ministry of agriculture and fisheries (maf) government of ... · dipao district industrial plants...

No.

Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

THE STUDY ON

COMMUNITY-BASED INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN LACLO AND COMORO RIVER

BASINS IN

THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE

FINAL REPORT Volume II: Watershed Management Planning Guidelines

MARCH 2010

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. GED

JR

10-039

THE STUDY ON COMMUNITY-BASED INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN LACLO AND COMORO RIVER BASINS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE

FINAL REPORT Volume II: Watershed Management Planning

Guidelines March 2010

Community-based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins

in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

Composition of Final Report

Volume I Main Report

Volume II Watershed Management Planning Guidelines

Volume III Annexes



Final Report Volume II

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Table of Contents

Volume II : Watershed Management Planning Guidelines

Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Objectives of the Guidelines ........................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Main Users of the WMPGs ............................................................................................ 1-1 1.4 Usage of the WMPGs..................................................................................................... 1-2 1.5 Guiding Principles in Making WMPGs ......................................................................... 1-2 1.6 Validity or Limitation of the WMPGs ............................................................................ 1-2 1.7 Composition of the WMPGs .......................................................................................... 1-3

Chapter 2 Concepts of Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management (CBIWM)................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Watersheds in Timor-Leste............................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Major Issues in Watershed Management........................................................................ 2-2 2.3 Definition of Watershed Management in Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management ................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.4 Goal and Its Strategic Objectives of CBIWM Plan........................................................ 2-3 2.4.1 Goal and Main Objectives of CBIWM Plan ....................................................... 2-3 2.4.2 Strategic Objectives of CBIWM Plan ................................................................. 2-3 2.5 Principles in the Implementation of CBIWM Plan ........................................................ 2-5

Chapter 3 Preparation of a CBIWM Plan................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Suggested Contents of a Watershed Management Plan.................................................. 3-1 3.2 Analysis of the Present Conditions of Target Watershed (for making Chapter 2 of a watershed management plan) ....................................................................................... 3-2 3.2.1 Rapid Overview of a Target Watershed............................................................... 3-2 3.2.2 Semi-intensive Data Collection........................................................................... 3-2 3.2.3 Data Analyses...................................................................................................... 3-5 3.2.4 Assessment of the Concerned MAF Offices (for Section 2.4) ............................ 3-12 3.2.5 Examination of Current Issues on Watershed Management (for Section 2.5)................................................................................................... 3-14 3.3 Goals and Strategic Objectives of a Watershed Management Plan ................................ 3-14 3.3.1 Determination of Main and Strategic Objectives of the Plan (for Chapter 3)..................................................................................................... 3-14 3.3.2 Determination of Land Use and Management Guidelines/Principles ................. 3-15 3.4 Preparation of an Overall Watershed Management Plan................................................ 3-16 3.4.1 Overall Composition of the Plan ......................................................................... 3-17 3.4.2 Examination of the Applicability of the Sub-programs....................................... 3-18 3.5 Examination of Implementation Mechanisms (For Chapter 5) ...................................... 3-21 3.5.1 Implementation by the Government (For Section 5.1)........................................ 3-22




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3.5.2 Implementation by External Funding Organizations (For Section 5.2) .............. 3-26 3.5.3 Institutional Framework for Implementation ...................................................... 3-27

Chapter 4 Preparation of a Simple Five-Year Management Plan .................................... 4-1 4.1 Selection of Priority Target Area (for Section 6.1)......................................................... 4-1 4.2 Selection of the Priority Sub-programs (for Section 6.2)............................................... 4-1 4.3 Detailed Scope of Works (for Section 6.3)..................................................................... 4-3 4.4 Preparation of Implementation Schedule (for Section 6.4) ............................................ 4-7 4.5 Cost Estimates for the Five-Year Plan............................................................................ 4-10 4.5.1 Direct Costs ......................................................................................................... 4-10 4.5.2 Cost Estimates for Facilitators/Experts and Other Supporting Staff to be Hired ................................................................................................................. 4-12 4.5.3 Operational Costs ................................................................................................ 4-13 4.5.4 Standard Cost Formats ........................................................................................ 4-13 4.6 Proposed Organizational Structure for Implementation (for Section 6.6)...................... 4-13

Chapter 5 Lessons Learned from the Implementation of the Sub-program .................... 5-1

5.1 Lessons Learned ............................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Good Practices................................................................................................................ 5-3

List of Tables

Table 3-1 Checklist for Adoptability of Sub-programs to Target Watershed ....................... T-1 Table 3-2 Potential and Sustainable Area for Sub-programs................................................ T-2 Table 4-1 Indicative Standard Work Quantities for the Preparatory Work and the 12

Sub-programs ....................................................................................................... T-3

List of Appendices Appendix-A: Terms of Reference for Village Profile Survey

Appendix-B: Development of GIS Database for Watershed Management Plan

Appendix-C: Ground Truth Survey

Appendix-D: Implementation Plans for the Priority Sub-programs

Appendix-E: Sample Format for Estimation of Annual Cost Disbursement




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Abbreviation ADB Asian Development Bank AFP-SP Animal Feed Preservation Sub-program ALGIS Agricultural Land Use GIS CBIWMP Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management Plan CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resource Management CD-SP Capacity Development Sub-program CPR-SP Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Sub-program C-zone Production/Community zone DEM Digital Elevation Model data DFO District Forest officer DCO District Crop officer DIPAO District Industrial Plants and Agribusiness officer DLO District Livestock officer DIPAO District Industrial Plants and Agribusiness officer FMP-SP Forest Management Planning Sub-program GCPB-SP Grazing Control with Protein Bank Sub-program GIS Geographic Information System GoTL Government of Timor-Leste HG-SP Home Garden Sub-program IGC-SP Initial Gully Control Sub-program JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries MI-SP Mobility Improvement Sub-program NDAH National Directorate of Agriculture and Horticulture NDF National Directorate of Forestry NDIPA National Directorate for Industrial Plants and Agribusiness NDSDAC National Directorate for Support to the Development of Agricultural Communities NGO Non Governmental Organization NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product PAC-SP Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program PLUP-SP Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PREDP Participatory Rural Energy Development Programme P-zone Protection Zone PNTL National Police of Timor-Leste RBP-SP River Bank Protection Sub-program RDP Rural Development Programme RED-SP Rural Energy Development Sub-program RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal SFC-SP Sediment Flow Control Sub-program SM-zone Special Management zone




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SP-SP Slope Protection Sub-program SPP-SP Seedling Production Promotion Sub-program SUFP-SP Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program SU-zone Sustainable Use zone TOR Terms of Reference TPP-SP Tree Plantation Promotion Sub-program UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor USLE Universal Soil Loss Equation WFP World Food Programme WMG Watershed Management Guideline WMID-SP Watershed Management Institutional Development Sub-program

Exchange rate

1 US dollar = 91.79 yen (as of December 2009)

Unit

km2 Square kilometer

Ha Hectare

m2 Square meter

m3 Cubic meter

Terminology

Term Definition

Aldeia Sub-village

Chefe de Aldeia Chief of sub-village

Chefe de Suco Chief of village

Datu Chief of village during the Portuguese colonial era

Extensionist Extension worker FFS（Farmers’ Field School） Farmers’ field school

Lia nain Traditional leader

Lisan Kinship group

Liurai Small king

Lulic Spirit

Suco Village

Suco Council Village council

Tara Bandu Customary village regulations

Uma lulic Sacred house




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Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Watershed degradation in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (Timor Leste) has posed many threats to the economic activities and livelihoods of rural and urban households in the country. Extensive deforestation coupled with peculiar topographic conditions, i.e., almost half of the country’s land has more than 40% slopes, has caused widespread sheet and gully erosions and landslides in the upstream areas of river basins. At the same time, flash floods, river bank erosions and sedimentation in water supply systems, such as public water supply and irrigation systems, have often occurred in downstream areas due to upstream deforestation. Any event caused by deforestation has adversely affected the life of communities living in river basins directly or indirectly. Hence, prevention of deforestation and, more so, the restoration of forest coverage in upstream areas in the major river basins, is a considerable concern of the Government of Timor-Leste (hereinafter referred to as “GoTL”) since “water security” is requisite to the stabilization of the social security in the country.

The Watershed Management Planning Guidelines (WMPGs) is one of the outputs of the JICA Study on Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins. The Study has assisted the GoTL, especially the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (hereinafter referred to as “MAF”) and its National Directorate of Forestry (hereinafter referred to as “NDF”), in the formulation of a community-based integrated watershed management plan for the Laclo and Comoro river basins (hereinafter referred to as “CBIWMP”) and the enhancement of the capacity of the staff of MAF from November 2005 to February 2010. With an aim to guide the staff of MAF and NDF in making a watershed management plan similar to the CBIWMP for any other river basins in the country, the watershed management planning guidelines is developed.

1.2 Objectives of the Guidelines

The main objective of WMPGs is to help readers, mainly the staff of MAF and NDF, develop a community-based integrated watershed management plan for the critical catchments/river basins in the country. Towards this end, WMPGs aims to enable readers to:

- understand the concepts and basic approaches taken for community-based watershed management in Timor Leste;

- understand the outlines of a community-based watershed management plan that can be introduced in Timor Leste;

- understand the data required and criteria used for analyses/evaluation of collected data for planning;

- determine the scopes and estimate the costs of sub-programs proposed in a community-based watershed management plan using formats given in the WMPGs;

- identify prioritized sub-watersheds/sub-districts/sub-programs in a community-based watershed management plan;

- understand the outlines of an implementation plan of community-based watershed management plan; and

- develop an implementation plan including its cost estimates.

1.3 Main Users of the WMPGs

Planners or technical personnel in the GoTL, particularly MAF and NDF, will be the main users of the WMPGs. Any other organization, such as NGOs or other institutes, that plans to protect and




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manage a watershed/river basin through a community-based approach can also use the WMPGs as a reference.

1.4 Usage of the WMPGs

The WMPGs will be used in the planning stage as a guidebook to map out an implementable-cum-effective watershed management plan for a river basin in the country. The basic principle of the WMPGs is to help MAF and NDF to use the contents of the CBIWMP, which is the watershed management plan prepared by the JICA Study Team for the Laclo and Comoro river basins, in formulating a watershed management plan for another river basin in the country. WMPGs can be used for the following purposes:

- to identify adaptable/suitable sub-programs in a target river basin; - to identify necessary data and information for examining the adaptability of the

sub-program; - to identify necessary activities for data collection and arrangement; - to identify target sites/villages suitable for the respective sub-programs; - to identify inputs necessary for the implementation of the sub-programs; - to identify priority areas for making a five-year management plan; - to develop an implementation schedule of a five-year management plan; - to estimate the total cost required for the implementation of a five-year management plan;

and - to understand lessons learned from the implementation of the sub-programs.

1.5 Guiding Principles in Making WMPGs

The following guiding principles were kept in mind in the formulation of the WMPGs:

a. should be user-friendly b. should be simple and easy to apply to other watersheds in the country c. should be helpful to come up with an implementation plan d. should be consistent with the CBIWMP to optimize the plan

1.6 Validity or Limitation of the WMPGs

As specified in Section 1.4, the main aim of the WMPGs is to help MAF/NDF prepare a watershed management plan similar to the CBIWMP prepared for the Laclo and Comoro river basins. The CBIWMP was based on the current circumstances of the country and the capacities of the GoTL as defined in Chapter 4 of the CBIWMP. If the base conditions of the CBIWMP will change in the future, its concepts will need to be reviewed, and needless to say, the WMPGs will also be revised. If any condition listed below happens in the future, the CBIWMP and WMPGs should be re-examined and revised to make them practical.

- In case the traditional/customary norm on natural resource management is no longer acceptable for rural communities;

- In case income-generating opportunities, including employment prospects in the rural areas are adequate to absorb the rural population in a target watershed;

- In case the government decides not to recognize the acquired land tenure rights of rural communities;

- In case the population density in rural areas becomes too high and there is no land available for rural communities to set aside for protection; and




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- In case there are drastic changes in external factors, such as timber market, domestic and international food supply, etc.

1.7 Composition of the WMPGs

The WMPGs consist of five chapters. Chapter 1 gives the background and main objectives of WMPGs while Chapter 2 introduces the basic concepts of community-based watershed management. Chapter 3 presents how to prepare an overall watershed management plan and come up with the implementation mechanism for the overall watershed management plan. The procedure for making a five-year management plan in a priority area is described in Chapter 4. Lastly, Chapter 5 shares some lessons learned and good practices gained through the pilot projects implemented by the JICA Study Team.




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Chapter 2 Concepts of Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management (CBIWM)

2.1 Watersheds in Timor-Leste

The existing study made by ADB1 shows that there are 12 hydrologic units and 29 major basins in the country as shown below.

Hydrologic Units and Major River Basins in Timor-Leste No. Hydrologic Units River Basin Area (km2) Length (km) International Sharing 1 Loes Loes 2,418 116 9% of the area in Indonesia 2 Laclo Laclo 1,297 98 Comoro 248 33 3 Laleia Laleia 533 55 Vemasse 210 48 4 Seical Seical 489 45 Uaimuhi 137 31 Laivai 170 31 Raumoco 191 30 Malailada 170 36 5 Vero Ira Laloro 423 25 6 Lifau & Tono

Besi Tono 499 50 20% of the area in Indonesia

Bessi 338 45 60% of the area in Indonesia7 Irabere Namaluto 153 24 Irabere 341 29 Bebui 193 33 Cuha 268 37 8 Tukan & Sahen Tuco (Wetuai) 266 36 Luca 238 40 Dilor 225 43 Sahen 294 54 9 Clere & Be-Lulic Clere 288 51 Laclo do Sul 216 49 Caraulun 554 52 Be-Lulic 379 46 10 Mola & Tafara Mola 277 39 Loumea 318 36 Raiquita 111 27 Tafara 360 45 11 Jaco - 11 - 12 Atauro - 141 - Total - 11,062 1,164 Source: Water Availability and Water Demand Assessment, Integrated Water Resource Management Project, ADB (2004)

Among others, ten river watersheds, namely: Loes, Laclo, Comoro, Seical, Tono, Irabere, Caraulun, Tafara, Sahen and Nunura2 watersheds, were defined as the priority watersheds by the Forestry Sector Policy in 2007 since they were in critically degraded conditions.

1 ADB TA: TIM 3966 – Timor-Leste Integrated Water Resource Management Project 2 According to the NDF staffs, Nunura watershed is part of Loes watershed.




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The same policy stipulates that the same watersheds shall be restored and managed in a sustainable manner not later than 2020 by giving them the national priority with regard to watershed management.

2.2 Major Issues in Watershed Management

It is considered that deforestation started in the country during the Portuguese regime when valuable trees had been extracted and natural forests had been converted into coffee plantations. It had been further accelerated during the Indonesian occupation. After the independence in 2002, the pace of forest degradation slowed down, but it has still progressed in many watersheds in the country. Currently, the following threats cause deforestation/forest degradation in hilly and mountainous areas:

Improper land and forest management in the upstream areas of watersheds - Intensive firewood collection; - Frequent forest fires; - Over-grazing; - Slow natural recovery due to unfavorable climatic conditions; - Shifting cultivation; and - Lack of land use plan. Limited capacity of the GoTL - Lack of laws and regulations to control illegal activities - No policy or strategy on watershed management - Limited law enforcement Direct causes of improper land and forest management in rural area - Low agricultural productivity - Limited opportunity to generate income - Destruction of Tara Bandu system

Progress of deforestation / forest degradationProgress of deforestation / forest degradation

Lack of management guidelines

Lack of law enforcement

Lack of legislation

Limitations in GOTL

Disruption of customary rulesDisruption of customary rules

Limited livelihoods / income generating opportunitiesLimited livelihoods / income generating opportunities

Low farm productivityLow farm productivity

Factors causing improper forest management

Firing forest for collection Firing for farming

Conversion of forest to grassland

Reduction of land productivity

Land degradationLand degradation

Forest degradationForest degradation

Excessive firewood collectionExcessive firewood collection

Frequent forest firesFrequent forest firesShifting cultivation and improver fire managementShifting cultivation and improver fire management

Over-grazingOver-grazing

Improper forest and land management by local communities Current Threats to Forests in Timor-Leste




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These issues are interlinked with one another; it is not easy for the GoTL to take initiatives to improve the watershed environment since comprehensive measures are required.

2.3 Definition of Watershed Management in Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

As a watershed has several functions, such as stable supply of clean water, control of water run-off, and production of timber and non-timber forest products in general, the concept of watershed management also varies with its objectives. For instance, the reduction of sediment flow might be the main objective of watershed management for water users in its downstream areas, while the mitigation of flood might be more important for rural communities residing along the mainstream of the river. Naturally, the interventions/measures to be proposed in the watershed management plan need to be adjusted with its objective. If a watershed management plan aims at the reduction of sediment flow in the main river, the plan needs to take into account the construction of infrastructure facilities along the mainstream to reduce the sedimentation. Likewise, the emphasis of a watershed management plan might be put on river control measures if the main aim of a plan is flood control in areas along the river.

Under the current circumstances in the country where the technical as well as financial capacities of the government are still insufficient to implement a large-scale infrastructure, the definition of watershed management that the government can currently tackle should be narrower than those in other countries in terms of its scope. Consequently, a watershed management plan to be prepared should focus more on natural resource management, including proper forest as well as land management, in the upper part of a watershed. Naturally, the proposed interventions of a watershed management plan would be small-scale and non-structural measures aimed at preventing further degradation of a watershed. This definition should be re-examined when the capacities of the government are improved.

2.4 Goal and Strategic Objectives of CBIWM Plan

2.4.1 Goal and Main Objectives of CBIWM Plan

The ultimate goal of watershed management is “to improve and protect the watershed environment to reduce the adverse effects to its downstream area.” Toward this end, the following main objective shall be given to a community-based integrated watershed management plan with due consideration of the current context in Timor-Leste.

“to attain sustainable and integrated watershed management by balancing proper land and forest management with poverty alleviation in a watershed.”

2.4.2 Strategic Objectives of CBIWM Plan

In order to achieve the above-mentioned objective of a watershed management plan under the limiting factors discussed in the previous section, a watershed management plan shall aim to achieve the following strategic objectives:

a. Improvement and maintenance of the functions of watershed;

b. Improvement of livelihoods of local communities;

c. Introduction of community-based natural resource management applicable to Timor Leste; and

Improving livelihoods

of local people

Promoting community-based natural resource

management suitable for TL

Establishing an institutional

framework model

Maintaining the functions of watersheds




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d. Establishment of an institutional framework for MAF and other stakeholders to implement a watershed management plan.

(1) Improvement and Maintenance of the Functions of Watershed

In general, a watershed under proper management has the following functions to areas within its river basin:

- Stable supply of clean water to the down reach - Control of water run-off - Area for producing agricultural and forest products - Habitats of wildlife - Reduction of carbon dioxide (at a global scale)

These functions should be maintained, or improved whenever necessary, to protect or improve the living conditions of local people in a basin. Hence, the following threats that have caused watershed degradation should be addressed in a watershed management plan:

- Sediment load to the rivers; - Slope failure/landslides; - Deforestation and forest degradation especially in critical catchments; and - Improper land use/unsustainable land use in sloping lands.

(2) Improvement of Livelihoods of Local People

It was reported in 2006 that more than 40% of rural households lived below the national poverty line and the severity of poverty was highest in the highlands or mountainous area3. Hence, the majority of local communities living in a target watershed are considered to be below the poverty line. The poor in mountainous and hilly areas tend to depend on farm produce from shifting cultivation and forest resources exploited from natural forests for their daily food and livelihood. Unless the livelihood condition of the poor is improved, it would be difficult to ease human pressures to forest resources in a target watershed. Therefore, a watershed management plan to be developed shall also focus on improving livelihoods of people who have limited opportunities other than shifting cultivation and exploitation of forest resources to secure daily food and cash income.

(3) Promotion of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Applicable to Timor-Leste

Community-based natural resource management is a bottom-up approach to integrate conservation of natural resources with rural development involving community mobilization/organization, institutional development and monitoring of natural resource uses. Its concept, which does not only allow local people to use natural resources in their locality but also encourages them to manage and protect these resources in a sustainable manner, has been widely adopted in several countries as a main tool for sustainable forest management. However, the concept needs to be tailored to the context of Timor-Leste in consideration of the present government’s capacity (weak capacity), legislative set-ups (limited legislative support and regulatory framework), socio-economic conditions in rural area (poor and limited food stuff), and historical changes in resource management in the country. The following twists shall be made to make the concept of CBNRM applicable to the country:

a. Establishment of Local Rules on Natural Resource Management and Use

3 Human Development Report in 2005 (UNDP)




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Since no forest legislation, except those prepared during the UNTAET times, is effective in the country at present4, there is a need to put in place a set of local rules on natural resource management at the village level to regulate local people’s activities and guide them toward sustainable resource management pending the enactment of the new forest management decree. The local rules should be developed by local people in a participatory manner and compiled as village regulations/by-laws (Tara Bandu) in writing.

b. Utilization of Traditional Regulatory System As pointed out above, the development of local rules on natural resource management as part of traditional village regulations/by-laws shall be one of the approaches to be taken. The traditional village regulations/by-laws or Tara Bandu rules used to be effective in all villages in the country. They defined the norms in society and therefore regulated the activities of villagers, including those related to forest and natural resource management. Though they are not effective in many villages at present, local people are still familiar with the Tara Bandu regulatory system. The Tara Bandu regulatory system needs to be revived to make local rules on natural resource management effective at the village level.

c. Security of Income/Food Sources for Local People In order for local people to accept the CBNRM concept, their livelihoods need to be secured while they are engaging in the protection and management of natural resources in a village. A watershed management plan to be developed shall focus not only on forest protection but also on livelihood improvement of local people.

d. Involvement of Local Communities as Managers of their Resources Involvement of local communities in decision making processes on natural resource management is the basic principle of community-based natural resource management. Although land ownership in rural areas is still uncertain when this document is developed, all communities in mountainous and hilly areas consider the existing forests within their village as their own properties. It is therefore important for a watershed management plan to secure their indigenous acquired right of forest resources to motivate them to protect and manage lands and forests in a sustainable manner.

