minor research project s ubmitted to the university …

MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT

S

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION

FINAL REPORT OF THE WORK DONE ON MINOR PROJECT

A STUDY OF POLITICO

SWARNAJAYANTI SWAROJGAR YOJANA ON SELF HELP

GROUPS (A CASE STUDY OF FEW SHGS IN

UGC REF No. MRP (

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

DR. NINGAIAH. T

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

GOVERNMENT FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, GUBBI,


Submitted to the



UGC – ENTITLED

A STUDY OF POLITICO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF


CASE STUDY OF FEW SHGS IN TUMAKURU

MRP (H)-841/09-10/KABA088/UGC-SWRO


DR. NINGAIAH. T

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

GOVERNMENT FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, GUBBI, T




ECONOMIC IMPACT OF


TUMAKURU TALUK)

SWRO

TUMAKURU

Acknowledgements

I take this opportunity to acknowledge the financial and other

academic support by the University Grants Commission and also

for having given me an opportunity to conduct this research

Project. A also acknowledge the help and co-operation of Dr.

Shamasundar Kochi, the former Principal, GFGC Gubbi, Prof. H

Kusuma, Joint Director & Principal GFGC Gubbi, Dr. T

Venkatachalaiah, In charge Principal & HOD of Economics, and

my teaching and non-teaching colleagues have rendered help

and also encouraged me to conduct the project.

And also I acknowledge the assistance rendered by Dr. S

Nataraja Budal and also members of my family, friends and also

the several members of SHGs who have co-operated in survey

and shared valuable information for the project.


CERTIFICATECERTIFICATECERTIFICATECERTIFICATE

I hereby declare that this Minor Research Project entitled

A Study of Politico-Economic impact of Swarnajayanti

Swarojgar Yojana on self help groups (a case study of few

SHGs in Tumakuru Taluk) conducted by me, at the department

of Political Science, Govt. First Grade College, Gubbi, under

the Financial Assistance of University Grants Commission, New

Delhi.

This Project has been submitted to UGC in 2015 and the

work has not been submitted to any other purpose so far.

Signature of the Principal Investigator

Place: Gubbi

Date: - ___/___/____ Dr. Ningaiah T

Table of Contents

1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TUMAKURU DISTRICT AND

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TUMAKURU TALUK .............................................. 6

2. ORIGIN AND CONCEPT OF SHGS ...............................................................12

3. MICROFINANCE AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ..................................19

4. SHGs AND POLITICO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...............................29

5. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY ON ECONOMICAL IMPACT. ....................35

6. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY ON POLITICAL IMPACT ...........................54

1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TUMAKURU DISTRICT

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TUMAKURU TALUK

1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TUMAKURU

DISTRICT AND SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TUMAKURU

TALUK

According to the inscription belongs to Somekatte, of 10th

Century, (Somekatte

Shasana) the name of the place is recorded as ‘Tummegooru’. Historians are the

opinion that this Tummegooru had transformed to ‘Tumakuru’ by the mouth to

mouth conversion of the people, centuries long, gradually. Apart from this, there is

another versoin for the name, from a part of the belief of the local folk. According

to it, as this area was plenty with ‘Thumbe’ flower, it was called as ‘Tummegooru’.

The taluk is famous for its tourist locations like Siddagange. (Educational,

Religious Center), Deveraayana Durga (Hill Station), Naamada Chilume, (Tourist

Spot), Kaidaala ( Architecture), Gulooru (‘Shoonya Sampadane’, a literary

achievement by Sidda Veerannaarya and famous for the Magnificient Ganesha),

and other famous cultural

Origin

About 1300 hundred years ago the Ganga dynasty of Talakaadu was ruling the

major part of Karnataka. During that period, the Northern part of Tumakuru district

was under Nolaambhavaadi. Henjeru (Todays Hemavti of Ananthapura District ,

near Sira Taluk) was the capital of Nolaambhavaadi. The southern part of

Tumakuru district belonged to Gangavaadi between these two, i.e. Ganagavaadi

and Nolambavaadi, there was a small province called Kreedapura (Todays Gooluru

– Kaidaala). The rulers of this Kreedapura were subordinates to Gangas. But

Noolambas used to attack Kreedapura often without any notice. So the rulers of

this kreedapura were always to be ready for the counter attacks, For this, They

deputed some guards on a Dinner (height place, today’s Maralur Dinne) to inform

about the arrival of the army of Nolambas. These guards beat drums (tamate) to

inform the arrival of the enemy forces. The camp of those guards gradually

developed into a village ‘Tumkena halli’. That village had been transformed to

today’s Tumakuru Town gradually.

According to another inscription, during the rule of the subordinates of Gangas, a

big drum which kept on the post in old market, was used to inform about the

invade of the enemies. Drum is also called ‘Tumaki’ in kannada. So, gradually, this

area was called as ‘Tumaki oori’ and then transformed into Tumakuru.

Thus, the historically popular Tumakuru was ruled by many dynasties. The

Gangas, Rastrakootas, Noolambas, Cholas, Kings of Vijaynagara, Uras of Mysore

were extended their administration in different parts of Tumakuru district, There

are number of temples built by Hoysalas are famous for art and architecture. The

best example is the temples in Kaidaala and Aralaguppe. Mallana of Gubbi.

Siddaveeranna of Gooluru, Bellavi narhari shashtri, B.M. Shikantaiah, Ti, nam,

Shree, Narasimchara, Raghavachar, B.Shivamurthy Shastri and others enriched the

literary field of the district, Social services to mankind by Talekere Subramanya,

Hucchegowda of Banasandra, Gubbi thontadappa, Nidasale Channanjappa Nittur

Srinivasrao were impact glory to the district and to the state.

Tumakuru is a prestigious education center today. The service of Sree

Siddaganga Mutt, Sri Siddhartha Educational Institutions, and all types of

education, especially in rural, medical and engineering fields put the district at the

top of the map. The establishment of Tumakuru University is an iconic symbol for

the district’s growth.

Geographical details of Tumakuru District

The geographical area of Tumakuru district is 10,598 Sq. Km. situated

between 12.458 degree and 14.28 degree North latitude 76.20 and 77.32 East

Longitude. Towards the North-East of the district is Andhra Pradesh, Kolar

towards the East, Mandya towards the South, Hassan and Chitradurga districts

towards the South-West. Pavagada taluk in the North East area is completely

separated from the district and surrounded by Andhra Pradesh like an Island,

In the southern part of the district, Hill ranges spread from The North to the

South. The important hills are Huthridurga and Huliyuru Durga of Kunigal Taluk,

parallel to these; in the Northern part there stretch another hill range like Kaamana

Durga, Nidagal betta and others. Madhugiri has the only single biggest rock in

Asia, The other famous hills in the district are Midigeshi Durga, of Madhugiri

taluk, Channarayana durga of Koratagere Taluk, Devarayana durga of Tumakuru

Taluk. Devarayana Durga is at the height of 806mts from the sea level.

Here, by considering Tumakuru district as the center of research, its growth

up to the present day , its historical background, Geographical details, its Socio-

Economical details, administrative and political system, its zilla panchayat system

and its power and works and the measures taken by zilla panchayath to implement

the S.G.S.Y. project are all briefly broached.

Tumakuru Taluk

I have specially selected Tumakuru taluk for this project and how the

economical political impact influenced on SHG through S.G.S.Y. in Tumakuru

Taluk. The geographical area of the taluk is totally 26 sq.kms and has the

population of 5, 96, 347 according to the census of 2011. Among this 3,05,967 are

male and 2,90,380 are female.

Tumakuru taluk is about 70 K.m. from the capital city of Karnataka, i.e.

Bangalore and is of 1.018 sq.kms. in area. Tumakuru is the district head quarters

for 10 taluks and has six hoblis. The taluk is surrounded by Gubbi, Kunigal,

Koratgere, and Sira Taluks, rich with natural resources and a special, diversified

tourist hub. The taluk is a famous for its contribution to the fields of literature,

freedom struggle, journalism, architecture etc. by the great personalities of the

concern fields from ancient times, The taluk is a developed with education,

industry, agriculture, home industry, hotel industry etc. are imparting special

identification to the district. Tumakuru, the Paleyagaras as mentioned in the

inscriptions which scattered throughout the district.

