L5 Describe in detail the role of the placenta and umbilical cord during pregnancy.

(Slides 23 to 28 on PowerPoint)7Be (Giving birth, early care, growing up, adolescence and life cycles.)

1. What helps protect the developing embryo? L4

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2. Name 3 things that can affect the development of the embryo/foetus. L4

……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Apart from leading healthy life styles; what else can parents do to help ensure their baby is fit and healthy during pregnancy? L4

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Describe in detail the role of the placenta and the umbilical cord during pregnancy. L5.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Label the diagrams A, B and C; embryo, foetus or baby. 6. Label A, B and C as either; first, second or third trimester.

5A…………………….......B…………………………..C………………………..

6A………………………...B…………………………..C………………………..

L4 State how long the human gestation period is.L5 Recall how a new born baby is cared for up to adolescence and describe changes to humans during growing up and adolescence.

The gestation period is the time from fertilisation to birth. Usually it’s 9 months (40 weeks)(280 days). Before the baby can be born the cervix has to open to around 10cm. Then the strong muscles of the uterus can push the baby out through the cervix and then out through the vagina. The cervix has been sealed up, up to this point, to stop harmful microbes reaching the baby.

A B C

7Be Birth, Growing up and Life cycle questions

L41. How long is the human gestation period?

A1…………………………………………………………………………….1 mark

L5 (all must be completed to achieve L5)1. Explain the role of the cervix in child birth.

A1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 marks

The baby needs milk. It can be fed from the mother, using her own breast milk, or it can be given special formulated milk. Mothers’ milk contains antibodies, which help the baby fight disease.

CHANGES DURING PUBERTY

Between the ages of 10 and 15 the human form goes through many changes.

This period of time, when all the major physical changes are taking place, is called puberty.

Puberty has usually finished by the age of 18.

Girls generally go through puberty much earlier than boys.

Puberty is triggered by hormones (chemicals) made by the testes and ovaries.Sex hormones cause spots (acne) and bring about

emotional changes; including boys and girls being more interested in each other.The time when all these changes happen is called adolescence.

Protected development.Animals like humans, with long life cycles and internal development produce only a few offspring.Unprotected development.Creatures with short life cycles and external development often produce 1000s of potential offspring at a time, for example, flies and frogs.

The complicated series of changes every human goes through from fertilised egg to adulthood is called the life cycle. It starts for us all when the sperm meets the egg.

L4 State how long the human gestation period is.L5 Recall how a new born baby is cared for up to adolescence and describe changes to humans during adolescence.

2. Why might breast milk be better for a baby than formulated milk?A2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

3. Make a table showing changes in males and females during puberty.Table showing changes during puberty.

6 marks

4. Use a science dictionary to look up the word adolescence.A4. Adolescence is………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Explain why flies and frogs lay 1000s of eggs but humans only produce an average of 2 offspring in a life time.A5………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 marks

Key Words for this unit:

Fertilisation, ovaries, testes, scrotum, sperm, egg, fallopian tube or oviduct, sperm, sperm duct, penis, vagina, ovulation, implantation, zygote, uterus, cervix, birth, placenta, pregnancy, contractions, embryo, foetus, umbilical cord, hormones, puberty, pituitary gland and oestrogen.Also, adolescence, puberty, in vitro fertilisation (IVF), endangered, conservation, cloning, monozygotic, dizygotic, characteristics, fertility, menstrual cycle and menstruation.

Learn how to spell the following words for a test at the end of the unit; adolescence, pituitary

and foetus.

Choose 8 further key words that you are not familiar with. Learn how to spell them and then look them up and write the

definitions in the back of your book.

Why is there fluid surrounding the developing embryo?Who will the newborn baby look

like?

Why did I have fluid surrounding me

when I was in the uterus, mummy?