(4) Establishing an Institutional Framework for the Implementation of CBNRM

In order to materialize the concept of CBNRM in the country, an institutional framework for the implementation of the plan shall be established and strengthened. Community organization, raising awareness about CBNRM, and capacity development of local communities shall be carried out at the village level, while the establishment of inter-divisional cooperation, development of an implementation mechanism, and capacity development of the government staff as well as other relevant actors shall be the major activities at the government level.

2.5 Principles in the Implementation of CBIWM Plan

A community-based integrated watershed management plan shall be implemented under the following principles:

- Holistic and integrated management and development; - Involvement of relevant directorates of MAF; - Participatory and community-based planning and implementation; and - Phased implementation.

4 When this document is prepared, the draft Forest Management Decree is discussed in the Ministerial Council. In fact, it was drafted in 2007 with assistance from FAO and has been discussed in government for about two years.




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(1) Holistic and Integrated Watershed Management and Development

The current threats to forests or causes of forest degradation are interlinked with one another as discussed in the former section. In general, a single intervention may not always be effective in tackling the issues on watershed management at present. It is therefore essential to apply several interventions simultaneously in an effective manner so as to cope with the complex issues holistically.

(2) Involvement of Relevant Directorates of MAF

In order to manage a watershed in a holistic manner, inter-divisional coordination and cooperation at least among the directorates of MAF shall be secured. Hence, a watershed management plan shall be implemented not by a single directorate of MAF, e.g., NDF, but by the ministry as a whole. In particular, the coordination with NDAH, NDIPA, and NDSDAC, both in planning and implementation of a watershed management plan, is quite crucial for the effective implementation of the plan. In addition, the involvement of extensionists5 of NDSDAC and forest guards of NDF is also important for ensuring the sustainability of watershed management activities on the ground.

(3) Participatory and Community-based Planning and Implementation

Local communities residing in a watershed shall be involved in the processes of planning and implementation of a watershed management plan. Since the forest legislation has yet to be in place and the capacity of GOTL is still too limited to manage the forests and watersheds in the country, continuous community participation in natural resource management activities is a key to the achievement of sustainable watershed management.

(4) Phased Implementation

In general, a river basin/watershed in Timor-Leste is too large to promote community-based natural resource management activities in a short period of time. Additionally, implementing several activities simultaneously at one suco needs substantial input and time. Hence, a watershed management plan shall be regarded as a long-term program and implemented in a phased manner. Hence, government initiatives shall focus on certain priority areas or sub-watersheds in the beginning and gradually expand to other areas/sub-watersheds in the future.

5 The Government of Timor-Leste recruited more than 400 personnel as extensionists or extension workers to strengthen the extension services of the government in 2008.




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Chapter 3 Preparation of a CBIWM Plan

3.1 Suggested Contents of a Watershed Management Plan

A watershed management plan to be prepared should consist of the following chapters and sections.

Box 1: Sample Contents of a Watershed Management Plan Chapter 1 Introduction and Background Chapter 2 Present Conditions of the Target Watershed and the Stakeholders 2.1 Overall 2.1.1 Location of the Watershed 2.1.2 Sucos, Sub-districts, and Districts 2.2 Natural Conditions 2.2.1 Rainfall and Climate 2.2.2 Slope 2.2.3 Elevation 2.2.4 Present Land Use and Vegetation Cover 2.2.5 Existing Landslides/Slope Failures 2.2.6 USLE 2.3 Socio-economic Conditions 2.3.1 Demography 2.3.2 Agricultural Population 2.3.3 Animal Population 2.3.4 Food Security 2.3.5 Estimated Income Level 2.4 Situation of the Concerned MAF offices 2.5 Current Issues on Watershed Management Chapter 3 Goals and Strategic Objectives of the Plan Chapter 4 Overall Watershed Management Plan 4.1 Land Use Program 4.2 Reforestration/Forest Management Program 4.3 Farm and Livestock Management Program 4.4 Agroforestry/Silvopastoral Management Program 4.5 Community/Livelihood Development Program 4.6 Information Dissemination/Awareness Raising Program 4.7 Slope Protection and Sediment Control Program 4.8 Capacity Development Program Chapter 5 Implementation Mechanism 5.1 Implementation by GoTL 5.2 Implementation by Other External Organizations 5.3 Organizational Structure for Implementation Chapter 6 Five-Year Management Plan 6.1 Target Areas 6.2 Priority Sub-programs 6.3 Scope of Major Works 6.4 Implementation Schedule 6.5 Cost Estimates 6.6 Organizational Set-up for Implementation Chapter 7 Recommendations

Source: JICA Study on Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins (2010)

The WMPGs aim to enable MAF/NDF to prepare a similar watershed management plan for another river basin on the basis of the assessment of the present conditions of a target watershed and current




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situation of the stakeholders (mainly the staff of the concerned MAF offices). This chapter will give the guidelines for the preparation from Chapter 2 (Present conditions of the target watershed and the stakeholders) to Chapter 5 (Implementation Mechanism) in a watershed management plan. The succeeding chapter of this report will describe how to prepare Chapter 6 (Five-Year Management Plan) of a watershed management plan.

3.2 Analysis of the Present Conditions of Target Watershed (for making Chapter 2 of a watershed management plan)

Chapter 2 of a watershed management plan gives the present conditions of a target watershed as well as the relevant stakeholders. The data and information described in this chapter should be the basis for preparing Chapter 4 (Overall Watershed Management Plan) of a watershed management plan. This section describes how to collect and analyze data and information necessary for the preparation of Chapter 2. Data collection and analysis comprise of the following activities: i) rapid overview of a target watershed; ii) semi-intensive data collection; and iii) data analysis.

3.2.1 Rapid Overview of a Target Watershed

The rapid overview aims to grasp and assess the present conditions of a target watershed in a short time as well as at a low cost. Through this step, a general picture, current trend in forest degradation and the necessity of government intervention in a target watershed can be confirmed.

The rapid overview does not require an in-depth survey. General-cum-overall information of a target watershed shall be collected through the following activities:

Activities for Rapid Overview of a Target Watershed

Data collection method Description Duration of the works 1. Unstructured interview Interview key informants, such as

concerned district officers of MAF district offices, extensionists and forest guards assigned to the area.

The duration of the work depends on the number of districts covered by a target watershed. It would take at least one week in general. If a watershed is as large as Laclo, it may take two weeks in total.

2. Field reconnaissance survey

Drive through a watershed or study area to see actual conditions in the field.

Two to three days are needed for field reconnaissance survey.

3. Visual check of aerial photos

Collect data of aerial photos covering a watershed at ALGIS and check them visually.

Data collection requires one day and another one to two days are needed for the visual check of aerial photos.

Source: JICA Study Team

3.2.2 Semi-Intensive Data Collection

The semi-intensive data collection aims to collect the basic data and information to assess the present conditions of a target watershed. To do so, it is recommended that the following data shall be collected at the relevant national directorates of the government:

a. Topographic map and suco map covering a target watershed b. Demography of sucos located in and around a target watershed c. Climate data d. Agricultural statistics data (agricultural production, cropped areas of major crops, number of

livestock) of the districts concerned with a target watershed e. Natural disaster potential of the districts concerned with a target watershed f. Village profile survey targeting all sucos concerned with a target watershed g. Training needs of the staff of the concerned MAF offices

The following sections give more details of the secondary and statistical data to be collected in the beginning of the study.




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(1) Topographic and Suco Maps Covering a Target Watershed

Topographic and suco maps covering a target watershed, which are parts of the fundamental data to be collected in the beginning of planning, give general geographical information of a target watershed. Both data can be used for the identification of sucos located in and around a target watershed as well as the estimation of their accessibility. The former is only available in print while the latter can be collected in the form of Geographical Information System (GIS) data. The National Directorate of Land and Property of the Ministry of Justice is the key organization for handling such basic mapping data of the country. ALGIS of MAF may also possess some relevant data.

(2) Demography (Population and Number of Households) of Sucos

The data on population and number of households in sucos can indicate the potential size of the sub-programs and can also be used for the assessment of food shortage level at the district level by comparing with the current crop production in the concerned districts. These data are available from the National Directorate of Statistic of the Ministry of Finance. The population survey in 2004 and the follow-up survey in 2007 are the latest available data. The national statistical survey, which will be conducted in 2010, will also be a critical source of data in the future.

(3) Climate Data

Climatic data are the bases for determining the potential tree species as well as agricultural crops that can be introduced in a target watershed. They are also important in formulating the implementation schedule of the five-year management plan since the working schedule of some sub-programs are highly dependent on the climatic conditions. The following data can be collected from ALGIS of MAF. Data to be collected should cover at least five years. In case there is no updated data available, those collected during the Indonesian era can be used as substitute.

- Daily rainfall - Daily temperature (maximum, minimum, mean) - Wind velocity

(4) Agricultural Statistics Data

Agricultural statistics data can be used for the assessment of the agriculture-related development needs in a target watershed. The following agricultural statistics data shall be collected from the relevant directorates of MAF.

Agricultural Statistics Data and Sources of Data Type of data Sources Production and cropped/harvest areas of major crops (corn, sweet potato, cassava, red bean, mung bean, soybean, etc.) for the last 5 years

NDAH

Production and cropped/harvest areas of cash crops (vegetables, coffee, other industrial crops) for the last 5 years

NDAH, NDCICA

Number of livestock (cattle, buffalo, goat, pig, and chicken) for the last 5 years NDLVS Source: JICA Study Team

(5) Natural Disaster Potential of the Districts Concerned with a Target Watershed

Landslides and slope failures in a target watershed are the major sources of sedimentation in the river in addition to gully erosions in the tributaries of the river. Additionally, the frequency of flash floods and wild fires can suggest the extent of degradation of a target watershed. The following data covering the concerned districts shall be collected from the National Disaster Management Office of the Ministry of Social and Solidarity.

- Land slide map - Flooding map




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- Fire hazard map

(6) Village Profile Survey

In addition to the abovementioned data and information, the village profile survey shall be conducted by hiring a competent NGO or research institute to grasp the present conditions of sucos in and around a target watershed. The outline of the village profile survey is given in Box 2. A sample ‘terms of reference’ (TOR) with a set of questionnaire formats is also given in Appendix-A.

Box 2: Outline of the Village Profile Survey Objective: The village profile survey is aimed at gathering general characteristics (socio-economic as well as natural conditions) of sucos (villages) in a target watershed. Methodologies: Data collection shall be carried out by directly interviewing key informants of suco (e.g., village leaders, elders and teachers). A set of survey formats (please see Appendix-A) will be used for the interviews with the informants. Expected outputs: Village profile sheets indicating the natural, socio-economic, cultural (including traditional uses of forest resources and customary rules on forests) characteristics of the surveyed sucos. Items to be surveyed The following information will be collected through the survey:

Survey Items Contents General Information

Name, Area and Location of village (distance from major city, etc.) History of village Demography (by sex and age distribution) Ethnic structure Present and traditional village organizational structure Educational level and literacy rate Religion (Types and Proportion)

Culture

Traditional custom, culture and any events Existing village-based organizations and their roles (e.g., women’s group, farmers group,

youth group, etc.) Decision making process

Livelihood and Natural Resource Management

Hydrology (Water resources) Land use (including shifting cultivation fields) Sources of income (Types, Average income level, Proportion in the village) Agricultural production (Types of crops, Cropped area, Productivity, etc.) Problems in farming Animal husbandry Major forestry product and NTFPs Other livelihood activities Problems in livelihood activities

Seasonal Changes (using a seasonal diagram method)

Rainfall patterns Food shortage (Food security) Cropping calendar for major crops Harvesting season of major NTFPs Incidence of major diseases

Marketing

Accessibility to markets (Seasonal road and transportation conditions) Major marketing outlets (middlemen, wholesalers, local market, weekly bazaar, etc.) Selling prices Problems in marketing

Customary rules on Natural Resource Management

Extent of use of natural resources by villagers Customary rules on the management/use of land and forest resources Any changes of customary rules Any troubled cases on the management/use of resources and solutions taken

Other information

Any on-going/implemented (past) rural development project in the area International organizations and/or local NGOs working in the area Any organizations related to livelihood activities





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Timeframe: Based on the experience in the JICA Study (2005-2009), it took about three months for the contractor to survey 72 sucos. 3.2.3 Data Analyses

This section outlines the methodologies for data arrangement and analyses required for the assessment of the present conditions of a target watershed. Detailed methodologies for the respective data analyses are further given in Appendix-B.

(1) Location of the Watershed and Administrative Data (for Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2)

The suco map collected from the National Directorate of Land and Property or ALGIS will be used for this purpose. A suco map of a target watershed will be presented together with a list of sucos and sub-districts covered by a target watershed. The following are the sample table and figure to be presented in a watershed management plan.

Sample Table for Administrative Conditions of the Watershed District Sub-district Suco Area of suco (ha) Area overlapped with

the watershed (ha) AAAA A ZZZZ YYY B XXX WWW BBBB C VVV UUU D TTT Total

(2) Rainfall and Climatic Conditions of Target Watershed (for Section 2.2.1)

Based on the data collected from ALGIS, the following climatic conditions in the concerned district can be clarified.

- Monthly rainfall distribution with monthly mean precipitation - Monthly maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures - Monthly average wind speed

The following sample table can be used for showing the climatic conditions in a target watershed.

Image of Suco Map (JICA Study 2010)

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Sample Table for Climatic Conditions of the Watershed District Data type Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave.

/TotalAAA Rainfall

(mm)

Temp (max) Temp (min) Temp (ave) Wind (kph) BBB Rainfall

(mm)

Temp (max) Temp (min) Temp (ave) Wind (kph) (3) Preparation of Slope and Elevation Maps (for Sections 2.2.2 and 2.2.3)

Slope and elevation maps of a target watershed shall be prepared by using the DEM data purchased at the start of planning. First, the DEM data will be processed with GIS and used for mapping. As for the slope map, the area will be classified into six classes, namely: 0-8%, 8-15%, 15-25%, 25-40%, 40-55%, and over 55%, as shown in the sample image. Details of the methodology for making a slope map using GIS will be given in Appendix-B.

Slope and elevation maps should be overlaid with the suco map with GIS as explained in Appendix-B to determine the distribution of slope and elevation in the respective sucos in and around a target watershed. The following formats can be used for the results of the assessment of slope and elevation distribution in each suco.

Sample Formats for Slope Distribution and Elevation Distribution Slope Distribution Suco 0-8 % 8-15 % 15-40 % 40-55 % Over 55% Total Total Elevation Distribution Suco 0-250 m 250-500 m 500-1000 m 1000-1500

m 1500-2000

m > 2000 m Total

Total

Image of Slope Map (JICA Study 2010)

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(4) Preparation of Present Land Use and Vegetation Cover Map (for Section 2.2.4)

A present land use and vegetation cover map is the principal data for watershed management, which can be used for assessing the present conditions, making the future land use design of a target watershed, and identifying the necessary interventions for the maintenance and improvement of watershed functions. It shall be prepared at a scale of 1/25,000. The outline of the procedures for making a present land use and vegetation cover map is summarized in Box 3. The image of the output is also given herewith.

Box 3: Procedures for Making a Present Land Use and Vegetation Cover Map

a. Purchase of the remote sensing data

The latest satellite images with digital elevation model (DEM) data covering a target watershed shall be purchased to prepare a basic land use and vegetation map of a target watershed. LANDSAT is the most reasonable data source for this purpose. It has seven spectrum bands suitable for the automatic classification of land cover by GIS. Moreover, its existing archives can be easily procured at a low cost. In case LANDSAT data will not be available in the future, SPOT-5 data may be used as substitute.

In addition to the purchase of the satellite images, the digital data of aerial photo maps covering a target watershed shall be collected from ALGIS of MAF for further analysis1.

b. Analysis of the remote sensing data for preparation of a draft land use and vegetation map

The purchased satellite images shall be processed by GIS along with the remote sensing analysis software. The analysis aims to convert the satellite images into a draft land use and vegetation cover map categorizing the land use and vegetation cover in a watershed into 10~15 classes based on the spectrum reflected from the ground. The method of the satellite image analysis is further described in Appendix-B.

c. Interpretation of aerial photo maps and ground truth survey

Since the classification in a draft land use and vegetation map will be done mechanically by the software, there is a need to correct and revise the draft map based on the actual conditions on the ground. Hence, aerial photo maps collected from ALGIS will be used for verification of the land use classes, especially those classified as forests.

Alongside the aerial photo interpretation, a ground truth survey shall be carried out in the sampled areas/plots with an aim to verify the forest types and vegetation cover of the different land use classes on the ground. In the survey, the species, density and volume of trees in the surveyed areas/plots shall be measured. More details of the ground truth survey are given in Appendix-C.

d. Finalization of the present land use and vegetation cover map

Based on the results of the interpretation of aerial photo maps and ground truth survey, a draft land use and vegetation map shall be revised and finalized. The following table shows the typical classes of the final version of a present land use and vegetation cover map.

1 ALGIS keeps the data on aerial photo maps taken in 2003/2004, which cover the entire country.

Image of Present Land Use and Vegetation Cover Map (JICA 2010)




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Category of Vegetation and Land Use Category of Vegetation and Land use Criteria of categorization

1. Forests 1-1: Closed forest (natural) Canopy closure : > 70% 1-2: Medium forest (natural) Canopy closure : 30-70% 1-3: Wood lot (natural) Canopy closure : 15-30%

2. Shrub land Dominated by shrubs 3. Grassland (including grazing lands and upland farms） Dominated by grass (No woody vegetation) 4. Coffee plantation Coffee with shade tree (Casuarina/Falcata) 5. Bare land (including grazing lands and upland farms） No vegetation or burned grassland 6. Sand bar/River bed 7. Paddy field 8. Settlements


Likewise, a land use and vegetation cover map shall be further overlaid with the suco map by using GIS to determine the present land use of each suco in a target watershed. The following format can be used for indicating the land use and vegetation cover of sucos in a target watershed.

Sample Table Format for the Present Land Use and Vegetation Cover of Each Suco (Unit: ha) Suco Closed

Forest Medium Forest

Woodlot Scrubs Grass Land

CoffeePlant.

Bare Land

Sandbar/Riverbed

Paddy Field

Settle- ment

Total

Total

(5) Identification of Existing Landslides/Slope Failures and Riverbed Sedimentation (for Section 2.2.5)

In order to identify the locations and sizes of landslides/slope failures, riverbed sedimentation and river bank erosion in a target watershed, a visual interpretation of aerial photo maps covering a target watershed shall be carried out. These locations shall be indicated in the suco map of a target watershed.

In addition to the visual interpretation of aerial photo maps covering a target watershed, the results of the village profile survey may be used for assessing the current conditions of landslides and gully erosion in the respective sucos. The village profile survey polls the frequency as

well as severity of landslides and soil erosion in the respective villages. The potential risks of those natural disasters can be evaluated based on the recent trend and incidence of the respective events. As a result, sucos in the watershed can be classified into the following four classes:

i) Class 1: “frequent and increasing” (critically severe) ii) Class 2: “frequent” or “less frequent but increasing” (severe) iii) Class 3: “less frequent” or “frequent but decreasing” (less severe) iv) Class 4: “no event”

Image of Location Map of Landslides (JICA Study 2010)

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The results of the above classification can be used to fill the following format:

Format for the Potential of Landslides and Gully/Soil Erosions in Sucos (Unit: ha) Suco Landslides Soil Eorion Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Total Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Total Total

(6) Estimation of Potential Surface Soil Erosion Loss (for Section 2.2.6)

In order to compare the susceptibility to soil erosion of the sucos in a target watershed, the annual soil erosion potential at the village level shall be roughly estimated by applying and modifying the Universal Soil Erosion Equation (USLE) method. The background of the method and details of the procedures for the rough estimation are given in Appendix-B. The outline of the modified estimation of the potential soil erosion loss is also given in Box 4. It is not significant to directly evaluate the values/data of the estimated soil erosion potential since the results are rough estimation without any field validation. The data should only be used for the comparison of the potential between/among sucos in a target watershed. Hence, the values/data of the estimation shall be classified into five classes, namely: i) severely high, ii) high, iii) moderate, iv) low, and v) very low by splitting the total range of the data into five ranges. Based on the results, the soil erosion potential of each suco in a target watershed shall be evaluated. Box 4: Rough Estimation of Surface Soil Erosion Potential using USLE

a. Outline of the USLE

The USLE is an empirical multiple-regression equation that aims to predict the long-term average annual rate of erosion on slope fields based on the data on rainfall pattern, soil type, slope, slope length, crop system and management practice. The USLE can only predict the amount of the soil loss that results from sheet or rill erosion on a single slope and does not account for additional losses that might occur from gully erosion, wind or tillage erosion.

The USLE is expressed by the following equation:

A=R×K×L×S×C×P (unit : t/ha/year)

where,

A : Average annual soil loss

R : Rainfall erosivity factor

K : Soil erodibility factor

L : Slope length factor

S : Slope steepness factor

Image of Soil Erosion Potential Map

(JICA Study 2010)

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C : Crop and management factor

P : Support practice/erosion control factor

b. Difficulty in the application of the USLE in Timor-Leste

The main difficulty in employing the USLE in Timor-Leste is the lack of reliable data. In general, the data on soil and slope length are neither available nor reliable enough to use. Hence, the results of the USLE should not be directly used or evaluated for any purposes. In the JICA Study in 2009, several assumptions were made to calculate the potential losses in the sub-watershed as described in Annex A of Annexes of the JICA Study in 2010.

c. Results of the Rough Estimation

Once the values of the factors are defined, the average loss in each grid (30 m x 30 m) is calculated by GIS software as further explained in Appendix-B. The data of each grid are further consolidated in suco units and the average annual soil erosion loss is estimated at the suco level for the comparison of the soil erosion potential among sucos. (7) Assessment of Demographic Conditions of the Watershed (for Section 2.3.1)

The demographic conditions in the watershed shall be expressed by the population and the number of households of the respective sucos. The following format can be used for this purpose.

