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Investigation on Plant Derived Products as Control Agents for House fly and Development of FormulationTRANSCRIPT
Investigation on Plant Derived Products as Control Agents for House fly and Development of
Formulation
INTRODUCTION:• Plant materials as insecticide (Shaalan et al. 2005; Isman 2006) • Traditional medicine• Easily accessible to Rural population• Chemical Insecticides: Costly, Insect develop Resistance (Shen et
al.,1990;Oi et al.,1992)
Desirable characteristics of Plant materials for use in pest control:
• Should be safe to use • Non hazardous to environment • Should be easy to extract and formulate
Target organism: house fly
Why ? Vectors of pathogens which cause human and
livestock diseases (Howard 2001). Irritate livestock and working personnel affecting
their productive efficiency (Fogg, 1971) Very few studies available on eco-friendly house
fly control (Malik et al., 2007) Systematic studies lacking as difficult to culture
under laboratory condition
Objectives:
To control different stages of house fly with application of different botanicals and oil
To formulate these botanicals and oils to make it easy for application
Screening of Plants :
Essential oils Formulation of Essential oils
Formulation of Botanicals
• Repellency• Larvicidal• Pupacidal
Repellency
Eucalyptusleaf
Lemon grass leafMentha piperita leaf Khus Turmeric
Life –cycle of House fly
Repellency
Larvicidal
Pupacidal
LARGERCHAMBER
Petri plate containingOil on filter paper
OUTERCHAMBER
REPELLENCY CHAMBER
Results for repellency experiment:Conc. Of oil used: 0.28 μl/cm2 Conc. Of oil used: 0.7 μl/cm2
*max repellency=70% by Mentha Piperita **repellency inc. to 88 % at higher conc
***Mentha Citrata become more effective at higher conc. Of oil
010
2030
405060
7080
90100
Mentha piperita Eucalyptus Mentha citrata Lemon grass Khus khus Turmeric
Rep
elle
ncy
(%)
After 30 min After 60 min After 120 min
010203040
50607080
Menthapiperita
Eucalyptus Lemon grass Menthacitrata
Khus khus Turmeric
Flie
s R
epel
led
(%)
After 30 min. After 60 min After 120 min
Repellency of field flies with different Essential Oils
Results for pupacidal experiment:
Results for larvicidal experiment: Dead larvae after treatment with oil
Live larvae 02468
10
Mentha piperi
ta
Pipermint
Eucalyp
tus
Lemon gra
ss
Turmeri
c
Control
Avg
. mor
talit
y of
larv
ae
24h 48h
Larvae (10) + essential oil (1 ml in 0.01 % Tween 80)
Pupae (20) + essential oil (200μl in 0.01 % Tween 80)
Larvicidal & Pupacidal with Essential oil
02
468
10
121416
1820
Mentha Piperit
a
Pipermint
Eucalyp
tus
Lemon gra
ss
Turmeri
c
Control
Oil
Avg
no.
of f
lies
emer
ged
96h 144h
%IR=95 (Lemon grass), 55 (Turmeric)
FormulationTypes of formulation
The main factors governing the choice of formulation are•Physico-chemical properties•Biological activity and mode of action•Method of application•Safety in use•Formulation costs•Market preference
Preparation of Emulsion from Essential oil (40 EC)Active Ingredient : 40 % (4 gm)Solvent (xylene) : 45 % (4.5 gm)Co- surfactant (Butanol-1) : 3 % (0.3 gm)Surfactant : 12 % (1.2 gm)Code A- NP20Code B- Castor oil ethoxalate
S no. Formulation Code A Code B
1 EC I 0.7 0.5
2 EC II 0.5 0.7
3 EC III 0.6 0.6
4 EC IV 0.8 0.4
5 EC V 0.4 0.8
6 EC VI 1.0 0.2
7 EC VII 0.2 1.0
8 EC VIII 0.9 0.3
9 EC IX 0.3 0.9
[40 EC stands for 40 % of Active Ingredients in the mixture]
Preparation of formulation from essential oil:
40 EC Eucalyptus Active Ingredients (Eucalyptus oil): 4.0 gSolvent (xylene): 4.5 gCo-Surfactant (Butanol): 0.3 gSurfactant: NP 20 0.7 g Castor Oil Ethoxalate 0.5 g
40 EC Mentha piperita Active Ingredients (Eucalyptus oil): 4.0 gSolvent (xylene): 4.5 gCo-Surfactant (Butanol): 0.3 gSurfactant: NP 20 0.7 g Castor Oil Ethoxalate 0.5 g
Measure the requisite amount of ingredients and mix properlyKeep it for 24 h
Results for repellency experiment (with formulated Essential oil)
0102030405060708090
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (min.)