The number of Self-help groups in the taluk is 23983 and among them 5252 are

scheduled caste self-help groups and 2096 are of scheduled tribes. The number of

other self-help groups is 16635.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1) To study the role of SHGs in promoting entrepreneurship among the women

2) To study the politics economic background of the participants.

HYPOTHESIS

1) SHGs enable women to take up entrepreneurial challenges

2) Group enterprises help poorest in undertaking mass based production

activities in a viable manner

3) Group enterprises initiated by government programme and guides by NGOs

are successful in generating income and employment and thereby alleviating

poverty in the rural areas.

4) Success of group enterprises depends to a large extent on the effective

support of the link organizations.

The paper is presented in three sections as

A. Microfinance and Women Empowerment through S.G.S.Y

B. SHGs and Women Empowerment through S.G.S.Y

C. Entrepreneurship qualities of members of self help groups through

participation in political activities.

2. ORIGIN AND CONCEPT OF SHGS

2. ORIGIN AND CONCEPT OF SHGS

The origin of SHGs is from the brainchild of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh,

which was founded by Mohammed Yunus. SHGs were started and formed in

1975. In India NABARD is initiated in 1986-87. But the real effort was taken after

1991-92 from the linkage of SHGs with the banks. A SHG is a small economically

homogenous affinity group of the rural poor voluntarily coming together to save

small amount regularly, which are deposited in a common fund to meet members

emergency needs and to provide collateral free loans decided by the group. They

have been recognized as useful tool to help the poor and as an alternative

mechanism to meet the urgent credit needs of poor through thrift SHG is a media

for the development of saving habit among the women. SHG enhance the equality

of status of women as participants, decision-makers and beneficiaries in the

democratic, economic, social and cultural spheres of life. The basic principles of

the SHGs are group approach, mutual trust, organization of small and manageable

groups, group cohesiveness, spirit of thrift, demand based lending, collateral free,

women friendly loan, peer group pressure in repayment, skill training capacity

building and empowerment.

Progress of SHGs in Karnataka

The rural bankers, NGOs and some government functionaries have done

splendid work in the development of self- help groups in the state Karnataka. The

state of Karnataka has been a pioneer in the programme of SHG bank linkage and

is indeed hailed as a laboratory for microfinance innovations. Under the “Stree

Shakhi” programme of government of Karnataka, the department of women and

child welfare is actively involved in the promotion of SHGs. On the other hand, the

regional rural banks have themselves promoted tens of thousands of SHGs and

have credit linked them a commendable service indeed.

Micro-finance or Micro-credit for the poor and women has received

extensive recognition as a strategy for poverty reduction and for economic

empowerment. Increasingly in the last five years, there is a questioning of whether

micro-credit is the most effective approach to economic empowerment of the

poorest and, among them, women in particular. Development practitioners in India

and developing countries often argue that the exaggerated focus and micro-credit

as a solution for the poor has led to neglect by the state and public institutions in

addressing employment and livelihood needs of the poor. With the Onset of

structural adjustment programmes in the early nineties, there was a public debate

around reduced state spending on social sectors. In a country like India, economic

uncertainties, loss of livelihood, inflation, lack of access to natural resources,

declining employment, increasing social unrest, natural disaster, etc., make the

poor extremely vulnerable. In this context it would be necessary to ensure that the

poor are empowered to access development resources and use it to their greatest

benefit.

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

launched the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme. However, between 1984 and1985,

MYRADA, a non-governmental organization engaged in rural development and

based in Karnataka, promoted several co-operatives broke up into small groups,

which wee the genesis of the first SHGs, referred to at that time as credit

management groups, with a focus on the management of credit. The concept of

each member making a saving in the group soon followed, as also the

establishment of a system of regular meetings, book keeping and records, and

collective decision-making. A pilot study (puhazhendi and sai, 2000) gave

NABARD the confidence to mainstream the SHG- bank linkage programmer in

1996 as a normal lending activity. The programmer then spread rapidly, if

unevenly, across the country making it by 2002, the largest micro-finance

programmer in the world.

Thus, the history of SHG promotion started with CGOs, taking the lead in

the mid-1980s and the lead passing on to NABARD by the late1980S. After the

SG-Bank Linkage Programme was launched in 1991-92, the very first loans to

SHGs in the country were given in kolar district of Karnataka, by the vysya bank,

bangarpet branch to venkateshwara mahila sangha of muduguli on December 9,

1991 and by the corporation bank, Anderson pet branch to saraswathi mahila

sangha of boduguruki on January 30, 1992. NABARD up scaled the programmer

in Karnataka by initiating a series of measures that included training of NGO and

bank staff, convening regular meetings of all intervening agencies analyzing

reports and providing feedback for changes in operational systems to make them

more user-friendly, and launching the first RRB (Regional Rural Bank), the

Cauvery Grameen bank of Mysore district, as an SHG promoting institution (1994-

95). In the 1990a, IFAD, with World Bank collaboration and in partnership with

the government of India and six state governments, including Karnataka, launched

a similar programmer titled Swashakti. This experience encouraged Karnataka to

launch a state- wide programmer called Stree Shakti (women’s power) based on

the SHG strategy.

Together, the initiatives of the various stake holders (the government,

NGOs, bank) increased SHG coverage in Karnataka significantly. At recent

estimates, 40,295 anganawadi workers (of the department of women and child

development), 561 NGOs, eight regional rural banks, 20 district central co-

operative banks, and two commercial banks are engaged in SHG promotion.

Together, they are estimated to have facilitated the creation of close to 2, 24, 928

SHGs in Karnataka.

Today there is a scarcely a village in Karnataka where an SHG has not been

facilitated. The state government is now the single largest SHG promoting

institution. It is important also to note that even in the man government

programmers that are not primarily SHG- oriented, SHGs are still included and

budgeted for mainly to engage and empower the poor and introduce a measure of

equity, where otherwise, the programmer may have remained poor neutral.

Broadly, therefore there are three categories of institutions promoting SHGs:

the government, financial institutions and NGOs. The promoting institution plays a

significant role in the way an SHG develops and functions. The stree shakti

programmer, anchored by the department of women and child development,

attempts to focus the attention of members on curbing domestic violence against

women, promoting girl child education, preventing child marriages, etc. up-scaling

the number of SHG to 100,000 meant that all activities did not take place as

scheduled due to budgetary constraints. SHGs promoted by financial institutions

are normally viewed as potential sources of clients. They tend to focus on credit

provision, and investment in the institutional capacity building of SHGs is limited.

These SHGs hardly ever move into social activism. Of the three broad categories

of SHG-promoting institutions mentioned above, financial institutions may have

the smallest numbers, but in a way they are the most significant since these

initiatives of bankers to become directly involved in SG formation have helped to

mainstream the SHG strategy in their priority sector portfolio and to make it a

normal lending activity of banks. SHGs promoted by NGOs tend to promote the

priorities and agenda of the NGOs concerned and to reflect the organizational and

financial strengths as well as weaknesses of the NGOs. Thus, at least in the first

two years of formation, they may range between two ends of the spectrum: the one

determinedly focused on altering power balances in favor of the poor (mainly poor

women) without much attention to strengthening SHG institutional systems and the

other focused on building up the SHG as a professionally managed institution with

little or no attempt made to influence social issues on which members could focus,

leaving it to the discretion of members themselves.

Self –help groups (SHGs) are not a concept in development. The traditional

India society functioned mainly on the basis of self-help and mutual aid. However

in recent years, they have been emerging as a major strategy for the promotion of

informal credit to the poor. Studies have shown that savings through thrift and

credit has been one of the important activities of such groups and are becoming

very popular among the poor particularly among the women in the rural areas. The

money thus saved is used not only for meeting their emergent consumption but

also for income generating activities (Rao :1994:M.Harper:1996) studies have also

shown that self-help groups are mainly promoted by voluntary agencies

(NABARD:1989).

Lack of institutional credit has been considered as one of the major

constraints to the poor to come out of the vicious circle of poverty. Even after 50

years of independence there is no proper banking system to meet the credit need of

the poor. At the government level attempts like introduction of Co-operative

followed by nationalization of commercial banks and opening of regional rural

banks were made with a view to reach the institutional credit to the weaker section

particularly the poor.