Sample Format for Demographic Distribution in the Watershed District Sub-district Suco No. of households Population AAAA A ZZZZ YYY B XXX WWW BBBB C VVV UUU D TTT Total

(8) Assessment of Agricultural Production, Animal Population and Food Balance (for Sections 2.3.2 to 2.3.4)

The collected agricultural statistics data will be used for assessing the present production level of major agricultural crops, animal pressure, and food balance or food security condition, in a target watershed. Since most of the available existing data are on a district level, they will be used to assess the following trends at the district level.

Uses of Agricultural Statistics Data Data Purpose of analysis Method Yield of crops Assessment of the current crop

productivity of major crops Comparison of the current yields of major crops with those targeted by MAF.

Number of animals / livestock

Assessment of the animal pressure on a target watershed

Comparison of the estimated animal units with the potential carrying capacity of a target watershed (Box 5 indicates how to estimate the animal units and potential carrying capacity per unit area.)

Production of staple crops

Assessment of food balance in the concerned districts

Comparison of available food with the estimated consumption of staple crops (Box 6 gives the way of estimating the food balance at the district level.)


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Box 5: Analysis of Animal Pressure

This analysis aims to identify whether or not the current population size of livestock is appropriate, i.e., whether the environment can sustain it indefinitely with existing available resources such as grass and water. In order to carry out the analysis, one should calculate the animal unit that standardizes the number of various species of livestock into one parameter. More concretely, five small ruminants (i.e., goats and sheep) should be considered equivalent to one animal unit, while one large ruminant (i.e., cattle and buffalo or horse equals one animal unit. It should be noted here that animal unit does not take into account the number of pigs, as they are omnivorous, consuming mainly the residues of human food. For example, if there are 250 cattle, 100 buffaloes, 100 goats and 50 sheep, the animal unit will be 380 (= 250+100+(100+50)/5).

Having indentified the animal unit, one can obtain the animal density by dividing the animal unit by the size of sparse and grass in SU- and C-zones. If the animal density in one suco is relatively higher than others, there tends to be a greater pressure of animal husbandry in the identified suco. Strictly speaking, of course, this needs to be considered in harmony with the carrying capacity of that area, which is very difficult to estimate in the country due to lack of the necessary data. Box 6: Analysis of Food Balance at District Level

This is a quick and rough analysis to identify the sufficiency of production against a required amount for consumption per district. The food sufficiency can be represented by “Food balance”, which is the difference between Production and Required Amount. Mathematically, it can be shown as follows:

Food balance = Production per district – Required Amount per district

Data on Production can be obtained from the NDAH or Directorate of Statistics, Ministry of Finance. One could use the existing data for this analysis. As for rice, however, it is necessary to apply the milling rate of 65% to convert the amount of rice with husk to that of milled-rice. Required Amount per district can be obtained as follows:

Required Amount = Minimum per capita consumption x District population

Minimum per capita consumption can be referred to as the amount for one person to consume in a day in order to avoid food poverty (i.e., less than 2,100 calorie/(person*day)). Based on the existing studies, such amounts have been estimated for different regions (i.e.: East, West and Central regions) as indicated in the table below. Since the table shows per-capita figures, it is necessary to multiply them with the population size of a district for the estimation of the Required Amount at district level. Data on population can be obtained from the Directorate of Statistics.

Minimum per capita consumption to avoid food poverty Unit: kg/capita/year

East West Central Food Crop

Baucau, Lauten, Viqueque Bobonaro, Covalima, Oecussi Other Districts Rice 95 85 66 Maize 73 91 84 Sweet Potato 7 5 13 Cassava 20 19 34 Note: The volume of rice and maize includes the amount for the post harvest loss, 5% and 25%, respectively. Others do not take into account these amounts. Source: Developed based on the Directorate of National Statistics and World Bank (2008): Timor-Leste Poverty in a Young Nation and FAO/WFP: Crop and Food Supply Assessment Special Report (2003)

If food balance is found negative, it means the food production is critically insufficient compared to the minimum required amount of food that could prevent the communities from falling into the category of food poverty. While food may come to a district from outside, there is no denying that many communities in the district suffer from food shortage due to the rudimentary marketing infrastructures and economic activities in the rural areas.




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(9) Estimation of Income Level (for Section 2.3.5) The average cash income can be one of the indicators for the poverty level of sucos in a target watershed. The average monthly cash income in a suco can be roughly estimated by analyzing the data collected from the village profile survey as shown in Box 7. 3.2.4 Assessment of the Concerned MAF Offices (for Section 2.4)

Data relating to the current situation of the concerned government directorates/offices are used for examining the Capacity Development Sub-program. In order to assess the current resources and capacity of the concerned offices, the following data and information shall be collected from the respective offices.

Data to be Collected for Situation Analysis of the Concerned MAF offices Government Organization Information reviewed Uses of data Relevant Directorates of MAF No. of staff responsible for the implementation of the

respective sub-programs Availability of transportation facilities for the responsible staff

Determination of the scope of Capacity Development Sub-program and Mobility Improvement Sub-program

Concerned MAF District Offices No. of staff for forestry (DFO) No. of staff for crop production (DCO) No. of staff for livestock (DLO) No. of staff for coffee production (DIPAO) No. of extensionists and their assigned areas No. of Forest Guards No. of motor bikes and use of the bikes

- ditto -

NDRBFC of Ministry of Pubic Works

No. of staff responsible for the implementation of slope protection, check dam construction, and riverbank protection works No. of staff in the concerned district offices

- ditto -

Ministry of Education No. of staff responsible for environmental education No. of teachers in elementary schools concerned with a target watershed

- ditto -


Box 7: Estimation of Average Monthly Household Income The village profile survey will be carried out in all concerned sucos in a target watershed in the beginning of planning. The survey will collect the following information through interviews with key informants in the village:

1. Composition of households 1A. Percentage (proportion) of upper class households 1B. Percentage (proportion) of medium class households 1C. Percentage (proportion) of lower class households 2. Average monthly household income: 2A. Average monthly income of upper class household 2B. Average monthly income of medium class household 2C. Average monthly income of lower class household

Hence, the average monthly household income will be estimated by adopting the following formula:

Ave. Income = 1A x 2A/100 + 1B x 2B/100 + 3B x 3B/100

Although these data indicate the average income level of the villagers, they should be regarded as indicative. Therefore, the data should be used only for the relative comparison of villages.




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In addition to the capacities of the organizations, the training needs or capacity development needs of the staff of the same organizations, especially those who would be involved in the implementation of the watershed management plan, shall be clarified through the conduct of the training needs assessment survey. The outline of the training needs assessment survey is summarized in Box 8 below.

Box 8: Assessment of Training Needs of the Government Staff

a. Objectives

The main objective of the training needs assessment is to assess the gaps between the responsibilities/required skill levels and the present capacities of the staff so that the necessary interventions/actions to fulfill such gaps can be introduced in the Capacity Development Sub-program.

b. Methodology of data collection

A questionnaire survey shall be conducted to assess the current capacity level of the staff. A set of questionnaires shall cover the following aspects:

- Current section/unit and responsibilities/tasks given in the section - Work experiences - Educational background - Training courses given - Necessary skills and supports to fulfill own tasks

c. Gap Assessment

The capacity gaps will be examined by comparing the current capacity level and the expected roles/responsibilities of the staff in the implementation of the sub-programs. In comparison to the expected roles/responsibilities, the current capacity level of the staff shall be evaluated by applying a five-rating method, namely: 1=very limited, 2=limited, 3=fair, 4=satisfactory, and 5=very satisfactory.

d. Use of data/results

The results of the training needs assessment shall be the bases for formulating the training program of the Capacity Development Sub-program. In particular, the aspects with “very limited” or “limited” in the gap assessment shall be handled in the Capacity Development Sub-program.

Source: JICA Study Team The current conditions of the concerned government offices and the results of the training needs assessment of the government staff shall be used in assessing the capacities of the concerned government offices to implement the sub-programs. The assessment shall be made in terms of the following points:

a. Sufficiency level of the number of staff (whether or not the number of staff involved is enough?)

b. Sufficiency level of the transportation facility (whether or not the number of transportation facility is sufficient?)

c. Capacity level of the staff (whether or not the staff involved in the sub-programs are capable enough to implement the sub-programs?)

3.2.5 Examination of Current Issues on Watershed Management (for Section 2.5)

Data collected from the interviews with the key informants and the results of the assessments described above shall be further examined to identify the current issues on watershed management. In general, the issues can be separated into direct and indirect causes of forest/watershed degradation. Direct causes are issues that have directly resulted in the degradation of the watershed environment, such as forest fires and shifting cultivation, while indirect causes are those that indirectly cause




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watershed degradation, e.g., lack of law enforcement, limited government capacity, and disruption of customary rule.

The results of the examination are preferably summarized into a diagram so that the interrelation between/among the issues on watershed management can be clarified. A sample of the diagram is given below.

Progress of deforestation / forest degradationProgress of deforestation / forest degradation

Lack of management guidelines

Lack of law enforcement

Lack of legislation

Limitations in GOTL

Disruption of customary rulesDisruption of customary rules

Limited livelihoods / income generating opportunitiesLimited livelihoods / income generating opportunities

Low farm productivityLow farm productivity

Factors causing improper forest management

Firing forest for collection Firing for farming

Conversion of forest to grassland

Reduction of land productivity

Land degradationLand degradation

Forest degradationForest degradation

Excessive firewood collectionExcessive firewood collection

Frequent forest firesFrequent forest firesShifting cultivation and improver fire managementShifting cultivation and improver fire management

Over-grazingOver-grazing

Improper forest and land management by local communities Sample of the diagram showing the issues on watershed management Source: JICA Study on Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins (2010)

3.3 Goals and Strategic Objectives of a Watershed Management Plan

3.3.1 Determination of Main and Strategic Objectives of the Plan (for Chapter 3)

In principle, the main and strategic objectives described in Chapter 2 can be commonly used for any watershed management plan. Unless there is any specific agenda in managing a target watershed or any drastic change in the agriculture and forestry sectors in the country, the same objectives can be introduced in the planning. Hence, the main objective of a watershed management plan is: “to attain sustainable and integrated watershed management by balancing proper land and forest management with poverty alleviation in a watershed.”

To achieve the main objective, the following strategic objectives (outputs) should be set for a watershed management plan:

a. Improvement and maintenance of the functions of watershed b. Improvement of livelihoods of local communities c. Introduction of community-based natural resource management; and d. Establishment of an institutional framework for MAF and other stakeholders to implement a

watershed management plan

More detailed descriptions of the respective strategic objectives are given in Section 2.3.2 of this report.




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3.3.2 Determination of Land Use and Management Guidelines/Principles

In addition to the objectives of a watershed management plan, a zoning map which gives the overall principles/guidelines on land use and management shall be developed to share the common idea of managing the land and forest resources in a target watershed in a proper and sustainable manner. In the preparation of a zoning map, a target watershed will be classified into four zones, namely: i) Protection Zone (P-Zone), ii) Special Management Zone (SM-Zone), iii) Sustainable Use Zone (SU-Zone) and iv) Community/Production Zone (C-Zone),.

The following table indicates the guidelines on land use and management in each zone.

Zoning Classes Employed for Watershed Zonation Zone Description P-Zone Protection Zone is the area where any land use and economic activity, except those allowed by UNTAET No.

19, are prohibited since it has critical functions and environmental values. Such areas are categorized under Protected Zone (P-Zone). Because of their environmental values, the areas under P-Zone need to be managed as protected forests.

SM-Zone Medium forests and areas with slopes between 40% and 55% are categorized as Special Management Zone (SM-Zone). Coffee plantations with more than 55% slopes are also classified under this zone. The areas under SM-zone can be used for production purposes but shall be simultaneously managed as forest lands to prevent forest and land degradation. Hence, tree crops-based farms and/or production forests, such as i) firewood forests (maintaining existing medium forests), ii) coffee plantation with shade trees, iii) orchards of fruit trees, and iv) production forests of valuable trees, are possible land uses under this zone.

SU-Zone Areas with slopes ranging from 15% to 40% or those covered with sparse forests are categorized under Sustainable Use Zone (SU-Zone). The basic idea of this zone is to use the areas for production purposes while maintaining land productivity. Hence, the areas can be used for farming but shall be managed in a proper manner by applying soil conservation measures or introducing agroforestry as well as silvo-pastoral techniques. In the case of sparse forests, the present stock of trees or canopy cover shall be maintained.

C-Zone Areas that do not belong to the above-mentioned zones are categorized into Production/Community Zone (C-Zone). In general, areas in C-Zone have flat to gentle slopes and less vegetation cover (bushes, grasslands, and bare lands). Because of these features, the areas can be used for economic and social development purposes by the local communities with a few restrictions. Upland farms, grazing lands, paddy fields, and firewood forests, to name a few, are possible land uses in this zone.


The outline of the zoning process is given in the following Box 9.

Box 9: Outline of the Zoning Process

a. Data required

The following data and information are required for zoning:

- Present Land Use and Vegetation Cover Map - Slope map - Location and boundaries of the designated protected areas - Any information of critical area or catchment (e.g., catchment for water source)

b. Analysis of Data by GIS

A target watershed is classified into the four zones by analyzing the above-mentioned data and information in accordance with the following zoning flow.

Image of Zoning Map (JICA Study 2009)




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Protected Wild AreaProtected Wild Area

Any protected area<1

Dense forest

Over 55 % slope

Protection Zone (P-Zone)

Protection zone contains i) Conservation area under UNTAET No. 19, ii) Area valuable for nature reserve, iii) Area to be protected against soil erosion, and iv) any protected areas designated.

Sustainable Use Zone (SU-Zone)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Production/Community Zone (C-Zone)

No

Watersheds

Yes

Special Management Zone (SM-Zone)

Medium forest

40 % - 55 % slope

No

Yes15 % - 40 % slope

<1 Any protected areas: the area is designated as a protected area by the government or communities.

Coffee plantationCoffee plantation

Yes

No

YesSparse forest

Flow of Zoning

The GIS operational procedures to develop a zoning map are further given in Appendix-B. Like in the case of the Present Land Use and Vegetation Cover Map, the Zoning Map is overlaid with the Suco Map by using GIS to determine the necessity of protection or special management of forests and lands in the respective sucos. A sample format that can be used for the presentation of the zoning results is given below.

Sample Format for Zone Distribution in the Respective Sucos (Unit: ha) Suco P-Zone SM-Zone SU-Zone C-Zone Total ha % ha % ha % ha % ha %

3.4 Preparation of an Overall Watershed Management Plan

This section explains how to develop an overall watershed management plan maximizing the community-based integrated watershed management plan (CBIWMP) developed by the JICA Study Team in 2009. After presenting the composition of the CBIWMP, the section indicates the methods to identify the sub-programs suitable to a target watershed and the potential sucos/areas for the respective sub-programs so that MAF/NDF could develop a long-list of sub-programs (government interventions) as an overall management plan of a target watershed.

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3.4.1 Overall Composition of the Plan

(1) Proposed Programs

In the CBIWMP, a total of eight programs are proposed as shown below. In principle, the same structure can be applied to a watershed management plan for any river basin in the country although there is a need to adjust the contents of the programs in accordance with the conditions of the target watershed.

Land Use/Program

Community/Livelihood development

Information Dissemination / Awareness Raising

Farm and Livestock Management

Reforestation/Forest Management

Agroforestry/Silvo-pastoral Management

Programs relating to land management

Programs to support the land management activities

Overall Management Principle

Overall Supporting Components

River Management Component

Land Management Component

Slope Protection & Sediment Control

Capacity Development Program

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Overall Structure of CBIWMP

The proposed structure of CBIWMP consists of three components, namely: Land Management Component, River Management Component, and Overall Supporting Component.

Under the Land Management Component, there are six proposed programs. The Land Use Program, which is the core program of the Land Management Component of CBIWMP, aims to promote proper land use in the watershed to maintain and improve its functions while securing the livelihood of local communities residing in the area. To this end, the Participatory Land Use Sub-program is proposed in this program.

The three land management-related programs, namely: i) Farm and Livestock Management Program, ii) Reforestation/Forest Management Program, and iii) Afforestation/Silvopastoral Management Program, aim to assist local communities in materializing the land use and management principles proposed by the Land Use Program. Furthermore, two programs, namely: i) Community/Livelihood Development Program and ii) Information Dissemination/Awareness Raising Program, are proposed to support the programs related to land management.

Under the River Management Component, the Slope Protection and Sediment Control Program is proposed to control the volume of sediment in the main river.




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Finally, the Capacity Development Program, which aims to develop the capacities of the concerned stakeholders to implement the proposed programs, is also proposed under the Overall Supporting Component.

(2) Sub-programs Proposed in the Eight Programs

Each program further consists of one to four sub-program/s to attain its objectives. A total of 21 sub-programs are proposed as watershed management activities to be implemented on the ground. The outlines, objectives and expected outputs of the respective sub-programs are given in Chapter 5 of the CBIWMP prepared by JICA in 2009.

Programs and Sub-programs Proposed in CBIWMP

Program Subprogram Land Use Program Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program Reforestation/Forest Management Program Tree Planting Promotion & Forest Rehabilitation Sub-program

Seedling Production Promotion Sub-program Forest Management Planning Sub-program

Farm and Livestock Management Program Community- based Seed Extension Sub-program Home Garden Sub-program Grazing Control with Protein Banks Sub-program Animal Feed Preservation Sub-program

Agroforestry/Silvopastoral Management Program Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Sub-program

Slope Protection and Sediment Control Program Slope Protection Sub-program Sediment Flow Control Sub-program Initial Gully Control Sub-program Riverbank Protection Sub-program

Community/Livelihood Development Program Rural Energy Development Sub-program Income Generating/Cost Saving Sub-program

Information Dissemination/Awareness Raising Program

Public Awareness Raising Sub-program Environmental Education Sub-program

Capacity Development Program Watershed-related Institutional Development Sub-program Capacity Development Sub-program Mobility Improvement Sub-program


Since the activities (sub-programs) proposed in the CBIWMP are considered comprehensive enough to cover most of the issues commonly found in any watershed, it is judged that the CBIWMP can be used as a template for the formulation of a community-based watershed management plan for other river basins in the country. However, the applicability of the sub-programs proposed in the CBIWMP shall be examined based on the current conditions of a target watershed prior to the formulation of the plan. The succeeding sections give the overall concept of evaluating the applicability of the sub-programs.

3.4.2 Examination of the Applicability of the Sub-programs

(1) Overall Framework for Evaluation

The evaluation of the sub-program shall be carried out by two steps: i) identification of the applicable sub-program for a target watershed and ii) determination of target sucos for the respective applicable sub-programs.

(2) Identification of the Applicable Sub-programs

This step aims to evaluate whether or not the sub-programs can be introduced in a target watershed. A long list of the sub-programs that can be implemented in a target watershed will be developed after this first screening of the sub-programs.




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Since they aim to cope with issues commonly found in the country and their activities are not much related to the specific conditions of the area, the following four out of eight programs can be implemented in any river basin in the country: .

- Land Use Program - Community/Livelihood Development Program - Information Dissemination and Awareness Raising Program - Capacity Development Program

On the other hand, since their suitability and necessity are dependent on site specific conditions, the applicability of the sub-programs under the following programs shall be examined:

- Farm and Livestock Management Program - Reforestation/Forest Management Program - Agroforestry/Silvopastoral Management Program - Slope Protection and Sediment Control Program

The following minimum requirements shall be used in the evaluation:

Minimum Requirement for the Respective Sub-programs Sub-programs Minimum Requirement for Selection Potential Data Source Tree Planting Promotion Whether or not there are degraded forests or bare

lands in a watershed? Present land use and vegetation cover map

Seedling Production Promotion Whether or not there are degraded forests or bare lands in a watershed?

Present land use and vegetation cover map

Forest Management Planning Whether or not the draft Forest Management Decree has already been enacted?

New forest management decree

Community- based Seed Extension

Whether or not the production of upland food crops in a watershed is lower compared with the needs of local communities?

Food balance estimation

Home Garden Whether or not there are sucos that can only produce upland crops at low yield.

Village profile survey

Grazing Control with Protein Banks

Whether or not over-grazing is one of the causes of watershed degradation of a target watershed?

Animal units

Animal Feed Preservation Whether or not animal feed is deficient in a target watershed?


Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion

Whether or not local communities in a watershed practice shifting cultivation without application of soil conservation measures?


Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Whether or not the coffee production is the major source of income and the yield of coffee tree is considerably low in a target watershed.

Agricultural statistical data (Yield level of the major crops)

Slope Protection Whether or not there are slope failures or landslides found in a watershed?

Visible interpretation of aerial photomaps

Sediment Flow Control Whether or not there are sediment flow or riverbed erosions in the tributaries in the upper part of watershed?


Initial Gully Control Whether or not there are initial-stage gully erosions in the upper part of watershed?


Riverbank Protection Whether or not there are riverbank erosions found in a watershed?



Table 3-1 gives a quick reference to the applicability of the sub-programs in the respective site conditions.

(3) Determination of the Target Sucos for the Sub-programs




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After identification of the applicable sub-programs, the target sucos or areas for the identified sub-programs shall be determined by examining the conditions of suco in a target watershed based on the following criteria:

Criteria for Identification of the Target Areas or Sucos for the Sub-programs

Sub-program Minimum requirement Evaluation criteria Classification <1 & <2 Necessary data Participatory Land Use Planning

None

Proportions of Protection Zone (P-Zone) and Special Management Zone (SM-Zone)2 in the territory of suco

Class 1: > 40% Class 2: 20-40 % Class 3: 0-20%

1. Zoning map

Tree Planting Promotion & Forest Rehabilitation

Suco that has bare land (wasteland) or degraded forests in its territory is targeted.