Flie
s re
pelle
d (%
)
2% 5%
40 EC Eucalyptus40 EC Mentha Piperita
0102030405060708090
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (min.)
Flie
s re
pelle
d (%
)
2% 5%
*Formulated product of oil is better control agent for House fly than pure oil** Formulated Mentha Piperita is more effective than the formulated form of Eucalyptus
Conc. Of pure oil=0.7µl/cm2
Conc. of formulated Mentha Piperita & Eucalyptus= 0.000028μl/cm2
Fig. Comparative efficacy between oil and its formulation
0102030405060708090
100
Mentha Piperita Eucalyptus Pure oil (Menta Piperita)
Repe
llenc
y (%
)
30 min 60 min 120 min
Results for larvicidal experiment (with formulated Essential oil)
0
20
40
60
80
100
pure oil (Mentha) M. piperita &Eucalyptus (Neat)
M. piperita (10%) Eucalyptus (10%)
Larv
al m
orat
ality
24h 48h 72h
0
20
40
60
80
100
2% 5% 10% Neat
Conc. of formulation
Larv
al m
orta
lity
(%)
24h 48h 72h
0
20
40
60
80
100
2% 5% 10% Neat
Conc. of formulation
Larv
al m
orta
lity
(%)
24h 48h 72h
40 EC Mentha piperita 40 EC Eucalyptus
* Formulated product of oil is better larvicidal for House fly than pure oil
** Formulation of both Mentha Piperita and Eucalyptus has similar in efficiency (76.6%) at 10% conc. of product
Results for pupacidal experiment (with formulated Essential oil)
* Control showed 80% fly emergence** IR (%)= 83.75 (M. piperita) & 87.5 (Eucalyptus) at 5% conc. of formulation*** Both the formulation were at par for their efficiency
0
20
40
60
80
100
2% 5% 10% Neat
Conc. of formulation
Emer
genc
e of
Adu
lt fli
es (%
)Mentha piperita Eucalyptus Control
Preparation of Dhoop-batti formulation with plant extracts
Constituents: Cow dung, ghee, rice particle and raal powder (5:1:1:1) Active ingredient equivalent to the amount of cow dung
Not feasible inRural Areas
Essential oils: Need rigorous extractionNeed extensive mechanizationExpensive
Result: Caused less than 10% repellency
FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Experimental Site: Gaushala, Karol bagh
DUMP SITE
HOSPITAL
BULL SHED
OPEN AREA
CLOSED SHED
CALF AREA
CALF AREA
CALF AREA
TREE
FROM RIGHT SIDE
FROM FRONT
AREA OF PROBLEM
Surface application on the body surface of animal
Hind portion of an injured animal infested with House flies
Before Application After Application
No flies
M. piperita (40 EC) Vol.-100ml Conc.-10%
After ApplicationBefore Application
050
100150200250300350400450500550
Control Cow Treated Cow
No. o
f flie
s /h
r
* Cows sprayed with formulation of M. piperita was visited by an average of 20 flies/hour (percentage reduction of 96.08 flies/hour) ** Control was visited by 509 flies/ hour for the same time period
Surface application
Before Application After Application
0150300450600750900
10501200135015001650
Control Mentha piperita(10%)
M. piperita(undiluted)
No. o
f flie
s/hr
*Treated surfaces with 40 EC formulation of M. piperita was visited by 151 flies/hour (10% conc.) and 17 flies/hour at 100% conc.**Control was visited by 1645 flies/ hour for the same time period
% Reduction of 90.8 flies
%Reduction of 98.9 flies
M. piperita (40 EC)
Area-2x2 m2
Vol.-25ml
References: Fogg. C.E., 1971. Livestock waste management and the conservation plan.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, Mich., pp. 34--35.
Howard. J.,2001 Nuisance flies around landfill;pattern of abundance and distribution. Waste management. Res.19, 308-313.
Isman, M.B.. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual review of Entomology 2006, 51, 45-66.
Oi, M.; Dauterman, W.; Motoyama, N. Toxico kinetic analysis of dermally applied diazinon in resistant and susceptible house flies, Musca domestica L. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1992, 27, 371–383.
Malik, A.; Singh, N.; Satya, S. 2007. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B (2007) 42, 453–469
Shaalan, E.A.S.; Canyon, D.; Younes, M.W.F.; Wahab, H.A.; Mansour, A.H. 2005. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ. Int., 31, 1149-1166.
Shen, J.; Plapp, Jr. F. W. Cyromazine resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Genetics and cross resistance to diflubenzuron. J. Econ. Entomol. 1990, 83, 1689–1697.
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