However, all these efforts hardly helped the poor to have better access to

institutional credit. There are many reasons for this. The first and the foremost

among them are that credits needs of the rural poor are small and urgent. As such

the bankers do not take much interest to the bank with the poor as this type of

transaction do not provide them any decent profit. Moreover, these formal credit

institutions are imposed from above with excessive intervention by bureaucrats and

politicians. Apart from this formal rules and regulations and lack of traditional

culture of credit management also kept the poor away from the formal credit

institutions.

Self-help groups intermediated by micro credit have been shown to have

positive effects on women, with some of these impacts being ripple effects. They

have played valuable roles in reducing the vulnerability of the poor, through asset

creation, income and consumption smoothing, provision of emergency assistance,

and empowering and emboldening women by giving them control over assets and

increased self-esteem and knowledge (zaman zool, world development report,

Washington, World Bank). Failure of co-operative banks nationalized rural banks

and regional banks in meeting the credit need of the poor stressed the need for an

alternative arrangement for the delivery of credit to the poor. In recent years, self-

help groups (informal) are emerging as an alternative mechanism to meet the

urgent credit needs of poor through thrift.

SHGs started functioning all over India, in some areas they are functioning

effectively, whereas in some areas they face problems. The contribution of

public sector banks in promoting SHGs and extending micro credit is more

significant that of private sector banks during the period of study.

3. MICROFINANCE AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

3. MICROFINANCE AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

Micro finance through the self help groups has a lot of role to play in the social

entrepreneurship as well as women empowerment. Economically poor individual

gains strength as part of a group. Besides, financing through SHGs reduces

transaction costs for both lenders and borrowers.

Government and NGOs, in a developing country make credit available to low

income women, they can reduce the costs of delivery, greatly increase repayment

rates and substantially improve the well-being of poor families.

Micro credit appears to improve the lives of those who are poor by increasing

their buying and investing capability, this lifting them onto a higher economic

plane. Accordingly, these small loans seem to positively affect poverty by creating

entrepreneurship and greater self-reliance among the poor.

One of the key assumptions of microfinance programmers is that it can help the

poor, especially women, to develop new income generating activities (IGA) or at

least strengthen existing IGA.

In the development paradigm, micro-finance has evolved as a need-based policy

and program to cater to the so far neglected target groups (women’s, poor, rural,

deprived, etc.). Its evolution is based on the concern of all developing countries for

empowerment of the poor and the alleviation of poverty. Development

organizations and policy makers have included access to credit for poor people as a

major aspect of many poverty alleviation programmers’.

Economic empowerment has a major role in achieving social empowerment

and it depends on access to gainful employment; right to choose the

employment/occupation; right to save; right to utilize the money and right to

access to credit. All the above components of empowerment is ensured by the

formation of SHGs, providing microfinance and NGOs imparting training and

other supportive services enabling the women SHGs to be the entrepreneurs.

A. Microfinance and Women Empowerment

A majority of microfinance program target women with the explicit goal of

empowering them. There are varying underlying motivations for pursuing women

empowerment. Some argue that women are amongst the poorest and the most

vulnerable of the under privileged and thus helping them should be priority.

Whereas, other believe that investing in women’s capabilities empowers them to

make choices which is a valuable goal in itself but it also contributes to greater

economic growth and development. It has been well-being of the family, especially

children (Mayoux, 1997; Hulme and Mosley, 1996) a more feminist point of view

stresses that an increased access to finical services represent an opening/

opportunity for greater empowerment. Such organizations independence. Finally,

keeping up with the objective of financial viability, an increasing number of

microfinance institutions prefer women members as they believe that they are

better and more reliable borrowers.

a) Efficiency improving activities that are considered within the woman’s domain

like Sending children (both girls and boys) to school more regularly; Improved

nutrition in the household; Taking better care of health and hygiene of their

children (contributed to micro health insurance; Helping in social functions like

marriage, mass worships etc.

b) Community driven development activities commonly taken up by the SHG

members are anti-alcohol campaign to stop consumption of alcohol by men in

the community; participation in vanamahotsava; construction and maintenance

of village roads; cleaning of public places; organizing community awareness

programmers; participating in the sanitation programmer of their village; help

government in immunization programmers etc

c) women empowering activities noticed in the study region are increased

participation in decision-making within the household to issues that were

usually considered outside the domain of woman; improved status and

increased in respect within the household; adopting family planning measures;

more mobile, can move out of the house and the village more frequently; they

have more information about the government programmes due to their exposure

and can apply for them for their own betterment and the benefit of the

community; actively participating in the decision to send their children to

school; awareness about politics and engaged in political participation by way

of voting or directly, by standing as a candidate in the local elections.

An overwhelming majority (78%) of SHG respondents reported an increase in

self-confidence after joining the group. In terms of the economic confidence, about

87% of the SHG respondents (as compared to only 33.5% of control households)

reported confidence in meeting financial crisis in the family. The SHG households

also showed a significant positive change in the level of confidence while

expressing their opinions in meetings. The interaction in government and bank

officials had greatly increased and indicated greater mobility, confidence\,

exposure and better communication skills.

Several studies have raised concern about the ‘control ‘of women over their

loans and their ability to manage them. Another concern is over the feminization of

dept, where women are seen as becoming mediators between the male members of

their family and the micro finance institutions. ‘Control’ over resources by women

has been specifically interpreted by many studies as an appropriate indicators of

women empowerment. It has been alleged that purchase of raw materials and

pricing of final products of often controlled by the male members of the household.

This does not hold for the surveyed SHG participants. Almost 65% of the SHG

households reported that borrowing women themselves took the crucial decisions

in the purchase of raw material and product pricing.

When asked if the respondents planned their activities and supervised others

working with them, the difference between the SHGs (60%) and the control group

(35%) was even greater. The fact that the SHG respondents were better able to

arrange credit and other inputs in time for their activities can also be directly

attributed to the microfinance services made available within the programmer.

B. SHG’S and Women Empowerment

Self –help groups (SHGs) are not a concept in development. The traditional

India society functioned mainly on the basis of self-help and mutual aid. However

in recent years, they have been emerging as a major strategy for the promotion of

informal credit to the poor. Studies have shown that savings through thrift and

credit has been one of the important activities of such groups and are becoming

very popular among the poor particularly among the women in the rural areas. The

money thus saved is used not only for meeting their emergent consumption but

also for income generating activities (Rao :1994:M.Harper:1996) studies have also

shown that self-help groups are mainly promoted by voluntary agencies

(NABARD:1989).

Lack of institutional credit has been considered as one of the major constraints

to the poor to come out of the vicious circle of poverty. Even after 50 years of

independence there is no proper banking system to meet the credit need of the

poor. At the government level attempts like introduction of Co-operative followed

by nationalization of commercial banks and opening of regional rural banks were

made with a view to reach the institutional credit to the weaker section particularly

the poor.

However, all these efforts hardly helped the poor to have better access to

institutional credit. There are many reasons for this. The first and the foremost

among them are that credits needs of the rural poor are small and urgent. As such

the bankers do not take much interest to the bank with the poor as this type of

transaction do not provide them ny decent profit. Moreover, these formal credit

institutions are imposed from above with excessive intervention by bureaucrats and

politicians. Apart from this formal rules and regulations and lack of traditional

culture of credit management also kept the poor away from the formal credit

institutions.

Self-help groups intermediated by micro credit have been shown to have

positive effects on women, with some of these impacts being ripple effects. They

have played valuable roles in reducing the vulnerability of the poor, through asset

creation, income and consumption smoothing, provision of emergency assistance,

and empowering and emboldening women by giving them control over assets and

increased self-esteem and knowledge (zaman zool, world development report,

Washington, World Bank). Failure of co-operative banks nationalized rural banks

and regional banks in meeting the credit need of the poor stressed the need for an

alternative arrangement for the delivery of credit to the poor. In recent years, self-

help groups (informal) are emerging as an alternative mechanism to meet the

urgent credit needs of poor through thrift.

C. Entrepreneurship qualities of members of self help groups through

participation in political activities.