Area of bareland/degraded forests in the territory of suco

Class 1: > 2,500 ha Class 2: 1,250 – 2,500 ha Class 3: 500 – 1,250 ha Class 4: 250 – 500 ha Class 5: 0 – 250 ha

1. Land use and vegetation map

Seedling Production

Same as TPP-SP

Same as TPP-SP

Class 1: > 2,500 ha Class 2: 1,250 – 2,500 ha Class 3: 500 – 1,250 ha Class 4: 250 – 500 ha Class 5: 0 – 250 ha

1. Land use and vegetation map

Forest Management Planning

Official enactment of the new forest management decree

Proportion of P-Zone in the territory of suco

Class 1: > 70 % Class 2: 40 – 70 % Class 3: 20 – 40 % Class 4: 10 – 20 % Class 5: 0 – 10 %

1. Zoning map

Community- based Seed Extension

Suco that has suffered from chronic shortage of food

Length of the average food shortage period in suco

Class 1: > 3 months Class 2: 2 – 3 months Class 3: 1 – 2 months Class 4: 0 – 1 months

1. Village Profile Survey

Home Garden Suco that produces only upland crops on a low yield level

Suco that has suffered from chronic shortage of food should be prioritized.

Class 1: > 3 months Class 2: 2 – 3 months Class 3: 1 – 2 months Class 4: 0 – 1 months

1. Village Profile Survey

Animal feed preservation

Suco that faces shortage of animal feed

Average animal units per unit area in suco.

Class 1: > 10 units/ha Class 2: 5 – 10 units/ha Class 3: 2.5 – 5 units/ha Class 4: 0.5 – 2.5 units/ha Class 5: 0 – 0.5 units/ha

1. Analysis of animal pressure

Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion

Suco where many households practice shifting cultivation for livelihood is targeted.

Proportion of SM-Zone and SU-Zone in the territory of suco

Class 1: > 80 % Class 2: 60 – 80 % Class 3: 40 – 60 % Class 4: 20 – 40 % Class 5: 0 – 20 %

1. Zoning map

Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation

Suco where coffee is the major cash crop for local communities is targeted.

Area of coffee plantations in the territory of suco

Class 1: > 200 ha Class 2: 100 – 200 ha Class 3: 50 – 100 ha Class 4: 10 – 50 ha Class 5: 0 – 10 ha

1. Present land use map

Grazing Control with Protein Banks

Suco that practices free grazing for animal raising is targeted.

Average animal units per unit area in suco.

Class 1: > 10 units/ha Class 2: 5 – 10 units/ha Class 3: 2.5 – 5 units/ha Class 4: 0.5 – 2.5 units/ha Class 5: 0 – 0.5 units/ha

1. Analysis of animal pressure

Slope Protection

Area where a landslide/slope failure has taken place along the road or at hillside is targeted.

Existence of important facilities/infrastructure near landslides/slope failures

Class 1: National level Class 2: District/

Sub-district level Class 3: Village level

1. Aerial photo map interpretation

2. Topographic maps

Sediment Micro watershed where a slope Scale of sedimentation To be determined 1. Aerial photo

2 Protection zone (P-zone) is one of the zoning classes that would be identified in a zoning map, which will be developed in the Land Use Program.




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Sub-program Minimum requirement Evaluation criteria Classification <1 & <2 Necessary data Flow Control failure/landslide has taken place

and sediment deposition has progressed is targeted.

map interpretation

Initial Gully Control

Suco where initial-stage gully erosions are found in its territory is targeted.

Extent of soil erosion level in suco

Class 1: Critically severe Class 2: Severe Class 3: Less severe

1. Village profile survey

Riverbank Protection

The river or stream where the riverbank erosion takes place is targeted.

Proximity to a water intake in the downstream or any other infrastructure

To be determined 1. Aerial photo map interpretation

2. Field survey Alternative Rural Energy Development

None Population increase rate for the last 5 years in suco

To be determined 1. Demography in a target watershed

Income Generating

None Dependency on forest resources for livelihoods

To be determined 1. Village profile survey

Public Awareness Raising

None Severity of wildfire/forest fires in suco

Class 1: Critically severe Class 2: Severe Class 3: Less severe


Environmental Education

None Elementary school located in suco where extensive dense forests still remain

To be determined 1. Present land use map


Watershed-related Institutional Development

Official enactment of the new forest management decree

None None 1. Forest Management Decree

Capacity Development of Government Staff

NDF, NDAH, District Offices, Extensionists, and Forest guards who would work for watershed management activities are to be targeted.

Gaps between their current capacities and those required for implementation of the sub-program

None 1. Training Needs Assessment

Mobility Improvement

Forest guards and DOF assigned to a target watershed

Necessity of transportation means for assigned forest guards and DOF to fulfill their tasks

None 1. Inventory of transportation facilities

Note: <1 The criteria given for the classification are indicative and subject to change based on the situation of a target watershed. <2 The classes used indicate the priority/suitability of suco, namely, Class 1: Highly Suitable; Class 2: Moderately Suitable, Class 3:

Marginally Suitable, Class 4: Limitedly Suitable; and Class 5: Not suitable. Source: JICA Study Team

In principle, sucos or areas that fulfill the minimum requirement will be selected as target sucos or areas for the respective sub-programs. Furthermore, their priority or suitability shall be examined based on the evaluation criteria given for the respective sub-programs.

(4) Description of the Applicable Programs/Sub-programs (for Sections 4.1 to 4.8)

The overall watershed management plan shall describe the proposed plans of the respective programs/sub-programs. These plans shall be expressed in the same manner as in the CBIWMP. The description of each program shall consist of i) the objective and strategies of the program and ii) the work plans of the sub-programs. The work plan of each sub-program shall be composed of a) objective; b) implementing agencies/bodies; c) target areas; and d) main activities of the sub-program.

The corresponding sections of the CBIWMP (Sections 5.1 to 5.8 of the CBIWMP) should be copied to prepare the overall watershed management plan.

3.5 Examination of Implementation Mechanisms (For Chapter 5)

Chapter 5 of a watershed management plan will describe the implementation mechanism of the overall management plan. It gives the implementation methods and institutional framework for implementation of the watershed management plan. In the CBIWMP prepared by the JICA Study in




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2009, two implementation methods are proposed, namely i) implementation by the GoTL (MAF/NDF) and ii) implementation by any funding source, such as international NGOs, donor agencies, and research institutes. The proposed organizational setup and necessary institutional arrangement will be discussed under the institutional framework for implementation. The following sections give more details of the respective procedures.

3.5.1 Implementation by the Government (For Section 5.1)

For the implementation through the GoTL’s initiative, it is suggested that the priority areas in a target watershed and the priority sub-programs among 21 sub-programs be identified so that MAF/NDF could strategically invest the government fund in critical as well as effective parts of the watershed management plan. The procedures for selection of the priority sub-watersheds and sub-programs are described below:

(1) Identification of Priority Area

First, a target watershed shall be divided into several segments, either by sub-district or sub-watershed. In the case of the CBIWMP, the target watersheds were divided into 21 sub-watersheds, 16 for Laclo and 5 for Comoro, based on the sub-watershed boundaries.

After a target watershed is divided into sub-areas, by sub-district or sub-watershed boundaries, the divided sub-areas shall be evaluated in terms of the following viewpoints for prioritization:

- Soil erosion potential - Necessity of watershed protection and management - Poverty level of local communities - Accessibility from the district capital (optional3)

The following indicators with a five-rating system shall be employed in the evaluation:

Evaluation Criteria for Prioritization of Sub-areas Evaluation Points Criteria Indicators Rating Data Sources Soil erosion potential

Results of USLE Average potential soil loss classes in the sub-area <1

5-point: Class 5 4-point: Class 4 3-point: Class 3 2-point: Class 2 1-point: Class 1

Results of USLE

Necessity of watershed protection

Area of P-Zone and SM-Zone

Proportion of the two zones in the total area of the sub-area

5-point: 80-100% 4-point: 60-80% 3-point: 40-60% 2-point: 20-40% 1-point: 0-20%

Zoning map

Poverty level Average income of household

Average monthly income per household

5-point: US$0 - 10 4-point: US$10 - 20 3-point: US$20 - 30 2-point: US$30 - 40 1-point: >US$40


Accessibility (optional)

Distance from the district capital

Driving time from the district capital to the sub-area

5-point: 0-1 hours 4-point: 1-2 hours 3-point: 2-3 hours


3 The accessibility from the district capital can be used as an evaluation criterion if the MAF district office will be substantially involved in the implementation.

Division of Watershed into Sub-watershed (JICA Study 2010)




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2-point: 3-4 hours 1-point: >4 hours

Note: <1 The JICA Study in 2009 determined the indicators showing the relative potential of soil erosion in the area. Source: JICA Study on Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins (2010) All the data above will be available at the suco level as a result of the assessment of the present conditions discussed in Section 3.2 of this chapter. The weighted or arithmetic average method shall be used to get the values of the sub-area. Box 11 explains the method to calculate the averages of the above-mentioned indicators.

Box 11. How to calculate the weighted averages of the indicators Assuming that one sub-area has three sucos in its territory, the following formulas should be used for the calculation of the weighted averages of the indicators.

(1) Soil Erosion Potential Ave. Soil Loss in the Sub-area = (Ave. Loss in Suco A x Area of Suco A + Ave. Loss in Suco B x Area of Suco B + Ave. Loss Suco C x Area of Suco C) ÷ (Total area of Suco A, B, and C)

(2) Proportion of P and SM Zones Proportion of P&SM zones (%) = (P+SM zones in Suco A + P+SM zones in Suco B + P+SM zones in Suco C) ÷Total area of Suco A, B, and C x 100 %

(3) Poverty level in the sub-area Ave. Income in the area = (Ave. income in Suco A x Total HHs of Suco A + Ave. income in Suco B x Total HHs of Suco B + Ave. income in Suco C x Total HHs of Suco C) ÷ (Total number of households in three sucos)

(4) Average time distance from district capital Ave. hours = (Time distance to Suco A + Time distance to Suco B + Time distance to Suco C) ÷ 3

The results of the rating shall be put in the following ranking matrix to systematically evaluate the sub-areas:

Scoring Format used for Evaluation of Sub-areas

Sub-area Potential soil loss Ratio of P- & SM-Zones to total

area

Average monthly income

Drive time from the district capital

Total

The results of the above evaluation can be used for the prioritization of sub-areas in a target watershed. The higher score the sub-area has, the higher priority the area is given. Hence, the sub-area with the highest score will be identified as the priority area for immediate action.

(2) Identification of Priority Sub-programs (For Section 6.2)

MAF/NDF shall also prioritize the sub-programs from the viewpoints of the necessity, effectiveness, and operability of the sub-programs, so as to make the five-year plan effective and feasible. The same sub-programs that were prioritized in the JICA Study on CBIWM can be selected as the priority sub-programs since these were selected in consideration of the following comprehensive criteria: i) urgency, ii) effectiveness, iii) relevancy, iv) cost, v) sustainability, vi) benefit to households, and vii) implementability in the current context of Timor-Leste. Box 12 gives the process of the

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prioritization of the sub-programs by the JICA Study in 2009. The following are the priority sub-programs selected by the CBIWMP:

a. Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program b. Tree Planting and Promotion Sub-program c. Seedling Production Promotion Sub-program d. Community-based Seed Extension Sub-program e. Home Garden Sub-program f, Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program g. Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Sub-program h. Grazing Control with Protein Bank Sub-program i. Income Generating/Cost Saving Sub-program j. Capacity Development Sub-program k. Initial Gully Control Sub-program l. Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program

Box 12 Process of Prioritization of the Sub-programs The sub-programs are to be evaluated based on the following criteria:

a. Urgency: Does the sub-program need to be urgently implemented to improve watershed environment?

b. Effectiveness: Is the sub-program expected to generate positive impact on watershed environment or local communities in the watershed in a short period of time?

c. Relevancy: Are the purposes and activities of the sub-program relevant to the goal of the watershed management plan?

d. Cost: Is the cost required for the sub-program reasonable as compared with the current government budget or financial capacity of rural communities?

e. Sustainability: Can the effect generated by the sub-program be sustained even after the implementation of the sub-program?

f. Benefit to households: Does the sub-program profit rural households? A 3-point rating system was employed to evaluate the sub-programs on the above-mentioned criteria.

Sub-program Urgency Effectiveness Relevancy Cost Sustainability Benefit Total score

PLUP-SP 3 3 3 3 3 2 17 TPP-SP 3 3 3 2 3 3 16 SPP-SP 2 3 3 2 2 3 15 FM-SP 1 2 3 2 2 1 11 CBSE-SP 2 3 3 2 2 3 15 HG-SP 2 3 3 2 2 3 15 AFP-SP 1 2 2 2 2 2 11 SUFP-SP 3 3 3 2 2 2 15 CRP-SP 3 2 3 2 3 2 15 GCPB-SP 3 3 3 1 2 3 15 RED-SP 2 2 2 2 2 1 11 IG/CS-SP 2 3 3 2 2 3 15 SP-SP 3 3 3 1 2 1 13 SFC-SP 3 3 3 1 2 1 13 IGC-SP 3 3 3 2 2 1 14 RBP-SP 3 3 3 1 2 1 13




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PAC-SP 3 3 3 2 2 1 14 EE-SP 2 2 3 2 2 1 12 WMID-SP 1 2 2 2 3 1 11 CD-SP 3 2 3 2 3 1 15 MI-SP 2 2 2 1 2 1 10

Note: PLUP-SP=Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program, TPP-SP=Tree Planting Promotion Sub-program,

SPP-SP=Seed Production Promotion Sub-program, FM-SP=Forest Management Sub-program,

CBSE-SP=Community-Based Seed Extension Sub-program, HG-SP=Home Garden Sub-program,

AFP-SP=Animal Feed Preservation Sub-program, SUFP-SP=Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion

Sub-program, CRP-SP=Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Sub-program, GCPB-SP=Grazing Control with Protein

Bank Sub-program, RED-SP=Rural Energy Development Sub-program, IG/CS-SP=Income Generating / Cost

Saving Sub-program, SP-SP=Slope Protection Sub-program, SFC-SP= Sediment Flow Control Sub-program,

IGC-SP= Initial Gully Control Sub-program, RBP-SP=River Bank Protection Sub-program, PAC-SP=Public

Awareness Campaign Sub-program, EE-SP=Environmental Education Sub-program, WMID-SP=Watershed

Management Institutional Development Sub-program, CD-SP=Capacity Development Sub-program,

MI-SP=Mobility Improvement Sub-program Source: JICA Study on Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins (2010)

The sub-programs were classified into three classes in accordance with their total scores:

High priority sub-programs: over 15 points (more than 2.5 points/criterion on average) Medium priority sub-programs: 12-15 points (2.0~2.5 points/criterion on average) Low priority sub-programs: below 12 points (below 2.0 points/criterion on average)

Furthermore, the sub-programs were evaluated in terms of implementability under the current context of Timor-Leste as shown below:

Class 1: Sub-programs implementable by MAF without any external support Class 2: Sub-programs implementable by MAF with support from local external experts/NGOs Class 3: Sub-programs only implementable with support from international organizations

The results of the evaluation are given below.

Class Sub-program High priority Medium priority Low priority Class 1 TPP-SP, CRP-SP Class 2 SPP-SP, PLUP-SP, CBSE-SP,

HG-SP, SUFP-SP, GCPB-SP, IG/CS-SP, CD-SP

IGC-SP, PAC-SP AFP-SP

Class 3 RED-SP, EE-SP, SP-SP, SF-SP, RBP-SP,

WMID-SP, FM-SP, MI-SP


A total of ten sub-programs were classified as high priority and implementable with/without assistance from external experts/NGOs and another two sub-programs were considered as medium priority and implementable with assistance from external experts/NGOs. The 12 sub-programs were judged as immediate action sub-programs for the next five-year plan.

(3) Implementation Order of the Sub-programs

The priority sub-programs should be implemented in accordance with the following rules/guidelines:

i) Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program (PLUP-SP) should be implemented ahead of the other land management-related sub-programs, such as Tree Planting Promotion Sub-program, Community-Based Seed Extension Sub-program, and Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program.

ii) Capacity Development Sub-program can be implemented simultaneously with PLUP-SP.




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iii) Income Generating/Cost Saving Sub-program and Public Awareness Raising Sub-prgoram can be implemented simultaneously with the land management-related sub-programs.

iv) More than three sub-programs should not be implemented in the same suco at the same time. The capacity of local communities in the suco is not sufficient in general. However, Public Awareness Raising Sub-program should not be counted since it does not require any community member’s work.

The implementation of the 12 priority sub-programs is outlined in the following flowchart:

Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-programParticipatory Land Use Planning Sub-program

Capacity Development ProgramCapacity Development Program

Reforestation/Forest Management Program- Tree Planting Promotion Sub-program- Seedling Production Promotion Sub-programAgriculture and Livestock Management Program- Community-based Seed Extension Sub-program- Home Garden Sub-program- Grazing Control with Protein Bank Sub-programAgroforestry Management Sub-program- Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program- Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Sub-program

Land Management-related Programs

Livelihood/Community Development Program- Income Generating/Cost Saving Sub-programInformation Dissemination/Awareness Raising Program- Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program

Slope Protection/River Management Program- Check Dam Construction for Initial Gully Control Sub-program


Supporting Programs

Livelihood/Community Development Program- Income Generating/Cost Saving Sub-programInformation Dissemination/Awareness Raising Program- Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program

Slope Protection/River Management Program- Check Dam Construction for Initial Gully Control Sub-program


Supporting Programs

1st Step:

2nd Step:


Implementation Order of the Sub-programs

The implementation order of the sub-programs should be described in the corresponding section under the implementation mechanism of a watershed management plan.

3.5.2 Implementation by External Funding Organizations (For Section 5.2)

There may be external funding organizations that are interested in the implementation of some parts of the watershed management plan or in assisting sucos in a target watershed in similar technical fields. They should be allowed to implement any sub-program in any place (suco) as long as the selected sub-programs are suitable to the selected areas and implemented in a proper and participatory manner as specified in the CBIWMP. In order for external funding organizations to tap the ideas of a watershed management plan, the suitability of the sub-programs to the respective sucos in a target watershed and recommended combinations of the sub-programs should be described under the implementation mechanism.

(1) Suitable Sucos for the Sub-programs

The information on the suitability of the sub-programs to the respective sucos in a target watershed would help external funding organizations that intend to work in the related fields (i.e., forest management, watershed conservation and community development) to identify the potential interventions needed in the respective areas. The results of Section 3.2.4 (3) “Determination of the Target Sucos for the Sub-programs” will be used for this purpose and compiled in a matrix which




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shows the suitability of the sub-programs to the respective sucos. The sample of the matrix, which is used for the same purpose in the CBIWMP, is given in Table 3-2.

(2) Recommendable Combinations of the Sub-programs

Likewise, the information of the recommendable combinations of the sub-programs would help the external organizations to conceptualize their project/program options. The CBIWMP also examined the combination of the sub-programs for the same purpose as shown in Table 3-3. It could be used for any other watershed management plan unless the scope of the sub-programs will be changed.

3.5.3 Institutional Framework for Implementation

(1) Proposed Organizational Set-up

The same organizational structure proposed in the CBIWMP could be introduced for the implementation by the GoTL until MAF and other ministries can gain substantial experience in community-based watershed management and develop their capacities to implement the watershed management plan in a multi-disciplinary way. Hence, the following organizational structure will be proposed for the implementation of the watershed management plan in the initial years.


Proposed Organizational Set-up for Implementation in the Initial Stage

The structure of the proposed organizational set-up is further outlined in Box 13. Such description can be used for the corresponding section in a watershed management plan.

Box 13: Summary of the Proposed Institutional Framework for Implementation

At the central government level, an overall management body shall be formed with the participation of the following national directorates of MAF:

- NDF (National Directorate for Forestry)

- NDAH (National Directorate for Agriculture and Horticulture)

- NDL (National Directorate for Livestock)

District officers District officers

MAFF Central

NDF NDAH NDIPA NDL

District MAF Officers concerns

Allocation of staffTechnical assistance

Assisting Groups

Extensionists

Communities

ContractMonitoring Supervision

Provision of supportOrganization into groups

Main Executing Body




NDSDSC

Forest Guards

Local Communities

Local Communities

NGOs/FacilitatorsNGOs/Facilitators

Local Communities

Local Communities

Local Communities

Local Communities

Local Communities

Local Communities

Provision of supportMonitoring of activities

NDRSS




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- NDIPA (National Directorate for Industrial Plants and Agribusiness)

- NDRSS (National Directorate for Research, Science and Services)

- NDSDAC (National Directorate for Support for Development of Agricultural Communities) The major tasks of the overall management team are to: i) secure and allocate the necessary budget, ii) hire the external facilitators/NGOs and field assistants, iii) monitor the overall progress of the plan, and iv) discuss any issues that need to be solved at the central level.

At the same time, the MAF district office will also organize a working team, including the concerned extensionists and forest guards to support the facilitators/NGOs, and monitor the implementation of the sub-programs. The following sections will be involved in the implementation of the sub-programs:

- Section for Food Security

- Section for Food and Horticulture Production

- Section for Livestock and Veterinary

- Section for Forestry

- Section for Industrial Plants and Agribusiness

- Sub-district coordinators

- Extensionists

- Forest guards

At the field level, the external facilitators/NGOs hired by NDF/MAF are the key players in the implementation of the sub-programs. The district MAF staff together with the concerned extensionists as well as forest guards will co-work with the facilitators/NGOs. Rural communities/households, either all members of the suco or selected villagers, will be directly involved in the implementation of the sub-programs.