Political participation, especially at the local level has been as a key factor in

empowerment of women. In India, the government has passed legislation to ensure

reservation of seats for women in local institutions (panchayats). SHG respondents

showed greater awareness of reservation for women in panchayats and jobs, and an

increased level of participation in village politics. The SHG respondents also

reported an increased level of respect from their spouses after joining the group.

The study of women with respect to the control of resources, changes in

behavior and the decision-making reveals that many strides have been made in the

right direction and women are in the process of empowering themselves. Based on

the evidence along with a more strict interpretation of women empowerment. It is

difficult to believe that a minimalist microfinance programmer would have

sustainable impact on the empowerment of women. SHGs, where a majority of

groups are linked with the help of NGOs that provides support in financial

services and specialized training, have a greater ability to make a positive impact

on women empowerment. If women empowerment is to be pursued as a serious

objectives by SHG programmers in particular and the larger microfinance

community in general, greater emphasis needs to be placed on training, education

and creating awareness in order to achieve a larger and more lasting empowerment.

The best way for women to recognize their own talents and capabilities is

engaging them in income generating activities through entrepreneurship skills and

through self help groups (SHGs). The self-help groups have been emerged as a

potent means of economic and social empowerment. SHGs are small economically

homogeneous and affinity groups of rural poor, which voluntarily agrees to

contribute a common fund to be used for the betterment of its members and take up

economic activities through democratic functioning. The present study is carried

out with the specific objective of understanding the socioeconomic background of

the members of SHGs and to identity the entrepreneurship qualities of its members.

The members SHGs formed the sample of the study, selected by the

purposive sampling method. Totally fifteen SHGs formed and working were

selected for the study. The essential entrepreneurship qualities were listed and each

quality was assessed based on the opinion held by each member about other

members in their SHG.

In India NABARD initiated self help groups in 1986-87. But the real effort

was taken after 1996-92 from the linkages of SHG with the banks. A SHG is a

small economically homogenous affinity group of the rural poor voluntarily

coming together to save small amount regularly. Which are deposited in a common

fund to meet members emergency needy and to provide collateral free bank

decided by the group. They have been recognized as useful tool to help the poor

and as an alternative mechanism to meet the urgent credit needs of poor through

thrift SHG is media for the development of saving habit among the women as

participants, decision-makers and beneficiaries in the democratic, economic, social

and cultural spheres of life. The basic principles of the SHG are group approach

mutual trust, organization of small and manageable groups, group cohesiveness

demand based lending, pear group pressure in repayment skill training capacity

building and empowerment programmes, from the precious studies related to SHG

it is clearly understood that the SHG is a tool top promote rural savings and gainful

employment though this the rural poverty is reduced considerably. Therefore

women members are economically independent and their contribution to household

income is also increased. The present study is also focusing the economic

improvement of women after them joining SHG.

In India self- help groups or SHG a represents a unique approach to financial

intermediation. The approach combines access to low-last financial services with a

process of self- management and development for the women who are SHG

members. SHGs are formed and supported usually by NGOs or by government

agencies. Linked not only to banks but also to wider development programmes,

SHGs are seen to confer benefits both economic and social SHGs enable women to

grow their savings and to access the credit which banks are increasing willing to

lend SHGs can also be community platforms from which women become active

village flairs stand for local election or take action to address social or community

issues.

Particularly, women’s access to credit in rural areas is beset with a number

of problems like insistence of collateral security, cultural distance between rural

women and banks, high transaction cost, restricted and fixed banking hours,

inflexibility in quantum and purpose of credit, inconvenient repayment schedule,

cumbersome procedures, denial of credit, to women due to default by male

members of the family, exploitation by intermediaries and many more.

The credit needs of the rural poor are determined in a complex socio-

economic milieu where it is difficult to adopt project lending approach and where

the dividing line between credit for ‘consumption’ and ‘productive’ purposes is

blurred. Under the circumstances, a non-formal agency in the form of self help

groups of the poor could emerge as a promising partner of the formal agencies.

Dissatisfaction with the result of many formal credit programmers has

stimulated searches for modalities that may provide effective financial services to

rural poor particularly to rural women. Taking the lesson from the experiences of

other developing countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Bolivia and Philippines

where combination of formal and informal finance provides sustained and valuable

services to poor, a few Non Governmental organizations (NGOs) in India, started

experimenting the innovative scheme of self help groups which are also called as

thrift and credit groups.

4. SHGs AND POLITICO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

4. SHGs AND POLITICO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

SHGs have comparatively advantages over the other constituents of the format

credit system in reaching the rural poor. The emergency of voluntarism,

practitioner of co-operative society principles, promoted of thrift and savings,

provider of timely credit and purveyor of development credit. The SHGs follow the

particularly approach to development encompassing both social and economic

aspects. For credit institutions having linkage with these SHGs is a route emerging

as a cost effective way of mobilizing rural deposits and delivering credit to the

rural poor at their doorsteps.

A study by NABARD in 1999-2000 observed positive results like perceptible

and wholesome changes in the living standards in terms of ownerships of assets

increase in saving and borrowing capacity, income generating activities and

income level. The involvement of members in the group significantly contributed

in improving the self confidence of the members. The feeling of the self-worth and

members has communication with others improved after association with the

SHGs. Almost all developed saving habit and there has been a significant surge in

employment generation.

Micro-credit movement has to be viewed from a long-term perspective. Its

mission goes beyond development through credit for poverty eradication. SHGs

led credit delivery system has sown seeds for a self-reliant economy inculcating

business culture. It also develops concern for community development and brings

social and economic mobility among poor women. This framework undermines

need for a deliberate policy frame in terms of technology back up, efficient

marketing network, and human resource development. We need to avoid

unfriendly regulations and over bureaucratization in controlling them.

Indian development planning has aimed at removing inequalities in the process of

development to ensure that the fruits of development are an equal privilege of all

sections of society. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that women

are lagging behind a great deal both in availing of the benefits of development and

as participants in the process of development due to several socio-economic

cultural political impediments. The strengthening of women’s economic right to

sustainable live hood and employment, all policies and programmers should be

regularly undertaken, encourage policies for self-reliance, encourage economic

development of women, protect migrant workers in order to protect their dignity,

and develop mechanisms to promote dialogue on policies and programmers of

government organization and non –government organizations.

The women status can improve only through empowerment. The term

empowerment is the process through which individuals gain efficiency, and it is

defined as the degree to which an individual perceives that they controls their

environment. In the words of karl (1995) empowerment of women involves four

interrelated and mutually reinforcing components:

1. Collective awareness and capacity building and skills development

2. Participation and greater control,

3. Decision making power and

4. Action to bring about gender equality control.

Similarly biswas (1999) development eleven indicators of women’s

empowerment viz autonomy

1. Mobility

2. Decision making power

3. Autonomy

4. Economic security

5. Freedom in public protests and political campaign

6. Contribution to family expenditure or income,

7. Reproductive right, 10 exposure to information, and

8. Participation in development programmers

Shanmkha Rao and Suryanarayana (2011) opined that when a women is

empowered it does not mean another individual become powerless or is having less

power. On the contrary, if a women is empowered her competencies towards

decision –making will surely influence her family`s and neighbor`s behavior. The

presence of these spillover effects will thus create a social multiplier where

aggregate power will be greater than individual power this indicates that women is

a person and women are power.

Concept of self help group

NABARD (2005) explains that the self help group is a group with an average

size of about 15 people from a homogenous class. They come together for

addressing their common problems. They are encouraged to make voluntary thrift

on a regular basis they use this pooled resource to make small interest bearing

loans to their members The process helps them imbibe the essential of financial

intermediation including priori taxation of need, setting terms and conditions and

account keeping. This gradually builds financial discipline in all of them. They

also learn to handle recourses of a size that is much beyond the individual

capacities of any of them. The SHG members begin to appreciate that resources

are limited and have a cost. Once the groups show this mature financial behavior,

banks are encouraged to make loan to the SHG in certain multiples of the

accumulated savings of the SHG. The bank loan is given without any collateral and

at market interest rates. The groups continue to decide the terms of loans to their

own members. Since the groups’ own accumulated savings are part and parcel of

the aggregate loan made by the groups to their members, peer pressure ensures

timely repayments’.

The emergence and rapid multiplication of self Help Groups (SHGs) based on

micro credit is a phenomenon that is gaining increasing in the development

scenario. SHGs have been viewed by the state as a strategy for both women’s

empowerment as well as poverty reduction. SHGs are a means for routing a wide

range of government sponsored development messages and schemes. NGOs have

increasingly been adopting SHGs as a strategy to bring women together, at a faster

pace and larger scale then the collective building processes adopted by them

earlier. A number of powerful players, like MFIs NGOs, corporations and donors,

all of whom have a significant and growing interest in the SHG phenomenon,

which centers on poor women have entered the arena. Credit is a right that poor

women must have access to. The experience of SHGs has shown that they have

provided improved access to credit. Poor women are now perceived by the

mainstream financial sector as credit worthy. Women have used savings and credit

for needs such as those related to education and health, and in particular for crisis

related needs. Participation in SHGs has meant opportunities related to mobility

and a legitimate space in the public realm for leaders of SHGs.

In the present scenario the contribution of self help groups for the women

entrepreneurship is amazing. They are successful to develop the entrepreneurship

among the women entrepreneurship development is a very crucial factor for the

acceleration of economic growth of any country and women entrepreneurship

development is a essential part of human resource development. Now a days

women show much interest on entrepreneurs because it provides them an

opportunity to be one’s own boss the challenges they want to face and the chances

of making more money, which outweigh their family duties. Moreover,

technological development empowers women to acquire more relevant

qualifications and values to meet the demands of entrepreneurship to fill the gap in

the implementation of this erstwhile self-employment must be designed to

development of entrepreneurship among the women through which possible to

develop the women empowerment.

The SHGs have taken up various income generating activities by availing

themselves of the facility under SHG – Bank linkage program and increased their

production to the extent that it supplies to the entire country. Micro finance as a

tool of poverty alleviation and women empowerment has gained acceptance in

development dialogue the word over. There is an acute need among poor for credit,

both for consumption and production .Which often forms the declining line

between survival and succumbing to poverty. The SHSs through bank linkage

program fulfills this need.

At the outset SHGs are formed to provide credit facilitates to the members of

the group however , in the present juncture they are involved in number of

activities and this leads to significant potential for contributing to women’s

economic , Social and political empowerment .

5. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY ON ECONOMICAL

IMPACT.

5. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY ON ECONOMICAL

IMPACT.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION RELATED TO SELF HELF

GROUPS.

Following is the analysis of the information gathered through the interviews

with selected self-help groups of chosen taluks for the field work in Tumakuru

taluk.30 Self- help groups. Totally 120 Self-help members were visited,

interviewed and gathered information has been analyzed as follows with the help

of different tables

TABLE -5.1

List of opinion of members about the aim and purposes of Self-help Group.

Details Of aim&

purpose

Self-help group Percentage

Come out of B.P.L 16 13.33%

Self employment 03 2.03%

Women empowerment 67 55.83%

Society development 11 8.05%

Obedient to law 08 6.02%

All above 15 12.57%

Total 120 100%

8.05

6.02

12.57

Details of Aim & Purpose of

The above information in the

120 SHG, asked about the aim and purpose of the SHG. Members of 16 SHG

(13.33%) are of the opinion that they have to come out of the poverty line,

members of 3 SHG (03%) for self employment, members of 6

women empowerment, members of 11 SHG (8.5%) for SHG development,

members of 8 SHG (6.2%) for obedient to law and the members of 15 SHG

(12.5%) reacted as for all the above mentioned goal and purposes. From the table,

it is clear that almost all members of the SHG are for women empowerment, to

come out of the poverty line and this indicated that the main purpose of S.G.S.Y is

successful.

TABLE -5.2

Opinion of the members of the S.G.S.Y. about the facilities to their Groups.

Facilities to the Group

S.G.S.Y

Loan facility from S.G.S.Y

Subsidy facility

Economical use from bank

Total

Page

36

13.33

2.03

55.83

Details of Aim & Purpose of

SHGs

B.P.L

Self Employment

Women Employment

Society Development

Obedient to Law

All Above

The above information in the table is the reaction of some selective members from



members of 3 SHG (03%) for self employment, members of 67 SHG (55.83%) for




ost all members of the SHG are for women empowerment, to



Group by Self-help group Percentage

99 82.5%

16 13.33%

05 4.16%

120 100%

table is the reaction of some selective members from



7 SHG (55.83%) for




ost all members of the SHG are for women empowerment, to



Percentage

82.5%

13.33%

4.16%

100%

82.5

13.33

4.16

Loan Facility from S.G.S.Y

Subsidy Facility

Economical Use from Bank

The main purpose of establishing any organization is to get some benefits through

a specific plan or project. If we observe the above table in this background, we can

easily find out that members of different 99 SHG’s, out of 120 (82.5%) opinioned

that taking loan from S.G.S.Y members of 16 different SGH (13.33%) for subsidy

amount and member of 5 SHG (04%) are for getting financial benefits from banks.

This shows that all Self-help SHG are aiming to get financial benefits from the

government and the banks and thereby ensure their stability.

TABLE-5.3

List of important activities taken by the Self-help Groups.

Important activates of

societies

Self –help group Percentage

Incense stick making 12 9.03%

Invest in agriculture 05 3.09%

Beedi rolling 04 3.01%

Facilities to the Group by

Involving in business 07 5.83%

Cow & sheep rearing 19 15.83%

Animal husbandry 26 21.06%

Development activity 18 14.00%

Fashion designing 03 2.03%

Handicraft activities 06 5.00%

Financing activities 05 3.09%

Papad preparing 03 2.03%

Vermiculture (earth worm

rearing )

04 3.01%

Nothing 03 2.03%

Total 120 100%

Self-help groups that established under S.G.S.Y. are having goal of achieving

economical stability by involving in different activities. So, by observing the above

table one can know the activities of the SHG which visited during the field study.

They are as follows.

The members of 12 SHG (9.37%) involve in making incense sticks

(Agarbathi). Members of 5 SHG (93.9%) in agriculture activities. Members of 4

SHG ( 3.1%) in rolling of beedi, members of 7 SHG ( 5.8%) in business, members

of 19 SHG ( 15.83%) in cow and sheep rearing, members of 26 SHG ( 21.6%) in

animal husbandry, members of 18 SHG (14.0%) in development activities,

members of 3 SHG (2.3%) in fashion designing, members of 5 SHG (4.16%) in

food preparing, members of 6 SHG (05%) in handcraft, members of 5 SHG (3.9%)

in financial activities, members of SHG (2.3%) in papad making, members of 3

SHG (3.1%) involving in Vermiculture, members of 3 SHG (2.3%) are not taken

any activities. This shows majority of them are involve in Cow and Sheep rearing

and animal husbandry activities. But the inactivity of the members of some SHG

(2.3%) reveals of the failure of S.G.S.Y. remaining activities are moderate.

Asking about the availability of the raw materials. We came to know the progress

of these SHG is depending on the availability of the raw materials. It is possible to

have economical stability by selling more products which produced by them by

utilizing more locally available raw material. With this background we came to in

the field visit that members of 95 SHG out of 120 (79%) say ‘yes’ to the

availability of raw materials, member of 25 SHG (20.9%) say ‘no” to the

availability of the raw materials. This shows more SHG have raw materials and

few SHG are lacking those raw materials.

TABLE 5.4

List of Availability of market to the products of Self-help Groups.

Market facility Self-help group Percentage

Available 82 68.38%

Unavailable 38 31.66%

Total 120 100%

If better available for the products produced by the Self-help SHG, then they will

improve in their economical conditions and become self dependent and strong. Out

of 120 self-help groups visited during the field study, visit members 82 SHG

(68.33%) replied about availability of good market and members of 38 SHG

(31.66%) are replied against the availability of the good market for their products.

The observation shows the lack of perfect market for the products. The government

should take this into consideration and provide suitable market to improve the

situation.

TABLE-5.5

List of economical development of

Economical developing

Developing

Not developing

Total

The economical development of SHG is depending on the local raw materials,

market system and the activities tak

the members of total 120 self

members of 115 SHGs (95.83) say that the economy is developing every year, the

members of 5 SHG (3.96%) replied negatively. This obser

economical development of the SHG is improving, so, there is no obstacle for the

economical growth of the SHG.