(2) Roles and Responsibilities of the Relevant Stakeholders

The following roles and responsibilities of the relevant stakeholders can also be directly used for the corresponding section in a watershed management plan.

Box 14: Roles and Responsibilities of the Stakeholders

a. Overall Management Group

- Formulate a five-year management plan and annual work plan;

- Manage and monitor the progress of the implemented sub-programs;

- Facilitate the coordination between/among the national directorates of MAF;

- Make administrative arrangements for implementation (e.g., allocation of staff and budget);

- Assign the staff for implementation;

- Hire facilitators/experts/NGOs; and

- Coordinate with external organizations (if necessary).

b. Field Working Team (including extensionists and forest guards)

- Formulate an annual work plan;

- Manage the sub-programs at the field level;

- Coordinate with NGOs/facilitators;

- Monitor and supervise the activities of NGOs/facilitators; and

- Coordinate with the central organizations to seek any support for implementation.

- Solve any issues that would emerge during the implementation of sub-programs

In particular, extensionists and forest guards in the team are expected to fulfill the following functions:




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- Work hand-in-hand with NGOs/facilitators in the field;

- Assist NGOs/facilitators in the implementation of the field activities (e.g., meetings and training)

- Participate in any meetings between NGOs/facilitators and local communities

- Learn how to organize a meeting, how to conduct training, and how to solve issues among local

communities; and

- Report any negligent acts made by NGOs/facilitators.

c. Facilitators/NGOs

- Encourage local people/communities to organize a beneficiaries’ group;

- Help beneficiaries’ groups to develop rules/regulations relating to sub-project implementation;

- Organize a number of required meetings/workshops/hands-on training courses;

- Develop the capability of beneficiaries’ groups to replicate the techniques introduced by the

sub-program/s;

- Coordinate with the field working team to assist beneficiaries’ groups and monitor the progress;

and

- Assist beneficiaries’ groups in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of a working plan

for the sub-program/s.

d. Beneficiaries’ groups

- Prepare rules/regulations necessary for the management of the group and implementation of the

sub-programs;

- Develop a working plan relating to a sub-program;

- Implement the work plan with the assistance of the facilitators/NGOs; and

- Coordinate among the members to participate in the sub-program.

(3) Relevant Legislative and Policy Frameworks

The relevant legislative documents (e.g., law, decree, and regulations) and policies need to be referred to in the implementation of a watershed management plan so that the plan can be in line with the direction of the government. Hence, the section of “Institutional Framework for Implementation” shall enumerate the necessary legislative and policy documents to be cited by the plan.

At present, the following documents shall be taken into account:

- UNTAET Regulation No. 17 - UNTAET Regulation No. 19 - Forestry Policy

Furthermore, the following documents may need to be referred to when they are officially enacted or issued by the government:

- Forest Management Decree - Land Law - Land Use Policy

In particular, the forest management decree and land law will be the bases for a watershed management plan. A watershed management plan and its implementation methods should be consistent with these documents when they are enacted.

(4) Necessary Arrangement and Coordination




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In case there are useful sources and organizations that can be tapped in the implementation of a watershed management plan, they should be spelled out in the section of “Institutional Framework for Implementation” so that MAF/NDF could coordinate with these organizations. In order for NDF and the relevant MAF district offices to work collaboratively as a team, i.e., to bind and orient the relevant government offices and staff toward the same direction, the following government documents might be required:

- Ministerial order/instruction on the implementation of the watershed management plan for a target watershed

- Ministerial order/instruction on the coordination among the relevant organization in the implementation of the watershed management plan

In addition, the necessity of coordination with any external organization shall be considered in the same section. On-going government and international donor funded projects and NGO activities may be the possible counterparts. The situation may vary across areas or watersheds. The necessary coordination shall be determined in consideration of the availability of the sources that can be tapped in and around a target watershed.



Draft Final Report Volume II

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Chapter 4 Preparation of a Simple Five-Year Management Plan

This chapter’s main aim is to guide MAF/NDF on how to prepare a simple five-year management plan of a watershed management plan. As described in Chapter 2, the river basins in the country are too large for MAF/NDF to fully manage during a short period of time. Therefore, an overall watershed management plan shall be regarded as a master plan or a long list of the sub-programs to be implemented in a phased manner as described in Section 2.4.

A five-year management plan is an action plan for the next five years to take the first step to realize the main and strategic objectives of a watershed management plan. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the five-year plan from the viewpoint of watershed management, it should focus on the priority areas and priority sub-programs rather than disperse its efforts across a target watershed thinly or implement a wide range of sub-programs in a fragmented manner.

The five-year plan will be used not only as a guide for the field staff (the staff of the district MAF offices and extensionists/forest guards) but also as the basis for NDF to make a proposal to allocate a budget for managing a target watershed. The suggested contents of the five-year management plan are shown below:

Box 15. Suggested Contents of the Five-Year Management Plan

Chapter 6 Five-Year Management Plan

6.1 Target Area

6.2 Detailed Scope of Works

6.3 Implementation Schedule

6.4 Cost Estimates

6.5 Organizational Set-up for Implementation

The following sections specify the details on how to prepare the respective parts of the five-year management plan given above.

4.1 Selection of the Priority Target Area (for Section 6.1)

The sub-area with the highest score in the evaluation in the former chapter will be selected as the target area for the five-year management plan. A location map of the priority area shall be developed by using the suco map.

4.2 Selection of the Priority Sub-programs (for Section 6.2)

For the preparation of the five-year management plan, MAF/NDF shall select three sub-programs for each suco in the target area since the results of the pilot projects implemented by the JICA Study suggested that not more than three sub-programs can be implemented in the same suco simultaneously. Thus, the suitability of the priority sub-programs, except PLUP-SP, PAC-SP, and CD-SP, to the sucos in the target area should be examined to identify the potential sub-programs

Image of Location Map of Target Area

(JICA Study 2010)




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suitable to the respective sucos in the target area. For the initial examination, the results of the identification of the potential sucos for the respective sub-programs shown in Table 3-2 can be used. The following table shows sample matrices showing the suitability of the sub-programs.

Sample Matrices Showing the Suitability of the Respective Sub-programs

a. Bemos Sub-watershed Sub-program Dare Tohumeta Talitu Cotulau Madabeno TPP-SP 4 3 5 5 4 SP-SP <1 4 3 5 5 4 CBSE-SP 2 3 4 3 2 HG-SP 2 3 4 3 2 SUFP-SP 2 2 2 2 4 CRP-SP 3 5 3 4 3 GC-SP 4 2 4 4 4 IG/CS-SP 2 3 4 3 2 CDC-IGC - 3 2 1 3

a. Noru Sub-watershed

Sub-program Fahisoi (Liquidoe)

Fadabloco Fahisoi (Remexio)

Faturasa Hautoho Maumeta

TPP-SP 5 4 4 3 4 5 SP-SP <1 5 4 4 3 4 5 CBSE-SP 2 3 2 3 2 2 HG-SP 2 3 2 3 2 2 SUFP-SP 2 1 1 1 2 1 CRP-SP 3 4 5 5 5 5 GC-SP 4 5 4 5 4 4 IG/CS-SP 2 3 2 3 2 2 CDC-IGC 3 3 3 3 3 3

Note: Class 1: Highly suitable, Class 2: Moderately suitable, Class 3: Marginally suitable, Class 4: Less suitable, Class 5: Non-suitable

<1 SP-SP can be considered as one of the activities of TPP-SP. Source: JICA Study on Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins (2010)

The actual selection of the sub-programs for the respective sucos shall be carried out with the local communities in the sucos at the beginning of the five-year plan. Therefore, the selection of the sub-program at this stage is mainly for cost estimation of the five-year management plan. To do so, MAF/NDF shall select three suitable sub-programs for each suco considering the results of the above-mentioned evaluation and the site conditions (natural and social conditions) in consultation with the concerned MAF district offices. In the case of the CBIWMP prepared by the JICA Study, the potential sub-programs were tentatively selected as shown below.

Tentatively Selected Sub-programs Sub-watersheds Sub-programs No. of sucos Bemos TPP-SP & SPP-SP 1 CBSE-SP 3 HG-SP 2 SUFP-SP 4 GCPB-SP 1 IG/CS-SP 1 CDC-IGC 1 Noru TPP-SP & SPP-SP 1 CBSE-SP 6 SUFP-SP 6 IG/CS-SP 5

Source: JICA Study Team (2010)

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4.3 Detailed Scope of Works (for Section 6.3)

The detailed scope of works of major activities in the five-year plan will be the reference documents for MAF/NDF to come up with the following documents, which are necessary for the smooth and proper implementation of the five-year management plan:

a. Annual work plan b. Terms of reference (TOR) for experts/facilitators or NGOs to be hired. c. Monitoring plan of the five-year management plan

Hence, this watershed management plan section shall describe the outlines of the major activities/works and their detailed scopes so that local NGOs and/or facilitators could fully understand the activities to be undertaken in the field.

The major activities to be carried out in the five-year management plan are: i) preparatory works, ii) implementation of the sub-programs, and iii) evaluation of the implementation of the five-year plan. The following table outlines the scopes of the major activities that would be carried out under the five-year management plan. Appendix-D also shows the implementation plan or detailed work plans of the 12 priority sub-programs.

Outline of the scope of the major works

Works Sub-activities Outline of the works Preparatory Work

Procurement of NGOs or experts

a. Preparation of TOR for the works b. Recruitment of experts or NGOs c. Evaluation and selection of experts or NGOs

Guidance to the project staff

a. Definition of roles and responsibilities of the government staff involved b. Organization of two- and three-day guidance sessions to the government

staff involved and experts/NGOs recruited, respectively Consultation with

communities a. Organization of meetings with leaders of the target sucos to explain the

purpose and outline of the watershed management plan and to assess their willingness to take part in the sub-programs

b. Organization of consultation meetings with communities of the target sucos to explain the purpose and outline of the sub-programs

Participatory situation analysis

a. Organization of a series of workshops/meetings with local communities of the target sucos to survey the following aspects of the village using PRA/RRA survey tools: - History and background of suco - Socio-economic conditions and social structure - Seasonal agricultural and economic activities - Present land and resource use - Available resources and present marketing practices - Existing customary rules on natural resource use

- Analyses of data and information collected through the organized workshops and meetings

Guidance to local communities on overall work plan

a. Organization of meetings with local communities to explain the overall work plan in the target villages

PLUP-SP Group organization a. Identification/selection of participating members of the working group b. Determination of roles and responsibilities of members

Exposure visit a. Organization of an exposure visit to suco where similar activities have been implemented successfully (such as suco Faturasa) for the members

b. Organization of a feedback meeting among the members so as to share their findings during the trip and ideas on the sub-program

Work planning a. Organization of a participatory planning workshop with the working group and development of a work plan for the entire sub-program period

a. Re-estimation of the necessary budget for implementation of the work plan Workshops /

Meetings a. Organization of a series of workshops/meetings with the working group to

discuss the following topics: - Present land use of suco - Past and present land and natural resource use rules




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Works Sub-activities Outline of the works - Future land and resource use options - Future land use of suco - Village regulations/by-laws

b. Organization of plenary meetings of the target sucos to have endorsement on the village regulations/by-laws from local communities in the sucos

Tara Bandu ceremony

a. Organization of a Tara Bandu ceremony inviting all the local communities in the sucos, village leaders of the neighboring sucos, representatives of sub-district and district administrative offices, representatives of PNTL in sub-district, representatives of NDF and MAF, and other relevant organizations

b. Consultation with NDF/MAF and the concerned sub-district and district administration offices to obtain endorsement on the village regulations/by-laws

Monitoring of implementation

a. Organization of monitoring meetings with the suco leaders every month to discuss any issues and cases that have taken place in the village during the month and find solution for the issues

Revision of the regulations

a. Revision of the village regulations/by-laws when the need arises (e.g., change in suco leaders, change in land use, etc.)

TPP-SP Group organization a. Identification/selection of core members and other participating members b. Determination of roles and responsibilities of members

Exposure visit a. Organization of an exposure visit to suco where similar activities have been implemented successfully for core and selected regular members

b. Organization of a feedback meeting with all the group members so as to share the findings of the exposure visit to other members

Work planning a. Organization of a participatory planning workshop with group members and development of a work plan for the entire sub-program period

b. Re-estimation of the necessary budget for implementation of the work plan c. Review of the work plan once a year and revision when necessary

Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses including, but not limited to, the following topics: - Land preparation - Designing of plantation and sticking - Hole digging and backfilling - Planting seedlings - Tending activities (weeding, cultivation, etc.)

b. Provision of farm tools for the group members to replicate the techniques learned through the training courses

Monitoring and evaluation

a. Monitoring and evaluation of the growth conditions of planted seedlings

SP-SP Group organization Same as those for TPP-SP Exposure visit Same as those for TPP-SP Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses including, but not

limited to, the following topics: - Identification of community nurseries - Installation of water systems - Establishment of community nurseries - Collection of seeds - Compost making - Sowing seeds in seedbeds - Filling soils mixed with compost into poly bags - Transplanting of germinated seedlings - Maintenance of seedlings and nurseries

b. Provision of materials and farm tools necessary for the group members to produce seedlings and work for nursery operations

Distribution of seedlings

a. Distribution of seedlings among the members and sale of seedlings to the neighboring sucos, if need arises.

CBSE-SP Group organization Same as those for TPP-SP Exposure visit Same as those for TPP-SP Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP




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Works Sub-activities Outline of the works Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses including, but not

limited to, the following topics: - Identification of locations for demonstration plots - Selection of seeds - Land preparation - Sowing seeds - Maintenance of farms - Harvesting and seed collection - Storage of seeds (Post-harvesting ) - Maintenance of seedlings and nurseries

b. Provision of farm tools for the group members to replicate the techniques learned through the training courses

HG-SP Group organization Same as those for TPP-SP Exposure visit Same as those for TPP-SP Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses including, but not

limited to, the following topics: - Identification of locations for demonstration plots - Establishment of vegetable farms (or demonstration plots) - Compost making - Establishment of seedbeds - Sowing seeds (including treatment of seeds) - Transplanting germinated seedlings - Maintenance of seedlings - Preparation and use of liquid fertilizer - Preparation and use of natural pesticide - Harvesting and collection of seeds

b. Provision of materials and farm tools necessary for the group members to replicate the techniques learned through the training courses

SUFP-SP Group organization Same as those for TPP-SP Exposure visit Same as those for TPP-SP Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses including, but not

limited to, the following topics: - Identification of locations for demonstration plots - Compost making - How to make and use an A-frame - Application of bench terrace and contour composting - Land preparation and application of compost - Sowing seeds - Maintenance of crops - Harvesting and seed collection - Maintenance of bench terrace and contour composting


CRP-SP Group organization Same as those for TPP-SP Exposure visit Same as those for TPP-SP Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses including, but not

limited to, the following topics: - Identification of locations for demonstration plots - Pruning of coffee trees - Rejuvenation of old coffee trees - Planting of new coffee seedlings - Maintenance of coffee plantation - Harvesting of coffee cherries - Post-harvesting or processing of cherries


GCPB-SP Group organization Same as those for TPP-SP Exposure visit Same as those for TPP-SP Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP




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Works Sub-activities Outline of the works Meetings with the

working group a. Discussion among the working group on how to control grazing activities in

the village b. Development of countermeasures to control grazing activities in the village c. Implementation and monitoring of developed countermeasures

Hands-on training and development of protein banks

a. Conduct of hands-on training courses on the development of protein banks - Identification of locations for protein banks - Land preparation - Designing of protein banks - Planting of seedlings/seeds - Maintenance of seedlings

Provision of seedlings of fodder crops

a. Provision of seedlings of fodder crops to the group members

IG/CS-SP Group organization Same as those for TPP-SP Exposure visit Same as those for TPP-SP Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses on identified income

generating activities such as: - Vegetable production; - Clothes mending; - Food processing; and - Tais making.

b. Provision of materials and tools necessary for the group to implement the income generating/cost saving activities

Daily coaching a. Provision of daily coaching to core and other members in the implementation of income-generating/cost-saving activities

b. Provision of daily coaching to core members on management, especially financial management, of the activities

IGC-SP Group organization a. Identification/selection of participating members of the working group b. Determination of roles and responsibilities of members

Exposure visit a. Organization of an exposure visit to sucos where similar activities have been implemented successfully (such as suco Faturasa) for the members

b. Organization of a feedback meeting among the members so as to share their findings during the trip and ideas on the sub-program

Work planning Same as those for TPP-SP Hands-on training a. Organization of a series of hands-on training courses on small scale check

dam construction such as: - Wattling; - Planting vegetative strips; and - Maintenance

b. Provision of materials and tools necessary for the group to construct small scale check dams

PAC-SP Development of materials

a. Determination of topics or themes to be discussed b. Development of scenario and materials (e.g., picture story books and films)

for both children and adult target groups Conduct of 1st

round tour a. Presentation of PAC material for children b. Organization of drawing session with children and dialogue session between

adult and children Conduct of 2nd

round tour a. Presentation of PAC material for adults b. Organization of meeting among participating adults to discuss their daily

activities and to realize the future land use plan developed in PULP-SP Conduct of 3rd

round tour a. Presentation of PAC material for adults b. Organization of meeting among participating adults to discuss their daily

activities and to realize the future land use plan developed in PULP-SP CD-SP Development of

training program a. Development of training programs for the district MAF staff (DFO, DCO,

etc.), extensionists and forest guards b. Identification and arrangement of potential resource persons in the trainings

for the district MAF staff (DFO, DCO, etc.), extensionists and forest guards Seminar-type

Training for District level staff

a. Organization of guidance/orientation for the concerned district MAF staff (DFO, DCO etc.), extensionists and forest guards on the five-year management plan and the proposed sub-programs

a. Organization of seminar-type technical training for concerned extensionists




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Works Sub-activities Outline of the works and forest guards on the proposed sub-programs

OJT for district level staff

a. Involvement of concerned extensionists and forest guards as co-implementers in the implementation of the sub-programs

Source: JICA Study on Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins (2010) The outlines of the potential sub-programs will be prepared on the basis of the above-mentioned table. On the other hand, the detailed standard work plans of the priority sub-programs are given in Annex D of Annexes submitted in the JICA Study in 2010. They can also be used for the preparation of the detailed work plan for the sub-programs in the five-year management plan

4.4 Preparation of Implementation Schedule (for Section 6.4)

An implementation schedule of the five-year plan will be developed based on the number of sucos in the priority sub-area and the implementable scale recommended by the JICA Study for the respective sub-programs. In case the number of sucos in the priority sub-area is beyond the recommended scale of the sub-programs, the sub-program should be implemented in a phased manner by dividing sucos into a few rounds. The following table gives the implementation scales recommended in the CBIWMP for the respective 12 sub-programs:

Standard Scales of the 12 Sub-programs <1 Subprogram Actual Duration Fiscal Year Duration CoverageParticipatory Land Use Planning 24 months 2 years 3 sucos Seedling Production 27 months 3 years 3 sucos Tree Planting Promotion/Forest Rehabilitation 36 months 3 years 3 sucos Community-based Seed Extension 34 months 3 years 3 sucos Home Garden 22 months 2 years 3 sucos Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion 35 months 3 years 3 sucos Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation 35 months 3 years 3 sucos Grazing Control with Protein Banks 44 months 4 years 3 sucos Initial Gully Control 22 months 2 years 3 sucos Income Generation/Cost-saving 48 months 4 years 3 sucos Public Awareness Campaign 23 months 2 years 4 sucos Capacity Development for Government Staff 11 months 1 year (Gov.)

Note: <1 All figures of the project duration and the number of sucos are still indicative and subject to change as the watershed management plan is finalized.


In particular, the number of sucos targeted by the sub-programs will be compared with the recommended scale of the respective sub-program so as to determine the number of rounds required to cover all the targeted sucos. After identifying the required rounds for the sub-programs, an implementation schedule shall be prepared in accordance with the following guidelines:

a. There should be at least three months for the preparatory works including the procurement of external experts or NGOs and the provision of guidance to the staff and external experts to be engaged in the sub-programs.

b. At the village level, it will take about two months for consultation with local communities in the priority sub-area on the sub-program activities and another four months for the participatory situation analysis (such as PRA/RRA) of the priority area/s prior to the implementation of the sub-programs.

c. As discussed in Section 4.3, almost all 12 sub-programs have the process of group organization, participatory work planning, and exposure visit in the beginning of the sub-program. There is a need to secure at least three months for such activities.

d. Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program (PLUP-SP) shall be implemented ahead of other land management-related sub-programs, such as Tree Planting Promotion




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Sub-program, Community-Based Seed Extension Sub-program, and Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program.

e. More than three sub-programs shall not be implemented in the same suco at the same time. The capacity of local communities in the suco is not sufficient in general.

f. If the target sucos are more than the recommended scale of the sub-program, another round of the sub-program should be implemented to cover all the target sucos. In principle, the second round should start after the end of the first round.

g. Sub-programs not necessary to be implemented after PLUP-SP, such as Capacity Development Sub-program and Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program, shall be implemented simultaneously with PLUP-SP.

The following format shall be used for making up an implementation schedule:

Form for Implementation Schedule Sub-program Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

The sample of an implementation schedule of the five-year plan under the CBWIMP is given in the next page.