Page

40

95.83

3.09

Economic Developing

Developing

Not Developing



List of economical development of self-help Groups.

Self- help groups Percentage

115 95.83%

0.5 3.09%

120 100%


market system and the activities taken by the groups. So, the opinion expressed by

the members of total 120 self-help SHG, during the field study, shows that

115 SHGs (95.83) say that the economy is developing every year, the

5 SHG (3.96%) replied negatively. This observation shows that


economical growth of the SHG.

Not Developing



Percentage

95.83%

3.09%

100%


. So, the opinion expressed by

help SHG, during the field study, shows that

115 SHGs (95.83) say that the economy is developing every year, the

vation shows that


90.83

TABLE-5.6

List of subsidy available to the self

Availability of Subsidy

Available in right time

Not available in right time

Total

Any project will be successful if the grant/subsidy available to the beneficiers in

right time. In this background, by observing the above table, we cam

visited members of 109 SHG out of 120 (90.8%) replied that the subsidy/grant is

available in right time. But the members of 11 Self

that the subsidy/grant is not available in right time.

grant of S.G.S.Y. is available in right time.

negative reply of 8.5 % members of the self

The beneficiers should use the grant/subsidy in a proper way. When asked about

the use of grant/subsidy amount available to the SHG, out of 120 SHG visited

during the field work, the members of 118 SHG (98.3%) are replied that the usage

is in the better way. Merely two members of a SHG replied that it is using

ordinarily. The observation shows t

proper manner.

Page

41

8.05

90.83

Subsidy Availability

Available in Right

Time

Not Available in

Right Time

List of subsidy available to the self-help groups from the government.

Self-help groups Perc

11 8.05%

109 90.83%

120 100%


right time. In this background, by observing the above table, we cam

members of 109 SHG out of 120 (90.8%) replied that the subsidy/grant is

available in right time. But the members of 11 Self-help SHG (9.16%) are replied

that the subsidy/grant is not available in right time. The observation shows th

grant of S.G.S.Y. is available in right time. But government should notice the

negative reply of 8.5 % members of the self-help SHG and take necessary steps.


rant/subsidy amount available to the SHG, out of 120 SHG visited



ordinarily. The observation shows that the grant/subsidy is using completely in

help groups from the government.

Percentage

8.05%

90.83%

100%


right time. In this background, by observing the above table, we came to know that

members of 109 SHG out of 120 (90.8%) replied that the subsidy/grant is

help SHG (9.16%) are replied

The observation shows that the

But government should notice the

help SHG and take necessary steps.


rant/subsidy amount available to the SHG, out of 120 SHG visited



hat the grant/subsidy is using completely in

Upto 80

TABLE-5.7

List of opinions about the proceedings of the meetings of the Groups.

Proceedings of the

Groups

Yes

No

Total

According to the rules of the S.G.S.Y. the groups should assemble once in a week

and discuss about the activities of the groups. With this point, out of 120 self

visited in the selected SHG’s taluks,

that the meeting proceedings are held regularly. But members of 2 SHG (1.06%)

only replied negatively. The observation in the field study shows that the meeting

proceedings are regular and successful.

TABLE-5.8

List of attendance rate to the meetings of the groups by the members.

Member’s attendance rate

Up to 80 percent

From 81 to 90 percent

Above 90 percent

Total

Page

42

Upto 80

Percent

81 to 90

Percent

Above 90

Percent

4.3 2.5 3.5

Attendance Rate


Self-help Groups Percentage

118 98.04%

02 1.06%

120 100%

e rules of the S.G.S.Y. the groups should assemble once in a week

and discuss about the activities of the groups. With this point, out of 120 self

SHG’s taluks, the members of 118 SHG (98.03%) answered

ngs are held regularly. But members of 2 SHG (1.06%)


proceedings are regular and successful.


Member’s attendance rate Self-help groups Percentage

07 5.83%

35 29.16%

78 65.00%

120 100%


Percentage

98.04%

1.06%

100%

e rules of the S.G.S.Y. the groups should assemble once in a week

and discuss about the activities of the groups. With this point, out of 120 self-help

the members of 118 SHG (98.03%) answered

ngs are held regularly. But members of 2 SHG (1.06%)



Percentage

5.83%

29.16%

65.00%

100%

The above table explains the rate of attendance of the members of the SHGS to the

meetings of the SHG. So out of 120 SHG visited during the field study, according

to 64.3 percent members the attendance rate is above 90 percent. According to 28.7

percent members it is between 81 and 90 percent. According to 7.0 percent

members the attendance pe

percent, the attendance is required for better implement of the activities and to take

right decisions democratically.

TABLE-5.9

List of democratic changes of the representatives of the SHG’s.

Change of

representatives

Change taking place

Change not taking place

regularly

Total

The representatives of the self

healthy development. The reas

Page

43

98.3

1.06

Democratic Changes

Change Taking Place

Change Not Taking

Place


s of the SHG. So out of 120 SHG visited during the field study, according



members the attendance percentage is up to 80 percent. Though it is average 80


right decisions democratically.

List of democratic changes of the representatives of the SHG’s.

Self-help Groups Percentage

118 98.03%

02 1.06%

120 100

The representatives of the self-help groups should change once in a year. It is

healthy development. The reason is the other members of the SHG will also gain


s of the SHG. So out of 120 SHG visited during the field study, according



rcentage is up to 80 percent. Though it is average 80


Percentage

98.03%

1.06%

100%

help groups should change once in a year. It is a

on is the other members of the SHG will also gain

Training is Necessary

87.05

Requirement of Training

the knowledge of the activities of the SHG. With this background, out of 120 SHG

visited during the field work, vi

opinion that the change of representatives is ta

But members of merely 2 SHG replied that the changes do not taking place

according to the time. But members of merely 2 SHG replied that the changes do

not taking place according to the time.

representatives is taking place regularly and democratically in right time.

shows that the SHG are actively involving in the developing activities.

TABLE-5.10

List of the requirement of training to the members of the self

Training necessity

Training is necessary

Training is not necessary

Total

The knowledge of training will enhance the skills and learning. Training will

impart a permanent change in the beneficiers

the eminency of maintenance. From the above table it is observed that out of 120

Page

44

Training is Necessary

Training is Not Necessary

87.05

12.05

Requirement of Training


visited during the field work, visited members of 118 SHG (98.3

opinion that the change of representatives is taking place according to the time.


But members of merely 2 SHG replied that the changes do

not taking place according to the time. The observation shows that ch

representatives is taking place regularly and democratically in right time.

the SHG are actively involving in the developing activities.

List of the requirement of training to the members of the self-help groups.

Self-help groups Percentage

105 87.05%

15 12.05%

120 100%


impart a permanent change in the beneficiers of the S.G.S.Y. and there by improve



(98.3%) are of the

king place according to the time.


But members of merely 2 SHG replied that the changes do

The observation shows that change of

representatives is taking place regularly and democratically in right time. This

the SHG are actively involving in the developing activities.

help groups.

Percentage

87.05%

12.05%

100%


of the S.G.S.Y. and there by improve


SHG visited during the field work, the members of 105 SHG (87.5%) are of the

opinion that having training is necessary; The members of 15 SHG (12.7%) are

reacted negatively. This shows that majority of the members opinioned that

training is necessary. This implies that the government should arrange more and

more workshops to the members of S.G.S.Y. in right time to ensure their active

participation.

Asking about the possibility of the S.G.S.Y. implementation with the main

beneficiers, the members of self-help group during the field study, out of 120

members 110 SHG (91.66%) are answered that the implementation is possible. But

the members of 10 SHG (08.33%) are answered negatively. Though the

observation reveals that implementation is possible, the remaining 9.3 percent of

the members are of the view that the implementation is impossible unless the

orderly usage of the project by the beneficiers and the effective implementation by

the government.

TABLE-5.11

List of opinions about the hurdles in the implementation of S.G.S.Y.

Hurdles in implementation Self-help Groups Percentage

Deficiency in effective

implementation

29 24.16%

Partiality in implementation 45 37.05%

Improper grant/subsidy 22 17.1%

Political influence 24 18.6%

Total 120 100%

DeficiencyPartiality

24.16

Hurdles in Implementation of S.G.S.Y.