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Sample of Implementation Schedule of the Five-Year Plan

Bemos Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 Year 2014 Year 2015J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

1. Preparatory Work1.1 Procurement of Staff (Failitators, Experts, Community Workers, etc.)1.2 Procurement of Facilities and Equipment1.3 Orientation/Guidance to the Staff1.4 Socilization/Consultation with Target Villages

2. Implementation of the Identified Sub-programs2.1 Implementatoin of CD-SP

2.1.1 Capacity Development Sub-program2.2 Implementatoin of the sub-programs in sucos of Group 1

(Suco Tohumeta, Suco Talitu, and Suco Cotulau)2.2.1 Implementatoin of PLUP and PAC

(1) Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program(2) Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program

2.2.2 Implementatoin of the Other Sub-programs(1) Sustainable Upland Farming Sub-program (in 3 sucos)(2) Initial Gully Control Sub-progam (in 2 sucos)(3) Treee Planting Promotion/Seedling Production Promotion Sub-program (in 1 suco)(4) Grazing Control & Protain Bank Sub-program (in 1 suco)(5) Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Sub-program (in 1 suco)(6) Community Based Seed Extension Sub-program (in 1 suco)

2.3 Implementatoin of the sub-programs in sucos of Group 2(Suco Dare and Suso Madabeno)2.3.1 Implementatoin of PLUP and PAC

(1) Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program(2) Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program

2.3.2 Implementatoin of the Other Sub-programs(1) Community Based Seed Extension Sub-program (in 2 sucos)(2) Home Garden Sub-program (in 2 sucos)(3) Sustainable Upland Farmng Sub-program(4) Income Generating/Cost Saving Sub-program


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4.5 Cost Estimates for the Five-Year Plan

The costs to be estimated for a five-year plan can be categorized into three elements, namely: 1) direct costs, 2) costs for hired NGOs/facilitators, and 3) other operational costs. The sub-sections below indicate the methods of estimating the costs of each item.

4.5.1 Direct Costs

The estimation of direct expenses can be made by multiplying the standard work quantity with updated unit costs for the respective works.

(1) Standard Work Quantity

The standard work quantities for the preparatory works and each of the 12 sub-programs are given in Table 4-1. The standard work quantities were estimated under the following assumptions:

One suco consists of five aldeias, with a total of 300 households. This means that one aldeia contains 60 households.

The number of the participants varies among sub-programs due to the respective nature of the sub-programs.

The sub-programs implemented at the suco level can cover three sucos in one round as defined in Section 4.3.

The following table shows the summary of the indicative standard work quantities for the preparatory works and the 12 sub-programs.

Indicative Standard Work Quantities Quantity <1 Sub-

program Major Work Item

1 Suco 3 Suco Guidance & orientation Workshop 450 person-day 1,350 person-day Situation Analysis Workshop 225 person-day 675 person-day

Preparatory Work

Material Provision Stationary 1 set 3 set Participatory workshops Workshop 925 person-day 2,775 person-day Tara Bandu Ceremony 150 person-day 450 person-day Monitoring Meeting Meeting 525 person-day 1,575 person-day

PLUP-SP

Material Provision Maps 9 sheets 27 sheets Organization + Planning Workshop 675 person-day 2,025 person-day Nursery Construction Training 1,485 person-day 4,455 person-day Hands-on training Training 1,800 person-day 5,400 person-day Maintenance Training 750 person-day 2,250 person-day Construction of nursery + water tank

Materials 5 sets 15 sets

Provision of planting materials

Seeds

47423

sets 1,423

69 Kg pcs

SPP-SP

Provision of farm tools Farm tools Poly tubes

100270

sets 300 540

Sets Kgs

Organization + Planning Workshop 675 person-day 2,025 person-day Exposure visit Training 30 person-day 90 person-day Hands-on training Training 800 person-day 2,400 person-day

TPP-SP

Seedlings Seedlings 1,800 pcs 54,000 pcs Organization + Planning Workshop 100 person-day 300 person-day Exposure visit Training 25 person-day 75 person-day Hands-on training Training 1,530 person-day 4,590 person-day Provision of planting materials

Seeds/Seedling

640200

Kg Bandles

1,920 600

Kg Bandles

CBSE-SP

Provision of farm tools Farm tool 100 set 300 set




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Quantity <1 Sub-

program Major Work Item

1 Suco 3 Suco Organization + Planning Workshop 250 person-day 750 person-day Exposure visit Training 30 person-day 90 person-day Hands-on training Training 3,000 person-day 9,000 person-day

Provision of seeds Vegetables Legumes

200150

Packs kg

600 450

Packs kg

Provision of farm tools Farm tools Wheelbarrows, etc.

10030

Sets Sets

300 90

Sets Sets

HG-SP

Set-up of solar drier Materials 10 sets 30 sets Organization + Planning Workshop 600 person-day 1,800 person-day Exposure visit Training 50 person-day 150 person-day Hands-on training Training 4,000 person-day 12,000 person-day Provision of planting materials

Seedlings 4,000 pcs 12,000 pcs SUFP-SP

Provision of farm tools Farm tool 200 set 600 set Organization + Planning Workshop 600 person-day 1,800 person-day Exposure visit Training 50 person-day 150 person-day Hands-on training Training 7,300 person-day 21,900 person-day Provision of materials Polybag 30 kg 90 kg Hand saw, ciseaux 100 set 300 set

CPR-SP

Wheel barrow, etc. 10 set 30 set Organization + Planning Workshop 250 person-day 750 person-day Exposure visit Training 20 person-day 60 person-day Hands-on training Training 1,800 person-day 5,400 person-day Provision of planting Seeds 30 kg 90 kg materials Seedlings 30 pcs 90 pcs Provision of farm tools Farm tools 130 sets 390 sets

GCPB-SP

Fence making For grazing land For protein bank

110

Km plots

3 30

Km plots

Organization + Planning Workshop 300 person-day 900 person-day Identification of potential areas

Workshop 100 person-day 300 person-day

Exposure visit Training Feedback meeting

1050

person-day person-day

30 150

person-day person-day

Hands-on training Farm tool 950 person-day 2,850 person-day

IDC-SP

Provision of farm tools and planting materials

Farm tools King grass

5025

Sets Bundles

150 75

Sets Bundles

Organization + Planning Workshop 300 person-day 900 person-day Exposure visit Training 30 person-day 90 person-day Hands-on training Training 2,010 person-day 6,030 person-day

IG/CS-SP

Material Provision Can not be standardized (See example in the attached Table). Workshop Workshop 980 person-day 3,920 person-day

PAC-SP (for 4 sucos)

Development of PAC materials

Picture book Pamphlet Leaflet

260

1,200

Sets Sets Sets

8 240

4,800

Sets Sets Sets

Training Training Nil person-day Nil Nil CD-SP

Workshop Workshop Nil person-day Nil Nil Note: < 1 All figures are indicative and subject to change as the watershed management plan is finalized. Source: JICA Study Team (2) Cost Data to be updated

Having identified the standard work quantities for the respective sub-programs, it is necessary to multiply these quantities with the unit costs of the cost items in order to estimate the overall direct cost. The following cost items shall be updated on the basis of prevailing market prices:




4-12

Unit Cost to be updated

Work categories Cost items Unit Price (US$) as of Dec. 09

Latest Price (US$)

Workshop/Training Meals & Snack Per person 2.0 Exposure visit Meals Per person 2.5 Transport (Hiring) Per bus or truck*day 150 Seeds Maize (Local) Per kg 1.5 Beans Per kg 2.5 Peanuts (Local) Per kg 2.5 Sweet potatoes Per bundle

(=approx. 300 cuttings) 5

Vegetables (Mustard, Lettuce, Eggplant, Bitter melons, Tomato)

Per pack 5 to 6

Vegetables (Cabbages, Chili, Broccoli)

Per pack 8 to 10

Trees (Gamal, Lamtoro, Caliandra, Sesbania)

Per kg 15

Seedling Sandalwood Per seedling 7 Mahogany Per seedling 5 Casuarinas Per seedling 0.75 King grass Per bundle 5 Orange Per seedling 5 Jack Fruits Per seedling 5 Farm tools Implements (machete, iron

sticks, plough, hoe, etc.) Per unit 6 to 8

Wheelbarrow Per unit 35 Plastic sheet for seed Per sheet 2 Others Iron pole (1.2 m ) Per pole (incl. cutting fee) 4.0 Wood pole (2 m) Per pole (incl. cutting fee) 1.5 Iron Wire Role (30-35 m) Per role 12 Source: JICA Study Team

4.5.2 Cost Estimate for Facilitators/Experts and Other Supporting Staff to be Hired

(1) List of Experts and Other Staff and Standard Person-Months required

Unless the district MAF staff as well as NDF staff are capacitated enough to implement the 12 sub-programs, MAF should hire the following external experts and supporting staff to implement the five-year management plan:

Experts and Other staff to be outsourced Subprogram Experts to be outsourced Required MM for

5 years <1 Capacity Development Sub-program Training/Capacity Development Specialist

Subject Matter Specialist Data encoder Translator

9 6 2 6

Situation Analysis PRA Facilitators Field assistant

2 6

Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program Expert/Facilitator 25 Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program PAC Specialist

PAC Material Development Specialist 33 17

Other Sub-program Expert/Facilitator Field assistant

60 1,690

Note: < 1The required man-months are estimated on the assumption that a total of six sucos would be targeted by the five-year plan. Source: JICA Study Team

(2) Unit Cost for Experts and Supporting Staff




4-13

At present, there is no regulation on the unit cost for outsourcing experts in MAF. Unless the government defines the guidelines or instructions on this matter, it would be necessary to obtain the information on the units costs for the external experts and supporting staff from local but competent NGOs in the country. The qualifications for the expert and supporting staff, which should be the basis for the estimation, are set as follows:

Facilitator/Expert: A person who holds a bachelor degree in agriculture, forestry or other related fields, has at least more than 10 years of experience in agricultural extension or rural development, and has enough experience in working with local communities, especially in hilly and mountainous areas

Field Assistant: A person who is a graduate of a vocational school of agriculture and forestry and has at least five years of experience in agriculture, forestry and/or rural development project

In the cost estimation of the priority sub-programs of the CBIWMP in 2009, the unit costs for the expert/facilitator and supporting staff are estimated at US$600/month and US$250/month (including field allowance), respectively.

4.5.3 Operational Costs

In addition to the direct costs as well as the cost for experts, operational expenses such as transportation cost, per diem for government staff, fuels and other consumables, need to be estimated. Additionally, price and physical contingencies should be considered in the cost estimation. The following guides shall be taken into account in the estimation of the operational costs:

a. One motorbike with a 160 cc engine each shall be allocated to facilitators/experts and field assistants. A 4WD pick-up vehicle shall be hired when the need arises.

b. Other expenses shall be treated in the project management cost, which is set at 10% of the direct expenses.

d. Physical and price contingency of 5% is applied.

4.5.4 Standard Cost Formats

The total cost and annual cost disbursement of the five-year plan shall be prepared using the format given in Appendix-E. To estimate the annual cost disbursement, the activities planned in the sub-programs shall be allocated to the respective years in accordance with the implementation schedule of the plan and the estimated unit costs shall be multiplied with the respective activities.

4.6 Proposed Organizational Structure for Implementation (for Section 6.6)

The five-year management plan shall specify the institutional framework for the implementation of the plan. The institutional framework, which is composed of i) the organizational structure to be established for the implementation of the plan and ii) the roles and responsibilities of the relevant stakeholders in the structure, may need to be specified in this section so that relevant stakeholders could be reminded of their roles and responsibilities. The same guideline described in Section 3.5.2 of the WMPGs should be used for this section.




5-1

Chapter 5 Lessons Learned from the Implementation of the Sub-program

This chapter highlights some lessons learned and good practices obtained through the implementation of the sub-programs under the JICA Study on CBIWMP in 2009. These lessons give useful suggestions and recommendations for the preparation of a watershed management plan as well as in the implementation of its attendant five-year management plan. The following sections describe the main lessons learned and good practices found in the JICA Study.

5.1 Lessons Learned

(1) Size of the Group

The size of a beneficiaries’ group should be manageable. If the organized beneficiaries’ group is as large as an aldeia, it might be difficult to keep the members’ participation high. Based on the experiences in the pilot projects, more or less 20~30 members may be the maximum number for the group to maintain its solidarity.

In case a target village requires a sub-program to cover all the villagers, the sub-program should be implemented in a phased manner. Since it is not advisable to benefit only the selected number of communities in the village in the context of Timor-Leste1, the sub-program should be flexible enough for the extension of the project period.

(2) Sub-program Time Frame

In any sub-programs taking a community-based approach, long-term assistance is necessary for the development of capacity of local communities. It is quite difficult for local communities to learn the skills that they have never practiced and to become self-reliant in a short period of time. The project period of any sub-program where hands-on training is the main intervention should be sufficient for the sub-program to conduct the same training courses to the same beneficiaries’ groups at least twice.

In addition, building a trust-based relationship with communities is essential in the implementation of a community-based project. Unless local communities have confidence in an implementer as a real partner for improving their living conditions, they would never listen to and merely consider any organization, either an NGO or MAF, as a source of materials or funds. In general, it is quite difficult to develop such a relationship in a short period of time.

(3) Avoidance of Envy Among the Members

Sub-programs under the agriculture and forestry-based programs employ an FFS approach, where regular members are to co-work at a demonstration plot which belongs to a core member and learn the techniques. However, regular members of a sub-program would sometimes feel partiality to a core member since many regular members work for the development of a core member’s plot. This tendency was observed in the TPP-SP and HG-SP and influenced the participation level of the members. An implementer (MAF or NGO) should clearly explain the objectives of a demonstration plot to all community members and assist them in the discussion and determination of how to treat the products generated by the sub-program, so that they do not have any negative feelings after the establishment of a demonstration plot.

(4) Utilization of the Existing Collective Working System

With reference to the above issue, there should be a scheme to enable the members to help each other and work in a collective manner in the respective farms so that many members can replicate 1 Such an arrangement may create internal conflicts between local people benefited and not benefited by a sub-program.




5-2

the techniques in their own farms/plots. To this end, the existing collective working group (so-called “Harosan” system) in the village can be utilized.

Sub-programs that require a certain amount of labor, such as the TPP-SP, CBSE-SP, and SUFP-SP, should create sub-groups/small groups under the beneficiaries’ group based on the existing collective working group. Each small group should map out a schedule for the group work in the respective farms/plots. In order for the sub-groups to apply the techniques properly, the implementer shall supervise their works and provide technical assistance whenever needed.

(5) Delivery of Information

One of the causes of low participation of members in the sub-programs was insufficient or delayed information dissemination. In the sub-programs implemented by the JICA Study Team, the NGO used to deliver the information of the sub-programs through the group leaders or core members, but the information had not necessarily been delivered to all regular members of the beneficiaries’ groups.

In order to facilitate information dissemination, it is again advisable to sub-divide the beneficiaries’ group into several sub-groups or small groups. Each group should assign a focal person/leader of the small group who is responsible for information sharing among the small group members. Since a small group is organized by the members who live close to each other, information dissemination is expected to be smoother.

(6) Utilization of PLUP-SP

In the course of the discussions under the Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program, local communities identified the needs of the village to realize its future land use map as well as village regulations. In other words , they were able to identify the sub-programs needed to be introduced in the village, such as the TPP-SP for regenerating forest, SUFP-SP for permanent farm and GCPBWPR-SP for free grazing land, to name a few. Consequently, it is recommended that the PLUP-SP shall be implemented ahead of any land-related management sub-programs (e.g., TPP-SP, CBSE-SP, SUFP-SP, etc.).

(7) Integrated Implementation of Sub-programs

The integrated implementation of the sub-programs in the pilot projects was effective in tackling rather complicated issues in the village. In Samalete, the combination of the TPP-SP and CPR-SP helped local communities to increase their income from coffee plantations through the expansion of new coffee plantations simultaneously with the rehabilitation of aged coffee plantations. On the other hand, the issues on free animal grazing and wildfire were tackled by the introduction of the PLUP-SP, CBSE-SP, and GCPBWPR-SP in Faturasa. Since the issues that local communities face are complicated or interrelated, several sub-programs should be implemented in the same village in a holistic manner. The following are some of the potential combinations of the sub-programs:

- PLUP-SP, TPP-SP, and SUFP-SP

- PLUP-SP, TPP-SP, and CRP-SP

- PLUP-SP, TPP-SP, CGPBWPR-SP, and CBSE-SP

- PLUP-SP, SUFP-SP, and CBSE-SP

(8) Consideration of the Capacity of the Village

When plural sub-programs are to be simultaneously implemented in the same village, the capacity of local communities should be carefully assessed prior to the implementation of the sub-programs. In particular, the balance of labor in the village should be assessed with due attention to the farming activities and traditional ceremonies in the village. Based on the experience in the pilot projects, it would be difficult for one village to implement more than three sub-programs at once.




5-3

(9) Support from the Village Leaders

Support from the village leaders of suco is indispensable for smooth operations of the sub-program. In case the leadership of the village leaders is weak, it might not be easy to keep the members active in the sub-program.

(10) Consideration on Tetun Illiterates and Women

Due consideration should be given to members who cannot comprehend tetun during hands-on training. There should be at least an interpreter during training coursesto facilitate the understanding of the participants. The farmer-to-farmer training approach, where a trained member becomes a trainer for other members, should also be considered if a sub-program is implemented in a phased manner. This approach may be more efficient in terms of cost-effectiveness.

At the same time, due consideration should be given to women members. Making food for the participants during training courses are their additional burden and such arrangement reduces their opportunities to take part in the training courses. A work sharing arrangement should be made among the members.

5.2 Good Practices

(1) Deployment of Field Staff

Deployment of field staffs is essential in the establishment of a trust relationship with communities. In the sub-programs implemented by the JICA Study Team, field staffs were deployed during the implementation of the pilot projects; the communities recognized the NGOs as the organizations that were always with them.

(2) Exposure Visit Prior to Field Implementation (Introduction of Role Models)

In general, communities are quite passive and sometimes afraid of change. In particular, they tend to hesitate to take part in activities that they cannot sense the direct benefit to them. It would not be easy for a sub-program to introduce new techniques, which will bring changes or additional burden/work to them, in the beginning.

The study tours or exposure visits conducted prior to the implementation of the pilot projects helped the members to have a clear picture/image of the outcomes of the respective sub-programs. In particular, it was quite effective in motivating the members of Batara to participate in the sub-programs. Many of them were keen to learn new techniques from the sub-programs.

(3) Effectiveness of Hands-on Training

A series of hands-on training courses provided by the sub-programs helped the members to learn and gain the knowledge and skills introduced by the sub-programs.

(4) Effectiveness of Participatory Panning

Making a work plan and evaluating performance in a participatory manner helped the members foster a sense of ownership of the sub-program and deepen their understanding of the sub-program activities.

(5) Coordination with Other Agencies

In the implementation of the sub-program, coordination with other agencies/organizations, such as PARDTL and the church, contributed to the development of networks or linkages which the communities could make use of in the future. In addition, the involvement of the local governments (the sub-district or district administrative offices) in PLUP-SP was effective in making the village leaders responsible for their regulations.




5-4

Furthermore, the coordination with the extensionists (extension workers) and forest guards, who were recently hired by MAF, are also important for the members and would enable them to receive assistance from MAF since they are the field extension arms of the government at present.

Tables

Tab

le 3

.1 C

hec

kli

st f

or A

dop

tab

ilit

y of

Su

b-p

rogr

ams

to T

arge

t W

ater

shed

Pro

gram

&S

ub

-pro

gram

Min

imu

m R

equ

irem

ent

for

Ad

opti

ng

Tree PlantingPromotion

Seedling ProductionPromotion

Forest ManagementPlanning

Community-basedSeed Extension

Home Garden

Animal FeedPreservation

Sustainable UplandFarming Promotion

Coffee PlantationRehabilitation

Grazing Control withProtein Bank

Slope ProtectionWorks

Sediment Flow Control

Initial Gully Control

Riverbank Protection

Whe

ther

ther

e ar

e de

grad

ed f

ores

ts o

r ba

re la

nds?

●●

Whe

ther

the

draf

t For

est M

anag

emen

t Dec

ree

has

alre

ady

been

ena

cted

?●

Whe

ther

the

prod

ucti

on o

f up

land

foo

d cr

ops

is lo

wer

as

com

pare

d w

ith

the

need

s of

loca

lco

mm

unit

ies?

●

Whe

ther

ther

e ar

e su

cos

that

can

onl

y pr

oduc

e up

land

cro

ps a

t low

yie

ld?

●

Whe

ther

ani

mal

fee

d is

def

icit

in a

targ

et w

ater

shed

?●

Whe

ther

loca

l com

mun

itie

s pr

acti

ce s

hift

ing

cult

ivat

ion

wit

hout

app

lica

tion

of

soil

cons

erva

tion

mea

sure

s?●

Whe

ther

the

coff

ee p

rodu

ctio

n is

the

maj

or s

ourc

e of

inco

me

and

the

yiel

d of

coff

ee tr

ee is

con

side

rabl

y lo

w ?

●

Whe

ther

the

over

-gra

zing

is o

ne o

f th

e ca

uses

of

wat

ersh

ed d

egra

dati

on o

f a

targ

etw

ater

shed

?●

Whe

ther

ther

e ar

e an

y sl

ope

fail

ures

or

land

slid

es f

ound

in a

wat

ersh

ed?

●

Whe

ther

ther

e ar

e an

y se

dim

ent f

low

or

rive

rbed

ero

sion

s in

the

trib

utar

ies

in th

eup

per

part

of

wat

ersh

ed?

●

Whe

ther

ther

e ar

e an

y in

itia

l-st

age

gull

y er

osio

ns in

the

uppe

r pa

rt o

f w

ater

shed

?●

Whe

ther

ther

e ar

e ri

verb

ank

eros

ions

fou

nd in

a w

ater

shed

?●

●： in

dica

tes

rele

vant

sub

-pro

gram

s if

the

answ

er a

gain

st th

e qu

esti

on o

f m

inim

um r

equi

rem

ent i

s po

siti

ve.

Ref

ores

tati

on/F

ores

tM

anag

emen

tF

arm

and

Liv

esto

ckM

anag

emen

t

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

nd S

ilvo

-P

asto

ral L

and

Man

a gem

ent

Slo

pe P

rote

ctio

n an

d S

edim

ent

Con

trol

T - 1

Table 3-2 Potential and Suitable Sucos for Sub-programs

Landuse/Management Program

Participatory LandUse

Tree PlantingPromotion

Seedling ProductionPromotion

Forest ManagementPlanning

Community-basedSeed Extension

Home GardenAnimal FeedPreservation

Sustainable UplandFarming Promotion

Coffee PlantationRehabilitation

Grazing Controlwith Protein Bank

Slope ProtectionWorks

Sediment FlowControl

Initial Gully Control Riverbank ProtectionAlternative Rural

Energy DevelopmentIncome Generating

Public AwarenessRaising

EnvironmentalEducation

AILEU AILEU AISIRIMOU 2 4 4 5 4 4 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 5 2 4 3 3BANDUDATO 2 4 4 5 2 2 4 2 5 4 4 4 4 5 3 2 2 4FAHIRIA 1 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 5 4 1 1 1 5 3 2 4 3FATUBOSA 1 3 3 4 3 3 5 2 1 5 2 2 3 5 2 3 3 5HOHOLAU 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 5 4 2 2 2 5 2 4 2 5LAHAE 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 3 3 3 5 2 4 3 5LAUSI 2 5 5 5 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 1 3 5 1 2 3 5SABORIA 1 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 3SELOI CRAIC 1 5 5 3 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 5 2 3 4 4SELOI MALERE 2 5 5 5 3 3 4 2 4 4 2 2 3 5 1 3 3 5SUCO LIURAI 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 4 4 1 1 1 5 3 3 1 1

LAULARA COTOLAU 1 5 5 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 4FATISI 1 4 4 3 2 2 4 2 5 4 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 4MADABENO 1 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 5 1 2 3 4TALITU 1 5 5 3 4 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 2 5 2 4 3 3TOHUMETA 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 5 2 1 1 3 5 2 3 3 5

LIQUIDOE ACUBILITOHO 1 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 5 4 1 1 2 5 2 3 4 4BERELEU 2 3 3 5 3 3 4 1 5 4 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 4BETULAU 2 5 5 5 4 4 5 2 5 5 2 2 3 5 2 4 3 5FAHISOI 2 5 5 3 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 2 3 5 1 2 4 3FATURILAU 1 4 4 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 2 2 2 5 4 3 2 4MANUCASA 1 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 5 4 3 3 1 5 2 3 3 4NAMOLESO 1 4 4 4 3 3 5 2 5 5 4 4 2 5 1 3 4 3

REMEXIO ACUMAU 2 4 4 5 4 4 5 2 4 5 3 3 3 5 3 4 2 4FADABLOCO 2 4 4 4 3 3 5 1 4 5 4 4 3 5 1 3 3 4FAHISOI 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 1 5 4 4 4 3 5 1 2 3 4FATURASA 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 4 4 3 5 3 3 3 3HAUTOHO 1 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 5 4 4 4 3 5 2 2 3 3MAUMETA 1 5 5 4 2 2 4 1 5 4 3 3 3 5 1 2 4 5SUCO-LIURAI 1 5 5 5 3 3 4 1 5 4 4 4 1 5 4 3 3 5TULATAQUEO 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 4 5 4 4 3 5 3 4 3 3

AINARO MAUBISSE FATU-BESI 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 5 3 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 2 4 N.A. 5MANELOBAS 1 5 5 2 4 4 5 3 5 5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 4 4 N.A. 5MAUBISSE 1 5 5 3 2 2 5 3 5 5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 4 2 N.A. 5MAULAU 1 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 5 3 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 2 4 N.A. 3SUCO LIURAI 1 3 3 1 3 3 2 4 4 2 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 2 3 N.A. 4

DILI DOM ALEIXO COMORO 2 5 5 4 3 3 5 2 5 5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1 4 3 N.A. 5METINARO DUYUNG (SEREIA) 2 5 5 5 1 1 5 2 5 5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 4 1 N.A. 5

SABULI 1 5 5 4 3 3 5 1 5 5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 4 3 N.A. 5VERA CRUZ DARE 1 4 4 3 2 2 5 2 3 5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1 4 2 N.A. 3

ERMERA RAILACO DELECO 1 5 5 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 4 5 1 3 3 4FATUQUERO 1 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 2 5 1 3 3 4LIHU 2 5 5 5 2 2 4 2 1 4 3 3 3 5 3 2 3 4MATATA 1 5 5 5 2 2 4 1 3 4 3 3 3 5 1 2 3 5RAILACO CRAIC 1 4 4 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 4 5 2 2 4 3RAILACO LETEN 1 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 2 3 3 4SAMALETE 1 4 4 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 1 4 5 1 2 3 3TARACO 1 4 4 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 5 2 2 3 4TOCOLULI 2 5 5 5 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 4 N.A. 5 1 3 4 5

LIQUICA BAZARTETE FAHILEBO 2 5 5 5 3 3 4 2 4 4 1 1 3 5 3 3 1 5LEOREMA 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 1 1 4 2 2 N.A. 5 1 3 3 5TIBAR 1 4 4 3 2 2 4 3 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3ULMERA 2 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 1 3 5 1 2 1 5

MANATUTO LACLO HOHORAI 1 1 1 4 3 3 5 2 5 5 1 1 4 1 4 3 4 4LACUMESAC 3 1 1 5 2 2 5 2 5 5 2 2 1 1 4 2 3 5UMA NARUC 2 1 1 4 3 3 5 2 5 5 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 5UMACADUAC 1 3 3 4 3 3 5 2 5 5 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 4

LACLUBAR BATARA 1 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 1 3 5 3 2 1 1FATUMAQUEREC 1 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 5 2 2 2 4 5 4 4 1 3FUNAR 1 4 4 4 3 3 5 2 5 5 3 3 1 5 4 3 3 4MANELIMA 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 2 5 5 1 1 1 5 4 3 3 5ORLALAN 1 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 5 2 3 3 3SANANA'IN 2 4 4 5 3 3 5 2 5 5 3 3 1 1 4 3 3 5

MANATUTO AILILI 3 5 5 5 1 1 4 3 5 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 5AITEAS 2 5 5 5 3 3 4 2 5 4 3 3 1 5 3 3 2 5CRIBAS 2 5 5 5 3 3 4 2 5 4 1 1 3 5 4 3 1 5ILIHEU 3 5 5 5 2 2 5 3 5 5 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 5

MANUFAHI TURISCAI CAIMAUC 1 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 5 2 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 2 4 N.A. 5FATUCALO 1 4 4 2 3 3 4 3 5 4 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 4 3 N.A. 4LESUATA 1 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 5 4 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 4 3 N.A. 4LIURAI 1 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 2 3 N.A. 5MANUMERA 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 5 4 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 1 4 N.A. 5MATOREC 1 5 5 4 3 3 5 1 4 5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 4 3 N.A. 5

*1 : Class 1 Highly Suitable, Class 2 Moderate Suitable, Class 3 Marginal Suitable, Class 4 Limited Suitable, Class 5: Not SuitableN.A.: Data not available

Afforestation/Forest Management Program

Sub-programs

Slope Protection and Sediment Control ProgramDistrict SubDistric Suco

Farm and Livestock Management Program Agroforestry and Silvo-Pastoral Land Management ProgramCommunity/Livelihood Development

Program

InformationDissemination/Awareness Raising

Program

T - 2

Table 4-1 Indicative Standard Work Quantities for the Preparatory Work and the 12 Sub-programs

a. Preparatory Works Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Guidance and orientation Initial meeting 50 participants x 2 days Day-persons 100 300 Introductory

meetings 50 participants x 2 days Day-persons 100 300

Situation analysis Preparation of materials

Flip chart Stationary (felt pen, tapes, pencils, notes)

LS 1 3

PRA Sessions 50 participants x 5 days Day-persons 250 750

b. Participatory Land Use Planning Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Guidance and Orientation to villages (1st year)

Initial meetings with villagers, Introductry meetings/sessions

10 participants x 4 days Day-persons 40 120

Workshops and Analyses Preparation of present land use


Land Use Option and Future Land Use Mapping

25 participants x 4 days 100 300

Development of the village regulations


Consultation with communities in the village and MAF(Consultation meeting at the aldeia level)


Consultation with communities in the village and MAF(Finalization of the village regulations)


Organization of Tara-Bandu ceremony

150 participants x1day 150 450

Implementation and monitoring of the regulations

Monthly monitoring meeting at the suco level

25 participants x 14 days Day-persons 350 1,050

Bi-monthly meeting at the aldeia level


Review and revision of the village regulations

Review of the regulations

50 participants x 1 day Day-persons 50 130

Approval of the revised village regulations


T - 3


c. Seedling Production Sub-program (SP-SP): Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Preparatory works Group formation &

making of group rules


Planning of the activity


Construction of nursery Field verification of water source (1st year)


Preparation & signing of the rules to use water sources (1st year)

150 participants x 2 days

Day-persons 300 900

Installation of water supply system


Land preparation, setting poles, fencing, etc.


Day-persons 1,125 3,375

Maintenance 5 participants x 18 days Day-persons 90 270

Hands-on training (1st–3rd year)

Mixing soil, sawing, & watering



Filling soil into pots & transplanting sprouts into pots



Making organic pesticides & watering/maintenance



Tending & maintenance of the seedlings (1st–3rd year)

Watering & weeding of the seedlings

4 participants x 75 days x 5 nursery


Monitoring & distribution of seedlings (1st-3rd year)

Recording number of seedlings

Done by Extension staff (EX) & Field assistant (FA)

Distribution of seedlings

Done by Extension staff (EX) & Field assistant (FA)

Monitoring & evaluation Annual evaluation & planning workshop (2nd-4th year)

Done as a part of TPP-SP.

d. Tree planting promotion/Forest Rehabilitation Sub-program (TPP/FR-SP): Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Preparatory works Group formation &

making of group rules


Planning of the activity


Exposure visit Field trip 30 participants x 2 day Day-persons 60 120Hands-on training Land preparation,

planting & tending (1st–2nd year)

300 participants x 6 days Day-persons 1,800 5,400

Re-planting & tending (2nd-3rdyear)


Maintenance (2nd-4th year)


Monitoring Recording the number of seedlings planted by the participants (2nd-4th year)

Done by EX & FA. Day-person

Sample monitoring of tree survival

Done by EX & FA.

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Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos

planted by the participants (2nd-4th year)

Meeting/workshop Annual evaluation & planning workshop (2nd-4th year)


e. Forest Management Planning Sub-program (FMP-SP): Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Preparatory works Group formation 50 participants x 1 day Day-persons 50 150

Workshop Preparation of Draft Community Forest Management Agreement


Meeting Signing on the DCFMA


f. Community-Based Seed Extension Major work items Activities/ Items Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Workshop Work planning

workshop 50 participants x 3 days Day-persons 150 450

Exposure visit Field trip 30 participants x 1 days Day-persons 30 90Hands-on training Compost-making 300 participants x 3 days Day-persons 900 2,700 Soil conservation 300 participants x 1 day Day-persons 300 900 Land preparation/

Farm development 300 participants x 3 days Day-persons 900 2,700

Planting 300 participants o x 2 days Day-persons 600 1,800 Filed Maintenance 300 participants x 1 days Day-persons 300 900 Harvest & post

harvesting 300 participants x 3 days Day-persons 900 2,700

Provision of materials Seeds (Improved maize) From NDAH/SoL

1 kg x 300 person x 2 season =600

Kg-persons 600 1,800

Seeds (local maize)

3 kg x 300 person x 2 season =1,800

Kg-persons 1,800 5,400

Seeds (Improved peanuts) From NDAH/SoL

1 kg x 300 person x 2 season =600

Kg-persons 600 1,800

Seeds (local peanuts)

2.5 kg x 300 person x 2 season =1,500

Kg-persons 1,500 4,500

Cutting (Improved Sw potato) From NDAH/SoL

Consult with NDAH/SoL (tbd) (tbd) (tbd)

Cutting (local Sw potato)

2 bundles x 300 person x 2 season =1,200

Bundle- persons

1,200 3,600

Farm tools 1 set Day-persons 300 900Meeting/workshop Monitoring and

planning workshop 50 participants x 2 days Day-persons 100 100

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g. Home Garden Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Workshop Work planning


Exposure visit Field trip 30 participants x 1 days Day-persons 30 90Hands-on training Compost-making 200participants x 3 days Day-persons 600 1,800 Nursery & seedling

preparation


Land preparation/ Farm development


Planting 200 participants x 1 days Day-persons 200 600 Filed Maintenance 200 participants x 1 days Day-persons 200 600 Keep seeds 200participants x3 days Day-persons 200 600Provision of materials Seeds 40 packs x 5 group packs 200 600 Farm tools (indivi) 1 set of hoe, etc / person set 200 600 Farm tools (group) Wheelbarrow, shovels set 60 180Meeting/workshop Monitoring and


h. Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Guidance and Orientation to villages

Initial meetings with villagers, Introductory meetings/sessions


Organization of farmers group

Selection of delegated members,


discussion of roles and responsibilities


Exposure visit Field trip 50 participants x 1 days Day-persons 50 150

Situation analysis Situation analysis 100 participants x 1 days Day-persons 100 300

Identification of potential areas


Action planning 100 participants x 3 days Day-persons 300 900

Field Farmers School Compost making 20 participants x 10 days Day-persons 200 600

Effect of land conservation techniques


Designing 20 participants x 5 day Day-persons 100 300

How to make and use A-frame


Contour mulching 20 participants x 5 days Day-persons 100 300

Contour composting and Terrace making


Fodder tree planting 20 participants x 10 days Day-persons 200 600

Land preparation 20 participants x 10 day Day-persons 200 600

Line planting 20 participants x 10 days Day-persons 200 600

Farm management 20 participants x 15 days Day-persons 300 900

Provision of materials Farm tools 1 set x 100 persons Kg-persons 250 750 Seedling 20 pax x 100 persons,

pax x 5 groupss Sdlng-persons 2100 6300

Hand saw 1 set x 100 persons Bag-persons 12,500 37,500 Farm tools 1 set x 100 persons Set-persons 100 300Meeting/workshop Monitoring and


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i. Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Guidance and Orientation to villages

Initial meetings with villagers, Introductory meetings/sessions


Organization of farmers group

Selection of delegated members,


discussion of roles and responsibilities


Exposure visit Field trip 50 participants x 1 day Day-persons 50 150Situation analysis Inventory of coffee

farms Aerial photo maps Sheet 3 9

Identification of unproductive coffee farms


Field Farmers School General guidance on Coffee Production

100 participants x 1days Day-persons 100 300

Training on compost making

100 participants x 10days

Day-persons 1000 3000

Training on how to identify unproductive coffee plantation


Training on harvesting, post-harvesting and collection seeds


Training on production of coffee seedlings



Training on coffee farm management



Training on rejuvenation of coffee trees

100 participants x 20day Day-persons 2000 6000

Training on establishment of coffee plantation (hole digging, compost application, planting trees)


Training on maintenance of rejuenated/replanted area


Provision of materials Wheel barrows and other agricultural tools

2 set x 1 group set-groups 10 30

Hand saw 1 set x 1 person Set-person 100 300 Ciseaux 1 set x 1 person Set-person 100 300 Polybag 6 kg x 1 group Kg-suco 30 90Meeting/workshop Monitoring and


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j. Grazing Control with Protein Bank Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Workshop Work planning


Exposure visit Field trip 30 participants x 1 days Day-persons 30 90Hands-on training Fencing with planting 50 participants x 10 days Day-persons 500 500 Mechanical weeding 300 participants x 1 day Day-persons 300 900 Biological control 300 participants x 1 day Day-persons 300 900 Seedling production 300 participants x 1 day Day-persons 300 900 Fence for protein

bank 300 participants x 3 days Day-persons 900 2,700

Planting 300 participants x 1 days Day-persons 300 900 Compost making 300 participants x 2 days Day-persons 600 1,800Provision of materials

Seeds for fodder trees 1 kg x 3 kinds x 10 demo plots

kg 30 90

Seeds for crops 6 bundle x 10 demo plots bundle 60 180 Farm tools (e.g. hoe) 6 set x 10 demo plots set 60 180 Wood pole 2.0 m pole 500 500 Iron pole 1.5 m pole 500 500 Iron wire 1 role = 35 m role 150 150 Bamboo pole 1.5 m: 100 poles x 10 plot Pole 1,000 3,000 Wood pople 2.0 m: 200 poles x 10 plot Pole 2,000 6,000Meeting/workshop Monitoring and


i. Initial Gully Control Major work items Activities/Items Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Consultation with communities

Organization of meetings with suco leaders of the target sucos to explain the purpose and outlines of the watershed management plan


Organization of consultation meetings with communities of the target sucos to explain purpose and outlines of the sub-program


Identification of potential areas

Organization of the workshop for resource mapping


Group organization Organization of an exposure visit to suco where similar activities have been implemented


Organization of a feedback meeting among the members so as to share their finding in the trip


Exposure visit Organization of an exposure visit to suco where similar activities have been implemented successflly for the members


Organization of a feedback meeting among the membrs so as to share


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Major work items Activities/Items Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos

their finding in the trip and ideas on the sub-program

Work planning Organization of a participatory planning workshop


Hands-on training Guidance on techniques of soil conservation against the gully erosion


Design of the demonstration plot


Cleaning and compactation of the foundation at the demonstration plot


Installation of structures


Back fill at the structures


Planting king grass 50 participants x 2 days Day-persons 100 300 Maintenance of the

demonstration plot s Day-persons 100 300

Provision of materials

Seedling of king grass 25 bundles x suco Bundle-suco 25 75

Tools (shovel) 1 units x 1 person Unit-person 50 150Meeting/workshop Monitoring and planning


l. Income Generating / Cost Saving (Sample indication) Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Workshop Work planning workshop 50 participants x 3 days Day-persons 150 450

Exposure visit Field trip 30 participants x 1 days Day-persons 30 90Hands-on training Market Survey 30participants x 3 days Day-persons 90 270 Business Management 30participants x 2 days

x2 times Day-persons 120 360

Other business training 30participants x 1 days x2times

Day-persons 60 180

How to prepare solar dries 8 participants x 3 days x 4 times

Day-persons 96 288

How to do food processing 8 participants x 1 days x 4 times

Day-persons 32 96

How to prepare tais 8 participants x 6 days x 4 times

Day-persons 192 576

How to use sewing machine

8 participants x 6 days x 4 times

Day-persons 192 576

How to make handicraft 8 participants x 6 days x 4 times

Day-persons 192 576

Provision of materials

Calculator 1 unit x 10 groups Unit-group 10 30

Solar drier material 1 units x 10 groups Unit-group 10 30 Kitchen utensils 1 units x 10 groups Unit-group 10 30 Tais equipment 1 units x 8 person x 4

times Unit-person 32 96

Sewing machine 1 units x 10 groups Unit-group 10 30 Color powder & material 1 units x 10 groups Unit-group 10 30Meeting/workshop Monitoring and planning


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m. Public Awareness Campaign Major work items Activities Specification Unit Quantity One suco 3 sucos Organization of a meeting for the trial use of the material prepared

30 participants x 1 day Day-Persons 30 -

Consultation with communities

Organization of meetings with suco leaders and teachers of the target sucos to explain the purpose and outlines of the sub-program


Awareness survey Implementation of the survey


Workshop organization Presentation of material for the children


Drawing session and dialogue with adults


Drawing paper (A3) 2 pcs x 1 child Pcs-person 120 360

Color pencil 1 box x 1 child Box-person 60 120

Presentation of material for the adults

30 participants x 1 day Day-person 30 90

Meeting among adults to discuss about natural resource management


Presentation of material for the adults


Meeting among adults to discuss about issues in implementation of the sub-programs


Awareness survey Implementation of the survey


Material Development Picture book 1 set x 1 schools Set-school 1 3

Pamphlet 1 copy x 1 adult Copy-person 30 90

leaflet 1 copy x 1participants Copy-person 30 90

Meeting/workshop Monitoring and planning workshop


n. Capacity Development Major work items Activities Specification Unit

Quantity

Survey Training Needs Survey Workshop

45 persons x 2 days Day-persons 90

Training Project management/ Institutional aspect

45 persons x 5 days Day-persons 225

Technical Training 45 persons x 20 days Day-persons 900 Procurement of Trainers 5 persons x 20 days Day-persons 100Report CD Report 1 set x 45persons Set-persons 45Workshop Presentation 45 persons x 1 day Day-persons 45

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Appendix-A: Terms of Reference for

Village Profile Sirvey



Final Report Volume II (Appendices)

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Appendix-A: Terms of Reference for the “Village Profile Survey”

for

The Study on Community-based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins

1. Name of the Work

Village Profile Survey for the Study on Community-based Integrated Watershed Management in Laclo and Comoro River Basins 2. Survey Area (Target Villages)

The target villages to be covered by the captioned survey are those located within the Laclo and Comoro River catchments. The Laclo River basin extends over six sub-districts in three districts, while the Comoro River basin covers three sub-districts in three districts as shown below.