The above table explains the impending hurdles in the implementation of S.G.S.Y.

According to it out of 120 SHG, different members questioned, me

SHG (37.5%) are answered that there is partiality in implementation by politicians

and officials. The members of 29 SHG (24.16%) answered about the presence of

administrative and economical hurdles in the effective implementation. 18.6

percent of members are of the opinion that there is political influence. The

members of 22 SHG (17.1%) are reacted that there is improper distribution of the

grant/subsidy. Totally, the majority of the SHG are of the opinion that there is

nepotism, political influence, administrative and technical demerits are the hurdles

in the effective implementation of the project.

Many hurdles are common in the implementation of any government project. But

we have to nullify those hurdles as much as possible. Otherwise the pro

a failure one. With this point in mind, when asked members of different groups,

members of 14 SHG (11.66%) are answered about giving knowledge about the

project. The members of 76 SHG (63.3%) are of the opinion that it should rectified

through discussion and adjustments. The members of 20 SHG (16.66%) are

insisted to bring everything to the notice of the higher officials and the members of

5 SHG (4.16%) are not reacted. The members of a society are of the opinion that

there should be an educated representative to bear the responsibility. The members

Page

46

PartialityImproper Grant

Political

Influence

37.05

17.118.6

Hurdles in Implementation of S.G.S.Y.


According to it out of 120 SHG, different members questioned, me




of members are of the opinion that there is political influence. The



ence, administrative and technical demerits are the hurdles

in the effective implementation of the project.


we have to nullify those hurdles as much as possible. Otherwise the pro




discussion and adjustments. The members of 20 SHG (16.66%) are



d representative to bear the responsibility. The members


According to it out of 120 SHG, different members questioned, members of 45




of members are of the opinion that there is political influence. The



ence, administrative and technical demerits are the hurdles


we have to nullify those hurdles as much as possible. Otherwise the project will be




discussion and adjustments. The members of 20 SHG (16.66%) are



d representative to bear the responsibility. The members

of another group are of the opinion that implementation is possible through

electing capable representatives. The members of the other SHG are said that the

grant/subsidy should be sanctioned on the basis of achievement. Totally, by

observing all the above views, we may conclude that hurdles can be nullified

through discussion, adjustment and educating the members about the problems.

The success and failure of S.G.S.Y is depends on the co-operation of the banks. So,

there should be a cordial relationship between the self-help groups and the banks

which are providing financial assistance. With this point in view, when questioned

the members of 120 SHG almost all the members (100%) answered that the

relation is fine. So the observation reveals that there are no hurdles between the

banks and the SHG and the project is successful.

The main intention of S.G.S.Y. is to bring economical stability to the people who

are in below the poverty line. Therefore, with the question ‘Is it possible to get

economical stability through the implementation of S.G.S.Y?’ members of all the

120 SHG are answered that it is possible. Therefore it is proved that the project is

successful and helps in the economical betterment of the women below the poverty

line.

TABLE-5.12

List of the response of the rural local governments about the implementation

of S.G.S.Y.

Way of response Informers Percentage

Very Fine 04 3.01%

Fine 108 90.00%

Ordinary 01 0.08%

Problem by the local 06 4.07%

Very Fine

3.01

Response of Local Rural Government

representative

Castism

Total

The project will be beneficial if the rural local government respond similarly as the

banks do with this point in view, the observation of the above table shows that out

of 120 SHG visited during t

it is very fine, visited members of 1

members of a SHG (0.8%) say as ordinary, the members of 6 SHG (4.7%) are

mentioned the problem from local representatives and

expressed about castism. The observation reveals that though local governments

responding better, it is not wise to neglect the problem from the local

representatives. So it is necessary to extend co

representatives for the effective implementation of the project S.G.S.Y.

Page

48

Fine Ordinary Problem

by Local

Rep.

Castism

90

0.08 4.07 0.08

Response of Local Rural Government

01 0.08%

120 100%



of 120 SHG visited during the field study, the members of 4 SHG (3.1%) say that

d members of 108 SHG (90.0%) are replied as fine. The


mentioned the problem from local representatives and the members of SHG (0.8%)



representatives. So it is necessary to extend co-operation by the local

ntatives for the effective implementation of the project S.G.S.Y.

0.08%

100%



he field study, the members of 4 SHG (3.1%) say that

8 SHG (90.0%) are replied as fine. The


the members of SHG (0.8%)



operation by the local

ntatives for the effective implementation of the project S.G.S.Y.

45.83

50

3.09

Book & Ledger Maintainence

Very Fine

Fine

Ordinary

TABLE-5.13

List of the maintenance of the book and ledgers of the SHG

Ledger Maintenance Self-help Group Percentage

Very Fine 55 45.83%

Fine 60 50.00%

Ordinary 05 3.09%

Total 120 100%

Any SHG is appears good only by the orderly maintenance of the financial

documents. It is possible to maintain the honest and transparent administration by

the orderly maintenance of the remitted and savings ledgers. With the view of this

point, if we observe the above table, Out of 120 SHG visited during the field study,

the members of 55 SHG (45.5%) expressed their satisfaction about the very fine

maintenance of the documents. The members of 60 SHG (50%) are responded as

fine. Visit members of 5 SHG(4.16%) are said that the maintenance is ordinary. So

the observation reveals that the maintenance of the documents of the SHG is fine.

27.05%

81.00%

6.00%

Savings & Recovery of Loans

Very Fine

Fine

Ordinary

TABLE-5.14

List of the savings and loan recovery of the SHG’s.

Savings and recovery Self-help Groups Percentage

Very Fine 33 27.5%

Fine 81 67.5%

Ordinary 06 5.0%

Total 120 100

According to the rules of the SHG, there should be regularly in savings and

recovery. Savings in weekly installments and the recovery of loans should be in

prescribed installs. If the members of the self-help groups remit loan with in the

period completely, then they are unable to get any subsidy. Therefore the above

table reveals that out of 120 SHG visited during the field study; the members of 33

SHG (27.5%) are said that the recovery of savings is for better. The members of 81

SHG (67.5%) are said it is better and the members of 6 SHG (5.0%) are said that it

is ordinary. So the observation shows savings and the recovery are in better

position.

The inspection of credits, debits, savings, recovery and other related documents is

nothing but auditing. The purpose of the auditing is to maintain accuracy and

transparency in financial matters. So, with this point of view, when asked about the

auditing during the field study, Out of 120 SHG, the members of 10 SHG (8.33%)

said that no auditing takes place, the members of 110 SHG (91.66%) are said that

their group’s documents are audited. This reveals that majority of the SHG are

auditing their documents regularly.

The selection of the representatives of the SHG, transparency in financial matters,

discussion, co-operation, adjustment these are all the qualities of democracy. When

we asked the question about keeping all these values in the activities of the SHG,

almost all the members of the self-help groups (100%) said that they are following

the values.

TABLE-5.15

List of opinions and suggestions to strengthen the self-help groups.

Opinions & Suggestions Self-help Groups Percentage

Give knowledge about the

guidelines of S.G.S.Y

21 16.3%

Release of grants from

central & state

governments in right time

20 16.6%

Suitable market facility

for the products

16 13.3%

Transparency in financial

transactions

17 14.16%

Co-operation of officials, 17 14.16%

16.3

Opinions & Suggestions

representatives and banks.

Effective Implementation

of the project

Survey of the study

Total

The above table reveals that members of totally 120 SHG expressed their

opinions and views to strengthen the groups. Among the m 16.6 percent members

(20 SHG) said that the grant from the central and state govern

in right time. 16.3 percent (21 SHG) are of the opinion that giving knowledge

about the guidelines of the S.G.S.Y, about 14.16 percent (17 SHG) want

transparency in financial matters,

operation of the officials, people representatives and the banks. About 10.1 percent

of the members needed the survey and study of the project. About 13.2 percent (16

SHG) want suitable market for their products.

The observation of the above table reveals that there is no knowledge about

S.G.S.Y non availability of the central and state grants in right time NO Suitable

market for the products lack of the co

all drawbacks in the implementation of the S.G.S.Y. project.

Page

52

16.6 13.3 14.16 14.16 13.2 10.1

Opinions & Suggestions

16 13.2%

13 10.1%

120 100%



at the grant from the central and state governments should come



transparency in financial matters, and 14 percent (17 SHG) wish to have the co



SHG) want suitable market for their products.

ervation of the above table reveals that there is no knowledge about


market for the products lack of the co-operation of the officials, representatives are

the implementation of the S.G.S.Y. project.

13.2%

10.1%

100%



ents should come



ercent (17 SHG) wish to have the co-



ervation of the above table reveals that there is no knowledge about


operation of the officials, representatives are

6. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY ON POLITICAL IMPACT

6. ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY ON POLITICAL IMPACT

As a part of the field study of the Project as many as 120 members of 30 SHGs

of Tumakuru taluk have been contacted and collected data. The questionnaire

included questions on the financial assistance they received from the SHGs, their

participation in the political activities, t he economic condition of the family prior

to joining of the SHGs, the improvement of the economic condition thereafter.

The questionnaire mainly focused on political and economic impact of

Swarnajayanti Swarojgar Yojana. The Survey showed marked impact on the

groups as well as individuals. The questionnaire was in regional vernacular so that

they could understand the purpose. A copy of the questionnaire is reproduced

below:

The beneficiaries of Swarna Jayanti Swarojgar Yojana are called Swarojgaris.

These self employed may be individuals or groups. The SHGs are approved by the

Gramasabha as BPLs.

The survey on the political participation and the mutual exchange of views,

benefits etc. from among the political institutions and the members of the SHGs

show interesting results. The co-operation extended by the political institutions

and members representing the political organizations is shown in the table below:

51.66

TABLE-6.1

Table showing the Co-operation from the political institutions/representatives

to the SHGs.

The types of response of

the political

representatives to the

SHGs

Excellent

Good

Average

Inadequate

Total

The table indicates the response from the political representatives to the

SHGs. 15 members of the SHGs indicated

members indicated the cooperation is good and 25 members indicated as average

the rest i.e. 62 members indicated the cooperation is very poor. This clearly shows

that the response from the political institutions a

organizations is poor and are not evincing interest in the SHGs.

Page

55

12.5

15

20.83

51.66

Co-operation from Political Institution

Excellent

Good

Average

Inadequate

operation from the political institutions/representatives

The types of response of

the political

representatives to the

Informants

participated in the

survey

Percentage

15 12.5%

18 15%

25 20.83%

62 51.66

120 100%


of the SHGs indicated that the cooperation is excellent, and 18



that the response from the political institutions and members of political

organizations is poor and are not evincing interest in the SHGs.

Excellent

Average

Inadequate

operation from the political institutions/representatives

Percentage

12.5%

15%

20.83%

51.66

100%


that the cooperation is excellent, and 18



nd members of political

15 2.5

1.66

0

80.83

Participations Grama Panchayat

Taluk Panchayat

Zilla Panchayat

Other Institutions

No Participation

TABLE-6.2

Table showing the participation of members of SHGs in the Political

institutions.

Political institutions Members contested Percentage

Grama Panchayats 18 15%

Taluk Panchayats 03 2.5%

Zilla Panchayats 02 1.66%

Other Institutions 00 00%

No participation 97 80.83%

Total 120 100%

As many as 120 members have been contacted during the survey out of which

18 members contested for Grama Panchayat and 03 members for Taluk Panchayat,

02 for Zilla Panchayat and 97 members have not contested for any of the political

institutions. All the members said above won the contest and became the members

of the political institutions. The survey shows that most of the members did not

show any interest in the political activities. However when compared to the

statistics of t he last decade the present trend indicates that there is a gradual

improvement in the political interest and participation. However they need be

given necessary awareness and encouraged to take part in political decision making

so that the SHGs also can benefit in a big manner.

16.6

20

25

38.3

Excellent

Good

Average

Poor Response

Response of Political Representatives

TABLE-6.3

Table showing the response on benefits extended to SHGs as a result of

representation of the members of SHGs

The response of the political

representatives from SHGs

Informants Percentage

Excellent 20 16.6%

Good 24 20%

Average 30 25%

Poor response due to non

cooperation from the male

representatives

46 38.3%

Total 120 100%

About 120 members of 30 SHGs who have participated in the survey

expressed their opinion. Of them 20 members opined that the response was

excellent and 20 members as good and 30 members expressed Average response.

The important aspect noticed in the survey is that non-cooperation from the male

representatives poses difficulty for SHGs in mobilizing help from political

institutions. It is but natural that the male-dominant society is very reluctant in

promoting SHGs of female members. The attitude of the male members is

gradually changing and this is a slow process and needs to be speeded up.

31.67

42.5

25.83

Positive Response

Negative response

No Response

EOI

TABLE-6.4

Table showing the express of interest (EOI) of members of SHGs in political

representation

Expressing interest or

not in political activities.

Informants Percentage

Positive response (Yes) 38 31.67%

Negative response (No) 51 42.5%

No response (Neither) 31 25.83%

Total 120 100%

The survey shows that out of 120 members only 38 have expressed interest

to participate in the political activities, 51 are not willing to participate in political

activities and 31 members have not expressed anything. An analysis of the

statistics clearly indicate owing to lack of political awareness, non-cooperation

from the members of the family and also due to other socio-political reasons the

female members are refraining from participating in political activities. Obviously

there is need to educate them in this respect and make them aware of the benefits

by participating in the bodies which take decisions.

An overall view of the survey indicates that there is a gradual change taking

place in the rural society especially with the help of SHGs. The womenfolk are a

neglected lot hitherto due to several socio-religious reasons. Lack of education and

political awareness, poor economy, lack of representation in decision making

bodies, etc., are the cause of such backwardness. The other aspects which are to be

addressed to on priority basis are proper co-operation by extending financial

support to SHGs through local financial institutions, making the families self-

sufficient, imparting free education specially to female children, increasing

percentage of reservation for women in local bodies, extending interest free short

term loans to women of SHGs etc., can help them to a great extent.

Reference Books & Journals

Books:-

SR.NO TITLE OF THE BOOKS NAME OF THE AUTHOR

1) “Has the SHG- bank Linkage helped the poor

gain access to Capital”

Mr. VeeraShankarappa,

Mr. H.S. Shylendra

Mr. Sampati Guha

2) Panchayat Raj and Mahila Sashaktikarana Dr. Narashimamurthy S.N.

3) Karnataka Economy Dr. Prasanna

Dr. Shivanand Nari

4) Empowerment of Women – Issues and Challenge Mr. K.C. Rudraswamy

JOURNALS:-

1) Economic and Political Weekly

2) Yojana

3) Karnataka Vikasa

NEWSPAPERS:-

1) Deccan Herald

2) Times Of India

3) Hindu

4) Prajavani

5) Kannada Prabha

6) Vijaya Karnataka

Annexure showing the questionnaire for conducting Survey

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PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR V


ARUNDHATI SELF-HELP GROUP TUMKUR

Page

65

PICTURE 1 –

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR VISIT TO S.G.S.Y. SARAS MELA AT TUMKUR

PICTURE 2

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR VISIT & INTERVIEW THE MEMBERS OF SRI

HELP GROUP TUMKUR

ISIT TO S.G.S.Y. SARAS MELA AT TUMKUR

VISIT & INTERVIEW THE MEMBERS OF SRI

PICTURE 3


RENUKA YALLAMMA SELF-HELP GROUP ARIYUR TUMKUR TQ

PICTURE 4


PARVATHI SELF-HELP GROUP SIRIVARA TUMKUR TQ

PICTURE 5

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR VISIT & INTERVIEW THE MEMBERS OF SMT

SONIA GANDHI SELF-HELP GROUP GULUR TUMKUR TQ

PICTURE 6


BHUMATA SELF-HELP GROUP KARDIGERE KAVAL TUMKUR TQ

PICTURE 7

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR VISIT & INTERVIEW THE ZILLA

PANCHAYAT MEMBERS AS WELL AS SHG MEMBERS OF SMT SHARADA

TUMKUR

PICTURE 8

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR VISIT & INTERVIEW SHG BENEFICIERS AT

TUMKUR

minor research project s ubmitted to the university …

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