Districts and Sub-districts within the River Catchments Basin Sub district (district) Laclo River basin Aileu (Aileu), Liquidoe (Aileu), Remexio (Aileu), Laclo (Manatuto),

Laclubar (Manatuto), and Manatuto (Manatuto) Comoro River basin Laulara (Aileu), Railaco (Ermera), and Bazartete (Liquica)

According to “The 2001 Survey of Sucos”, a total of 77 sucos (villages) are under the jurisdiction of the nine sub-districts listed above. All sucos in the nine sub-districts are summarized as follows:

No. of Villages and Population under the Nine Sub-districts River Basin District Sub-district No. of villages Population (2001) Laclo Aileu Aileu 18 14,535 Liquidoe 7 4,253 Remexio 10 8,777 Manatuto Laclo 4 5,446 Laclubar 6 9,811 Manatuto 6 9,551 Sub-total 51 52,373 Comoro Emera Railaco 9 6,897 Liquica Bazartete 9 17,691 Aileu Laulara 8 4,264 Sub-total 26 28,852 Grand Total 77 81,225

Source: The 2001 Survey of Sucos (2001)

The JICA Study Team expects the number of the target villages to be below 77, but cannot define the exact number at this moment. Hence, the Contractor shall identify the number of villages located within the Laclo and Comoro River basins soon after the conclusion of a contract with the JICA Study Team. Details about the Contractor’s obligation are further discussed in a succeeding section (Section 4) of this Terms of Reference. Since the number of target villages is presently unknown, the




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Contractor should estimate the cost of the work assuming 60 villages are located in the Laclo and Comoro River basins. 3. Objectives of the Survey

The survey objectives are to grasp the general characteristics (socio-economic as well as natural conditions) of villages located within the Laclo and Comoto River basins and to prepare a set of village profile sheets for target villages. The village profile sheets will indicate the natural, socio-economic, cultural (including traditional uses of forest resources and customary rules on forests) characteristics of target villages in the Laclo and Comoro River basins. 4. Specifications of the Survey

The “village profile survey” consists of two parts, namely, “gathering the secondary data at the relevant offices” and “gathering the primary data at target villages”. 4.1 Collection of Secondary Data/Information

There are two main aims of “data gathering/collection at the relevant offices”, namely: i) to identify target villages among the list of villages of the nine districts and ii) to prepare a set of database (a master list) with updated socio-economic as well as physical information (including those related to poverty and human development indicators) of target villages. For purpose i), the Contractor can coordinate with the JICA Study Team since the JICA Study Team would define the boundaries of both catchments in the course of the Study. On the other hand, the Contractor shall gather/collect secondary data/information of target villages for purpose ii). The possible sources of information that the Contractor shall collect are:

- The 2001 Survey of Sucos; - Census Timor-Leste 2004; - District Development Plans; - Maps and other documents showing the location of villages; and - Any existing report about the socioeconomic background of villages in the related

sub-districts. The master list of target villages shall be prepared in Microsoft Excel. 4.2 Village Survey

(1) Items to be surveyed The village survey aims to gather/collect the following information through direct interview with key informants (village leaders, village elders, teachers, etc.) in the target villages:




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Items to be Surveyed through Key Informants Interview General Information

Name, Area and Location of village (distance from major city, etc.) History of village (year of establishment, any relocation since establishment, etc.) Demography (by sex and age distribution) Ethnic structure Present and traditional village organizational structure Educational level and literacy rate Religion (types and proportion)

Culture Traditional custom, culture and any events Existing village-based organizations and their roles (e.g., women’s group, farmers group, youth group, etc.) Decision making process Any collective works that villagers participate in

Livelihood and Natural Resource Management Hydrology (water resources) Land use (including shifting cultivation fields) Sources of income (types, average income level, proportion in the village) Agricultural production (types of crops, cropped area, productivity, production) Problems in farming Livestock and grazing land (no. and type of animals and Area for grazing) Forestry activity (major forestry product and NTFPs) Other livelihood activities Problems in livelihood activities Vulnerability to natural disaster (including severity of damage caused by sediment flow and river bank erosion)

Seasonal Changes (by using a seasonal diagram method) Rainfall pattern Food shortage (food security) Cropping calendar for major crops Harvesting season of major NTFPs Incidence of major diseases

Marketing Accessibility to markets (seasonal road and transportation conditions) Major marketing outlets (middlemen, wholesalers, local market, weekly bazaar, others) Marketing practices (selling products at farm gate, transport products to buyers place, etc.) Price trend Problems in marketing

Infrastructure Location, No. and Current conditions of social infrastructure (water supply, school, clinic, road, etc.) Location, No. and Current conditions of agricultural infrastructure (irrigation, post-harvest, etc.)

Customary rules on Natural Resource Management Extent of use of natural resources by villagers Customary rules on the management/use of land and forest resources Any changes of customary rules Any troubled cases on the management/use of resources and solutions taken

Other information Any on-going/implemented (past) rural development project in the area International organizations and/or local NGOs working in the area Any organizations related to livelihood activities

In addition to the interview survey, the Contractor shall check the location of village (latitude and longitude) using GPS when the Contractor visits the village. The JICA Study Team will lend GPS




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units for this work and instruct the Contractor on proper usage prior to the field work. (2) Methodology The Contactor shall collect the above-listed data/information by directly interviewing key informants (e.g., village leaders, elders and teachers). To do so, the Contractor shall prepare a survey format, which may include a checklist, a format for seasonal diagram, and a data encoding sheet, prior to the actual survey at the village. (3) Data Arrangement The Contractor shall prepare the village profile sheets containing the items stated in Section 4.2 (1) in Microsoft Excel. 5. Outputs to be prepared

The Contractor shall submit the following outputs one week after completion of the field survey: a. Master list of target villages with other social and physical information b. Three copies of Draft Final Report (DFR) with village profile sheets c. Computer files of items a and b d. Data and Books collected through the survey

The JICA Study Team might make comments and clarifications on the outputs (Master list and DFR) after the Contractor’s submission. In case the Contractor receives any comments on their outputs from the JICA Study Team, the Contractor shall revise them accordingly and resubmit three copies of the revised outputs to the JICA Study Team within one week after receiving the comments. 6. Work Schedule

The survey including data arrangement and report writing shall be entirely completed within 60 days from the date of the contract. Therefore, the Contractor shall carry out the survey as efficiently as possible to complete the work within the given period. Data encoding shall be undertaken simultaneously with the field work to maximize the time. A tentative schedule for the work is presented as follows.

Tentative Work Schedule Activity Schedule 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-601. Preparatory work (3 days) 2. Data collection of secondary data (7 days) 3. Pre-test of survey with Study team (3 days) 4. Modification of survey method (3 days) 5. Preparation of field works 4. Field interview survey

5. Data encoding and analysis 6. Report making 7. Submission of Reports

7. Others

FinalDraft




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The Contractor shall be responsible for the employment of interviewers and encoders, arrangement of accommodation and transportation required during the field survey, and any expenses spent for data gathering and encoding. The guidance and training of interviewers shall also be carried out by experienced experts of the Contractor. The JICA Study Team may also participate in the guidance and training of interviewers. Attachment: Sample format for Village Profile Survey

Appendix-B: Development of GIS

Database for Watershed Management Plan




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Appendix-B Development of GIS Database for Watershed Management Plan

1. Introduction

1.1. Objectives

Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the effective tools for natural resource management, which enables management, processing and analysis of various types of data linked to the geographical information. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to develop GIS database by utilizing relevant software in the course of the preparation of CBIWMP.

The main objectives of the development of GIS database are as follows:

- To prepare land use and vegetation map of the target watershed, - To prepare slope map of the target watershed, - To develop the zoning map of the target watershed, and - To calculate sediment yield from the target watershed.

The database shall be used to grasp not only the current condition of the target watershed, but any changes of the area in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation stages. Therefore, the data sets might need to be updated periodically.

Based on the above, the objective in preparing the manual for the development of GIS data sets is to show the necessary steps to be taken for the preparation of the GIS data sets, using relevant software.

1.2. Work Flow of GIS Database Development

The following figure shows the summary of the work flow for the preparation of the development of GIS data sets.




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2.1. Preparation of necessary datasets 3.1. Preparation of necessary datasets

2.2. Developing zoning model 3.2. Developing USLE model

1.1. Preparation of necessary data sets

- Collection of existing data

- Procurement of satellite images

- Digitizing of paper based maps and important features

1.2. Development of Land Use and Vegetation Maps

1.3. Preparation of Topographic Data from ASTER DEM

- Creation of contour lines for 25m and 100m

- Development of the Slope Map and the Elevation Map

1. Preparation of Base Map

2. Development of zoning map 3. Estimation of Soil Erosion Potential

Procedure for GIS Database Development




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2. Preparation of Base Maps

This section introduces the procedure for the GIS database development using ArcView 9.1 and Spatial Analyst, which is one of the extensions to enhance the analysis functions of the GIS software.

In addition, remote sensing software such as Image Analysis and ENVI, shall be used to analyze satellite images.

2.1. Preparation of necessary data sets

The necessary data for the development of GIS database are listed below.

List of Necessary Data to be Collected for GIS Database Development

Note*:RESTEC: Remote Sensing Technical Center of Japan

Of the above data, due attention shall be especially paid to the preparation or selection of such data as discussed below:

1) Preparation of Watershed Boundary

It is recommended to use topographic maps which can be procured from National Directorate of Land and Property, Ministry of Finance, to manually identify the boundaries of the target watershed. Then, the topographic maps with the identified boundaries will be scanned for digitization using ArcView.

2) Selection of Satellite Image

To secure the accuracy of the land use and vegetation map, satellite image of the target watershed with at least 30 m approximate pixel size, such as Landsat 5 TM, is required. Satellite imagery can be purchased in a number of formats, which has a variety of options.

One important option is the map projection in which the data will be supplied. Generally, distances and areas on the images to be purchased will be measured in the course of image

Possible Data Type

Data Name Possible Data Source Note

Administrative Boundary (Suco boundary, Sub-district boundary and District boundary)

ALGIS/National Directorate of Land and Property, Ministry of Finance

-

Transportation ALGIS -

River ALGIS -

Geology ALGIS -

1 GIS Data

Soil ALGIS -

2 Other Digital Data

Aerial Photos ALGIS Ortho-rectified photos taken in 2003

Rainfall ALGIS PDF data is available

3 Paper-Based Data

Topographic map National Directorate of Land and Property, Ministry of Finance

Maps with the scale of 1/25,000 are available.

Watershed boundary Topographic maps Watershed boundary can be identified based on the topographic maps

Landsat Can be procured from RESTEC*

- 4 Satellite Image

ASTER Can be procured from RESTEC*

-




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analysis. Therefore, it is best to purchase images that have a metric projection, as distances can be measured in meters. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)1 projection is probably the most useful one to use for this purpose. It is also necessary to know the datum where the UTM coordinates are based. In general, it is best to use World Geodetic Datum 1984 (WGS84). The WGS84 can be applied anywhere, and is compatible with the coordinates obtained from the global positioning system (GPS). In addition, transforming the UTM projected images to another coordinate system will be relatively straightforward if the WGS84 is specified in purchasing the imagery.

In procurement of the satellite images, it is strongly recommended to obtain the ortho-rectified satellite images which are effective in saving time for rectifying the such images, namely, geo-referencing, so that they match the accurate map coordinates.

2.2. Development of Land Use and Vegetation Maps

2.2.1. Calibration of Satellite Images

Satellite images, such as Landsat data supplied by USGS comprise “raw” digital numbers (DN) that represent the relative brightness of objects on the earth’s surface. There is no relationship between the brightness values in the different spectral bands for these data. Although USGS do apply a relative calibration to the data, absolute calibration must be done by the data user.

Absolute calibration of the imagery must be done prior to using automated image classification to do land cover mapping. The raw DN must be radiometrically corrected by firstly converting them to radiance (energy level, measured in W m-2 sr-1 μm-1), and secondly transforming the radiance to apparent at-satellite reflectance (%). Reflectance is the amount of energy (sunlight) that is reflected by objects on the earth’s surface compared to that received from the sun at the top of the atmosphere, i.e. a ratio of the amount of reflected energy that is measured by the satellite to the amount of energy received from the sun. The varying interactions of different types of land surface features (water, soil, vegetation, etc.) with sunlight is wavelength dependent, i.e. different land surface features, absorb or reflect sunlight differently, depending on the wavelength (color) of the light. When this interaction is graphed, a “spectral signature” is generated for a particular land surface feature. Spectral signatures are usually presented as graphs of wavelength (X-axis) versus reflectance (Y-axis), as shown in the following figure.

1 The UTM projection system is composed of 60 zones. The zones in southern hemisphere usually have an “S” appended to the Zone number, while an “N” is used for the northern hemisphere. For example, the UTM zone for Laclo and Comoro watershed is 51S.




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Spectral Signatures for Water, Vegetation, and Soil Source: Richards, 1986

Conversion of the raw DN (brightness) to calibrated reflectance (%) is essential, as it ensures that the same digital number will represent the same reflectance value in all spectral bands. Calibration can improve the spectral separation of different land cover features, and will facilitate automatic classification. Spectral signatures derived from the calibrated data will also be interpretable.

The sample calibration data for the spectral bands that shall be utilized for the mapping work are summarized in the following table.

Calibration Data in case for Landsat 7 ETM+ 2003-03-27

Bands BAND 1 BAND 2 BAND 3 BAND 4 BAND 5 BAND 61 BAND 7

DNmin (Xk_min) (Stats Report) 45 27 17 3 2 110 2DNmax (Xk_max) (Density Slicing) 212 167 225 153 221 157 166GAIN (Ak) 0.775686 0.795686 0.619216 0.96549 0.125725 0.066824 0.043725OFFSET (Bk) -6.20 -6.40 -5.00 -5.10 -1.00 0.00 -0.35Dark Value (Lk_min) 28.70587 15.083522 5.526672 0 0 7.35064 0Max Radiance (Lk_max) 158.245432 126.479562 134.3236 142.61997 26.785225 10.491368 6.90835Earth-Sun Distance (d) 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 N/A 0.998Mean Spectral Irrad. (Eok) 1969 1840 1551 1044 225.7 N/A 82.07Solar Elevation Angle (DEG) 55.86 55.86 55.86 55.86 55.86 N/A 55.86Solar Zenith Angle (DEG) 34.14 34.14 34.14 34.14 34.14 N/A 34.14Solar Zenith Angle (RAD) 0.59585541 0.59585541 0.59585541 0.59585541 0.59585541 N/A 0.59585541Max Reflect (Pk_max)% 24.8720232 22.8879205 31.3941055 51.6457095 44.866082 N/A 31.8232335VIS/NIR/MIR Scaling Factor (Sv) 4.94 4.94 4.94 4.94 4.94 N/A 4.94

Thermal Band Only

Temp. Constant 1 (K1) From USGS Calibration File for Quarter 1, 2003. 666.09Temp. Constant 2 (K2) From USGS Calibration File for Quarter 1, 2003. 1282.71Min Temp. (TCmin) Deg C 10.785377Max Temp. (TCmax) Deg C 34.7127223Temp. Range (Rt) 23.9273453Thermal Scaling Factor (St) 10.66

NOTE: The above data only apply to the specific ETM+ scene acquired by Landsat 7 for Path 110/ Row 066 on 2003-03-27. Different calibration data would need to be calculated for another scene.




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Remote sensing software can have Band Math calibration equation for each band as listed below. Each equation shall be used in a separate process to convert the corresponding band from raw DN values supplied by USGS into calibrated reflectance and temperature. The calibration process includes a scaling operation to confine the output values to an 8-bit data range (0 - 255). As can be seen in the above table, the same scaling factor (Sv = 4.94) is used for bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7. Therefore, the reflectance values (i.e. scaled %) are directly comparable between bands. However, a different scaling factor (St = 10.66) is used for the thermal band because the temperature (i.e. scaled temperature) is independent from the reflectance data.

The calibration equations that are derived from the above calibration data are as follows: Band 1: round(((b1 * 0.77569) - 34.90587) * 0.9485)) Band 2: round(((b2 * 0.79569) - 21.48352) * 1.01499)) Band 3: round(((b3 * 0.61922) - 10.52667) * 1.20412)) Band 4: round(((b4 * 0.96549) - 5.1) * 1.78888)) Band 5: round(((b5 * 0.12573) - 1) * 8.27465)) Band 61: round((((1282.71 / (ALOG((666.09 / ((b61 * 0.066824) + 0)) + 1))) - 273.15) - 10.785) * 10.66)) Band 7: round(((b7 * 0.04373) - 0.35) * 22.75605)) When using a remote sensing software, a special step is required to correctly clip the scaled values that are outputs from the above equations, when converting the data to an 8-bit brightness range (0 – 255). This special step is mentioned again below.

The process to be used for creating a calibrated and masked working satellite image scene is summarized below. Doing the calibration produces valid reflectance data (see above) while masking, removes the areas that are not required for the classification process. These areas are specifically the region outside the actual target watershed, and the majority of the cloud or cloud shadow regions within the target watershed (see below). Exclusion of these areas ensures that the classification process works efficiently, with the land cover classes only being allocated to valid parts of the image. a) The GeoTIFF files for the required bands shall be copied from the data contained in

CD-ROM to the computer’s hard disk drive.

b) In addition, the image metadata file shall be copied from the CD-ROM. The metadata file contains some information that is needed when determining the image calibration equations.

c) A single multispectral image file shall be created by “stacking” the required bands. This could be done with the Stack Bands utility functions of the remote sensing software.

d) In the case of calibration of Landsat 7 ETM+, the relevant satellite image calibration file is available from the USGS Web Page 2 . For example, the calibration file L7CPF20030101_20030331_01 covers the 2003-03-27 image acquisition date. The calibration file can be saved locally as a text file3.

e) The image statistics for the entire image shall be computed. The important data required

2 A Landsat 7 ETM+ calibration file for any date can be downloaded from: http://landsat.usgs.gov/technical_details/calibration_files/cpfs.php 3 Microsoft WordPad (and not Microsoft Word or Notepad) can be used to view and save the file with correct formatting. If Word or Notepad is used, the text will “wrap around”, making it difficult to interpret.




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for image calibration are the DNmin and DNmax values for each band.

f) The target watershed shall be extracted from the full image. This shall be done using the map extent (i.e. a bounding box) of a vector layer derived from the digital Administrative Boundaries file. All image data within this bounding box need to be extracted.

g) Each band in the subset image shall be calibrated individually. This creates a new signed 16-bit (2-byte) image for each band. It is noted that most of the output data values were within the desired range of 0 – 255, which corresponds to the brightness range of an 8-bit image.

h) The calibrated bands shall be stacked to create a single multispectral 16-bit image for the target watershed subset.

i) The calibrated target watershed subset is masked to exclude areas outside the Administrative Boundary. This “cookie-cutting” process shall be done by firstly overlaying the Administrative Boundary vector onto the calibrated image, and converting the vector to “Region of Interest” (ROI) of the respective remote sensing software, that overlays the image4. Subsequently, the ROI shall be converted to a 1-bit image, where a DN of 1 = “include” and a DN of 0 = “exclude”. This mask image shall be also saved in GeoTIFF format.

j) Masking was done using a Band Math expression of the remote sensing software: byte(b99 * b100), where b99 corresponds to the cookie-cutter mask image and b100 corresponds to the stacked image for the target watershed. In the case of Landsat 7 ETM+, the output shall be an 8-bit image comprising either calibrated reflectance data (Bands 1 – 5 and 7) or calibrated temperature data (Band 61) within the area covered by the Administrative Boundary vector. All areas outside the vector boundary shall be set to a value of zero.

2.2.2. Exclusion of Clouds and Cloud Shadow

Prior to doing the image classification, areas of the calibrated image that are affected by clouds and cloud shadow also need to be removed from the image. This shall be done to ensure that land cover classes would only be allocated to valid parts of the image. The process for doing this is summarized below:

a) Clouds within the target watershed subset shall be identified using a semi-automated

procedure. This consists of using density slicing with blue band (Band 1 in the case of Landsat 7 ETM+). A cutoff value of DN might be found to be a reasonable limit for separating the clouds from the rest of the image. The initial cloud mask definition shall be done using a Band Math expression of the remote sensing software: byte(b1 GE **), where b1 corresponds to blue band and GE ** selects any pixels having a DN value of ** (cutoff value of DN) or above. The output was a 1-bit image in a format compatible with the remote sensing software (flat binary or “RAW” data file), where a DN of 1 = “cloud” and a DN of 0 = “not cloud”. The cloud mask could be manually edited using an image editing software such as Adobe PhotoShop, to remove isolated areas that are not actually cloud, or add in areas that have been omitted, as determined by photo-interpretation.

b) Cloud shadows within the target watershed subset also shall be identified using a 4 The vector must be overlaid onto the calibrated image, so that a correctly sized mask image will be created that exactly matches the calibrated image dimensions.




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semi-automated procedure. This consisted of using density slicing with mid infrared band (Band 5 in case of Landsat 7 ETM+). A cutoff value of DN might be found to be a reasonable limit for separating cloud shadow from the rest of the image. The initial cloud shadow mask definition shall be done using a Band Math expression: byte(b5 LE **), where b5 corresponds to mid infrared band and LE ** selected any pixels having a DN value of ** (cutoff value of DN) or less. The output was a 1-bit image in a format compatible with the remote sensing software (flat binary or “RAW” data file), where a DN of 1 = “cloud shadow” and a DN of 0 = “not cloud shadow”. The “cloud shadow” mask could also be edited using Adobe PhotoShop to remove isolated areas that were not actually cloud shadow, or add in areas that had been omitted, as determined by photo-interpretation.

c) The cloud and cloud shadow images shall be added as separate layers to a new image created using an image editing software. A “registration” pixel needs to be added to the lower left corner of both layers so that these could be aligned exactly. (The registration pixel is within the pre-masked part of the calibrated image (DN value = 0), so it had no affect on the actual image data.) The transparency of the cloud layer shall be set to 100% (white) while that of the shadow layer to 50% (gray). The resulting image is “flattened” (merged) to create a single-layer image, which needs to be converted to a 4-bit (16 color) format. The 4-bit image color palette shall be edited so that both cloud and cloud shadow are colored black, while the remaining image is white. Lastly, the resulting (color) image shall be converted to a 1-bit (binary) image using the displayed colors as the cutoff. Black areas (either cloud, cloud shadow, or a combination of the two) are to be converted to a DN value of 0 and the remaining areas within the image to a DN value of 1.

d) The file extension of the “RAW” format image could be “.raw” by default. However, this needs to be renamed manually to the extension consistent with other image files used in the remote sensing software used.

e) The combined cloud plus cloud shadow image itself shall be masked using the same “cookie cutter” that is applied in the above process to exclude areas outside the target watershed boundary. This shall be done using a Band Math expression of the remote sensing software: byte(b99 * b100), where b99 corresponds to the target watershed mask, and b100 corresponds to the combined cloud plus cloud shadow image.

f) The final cloud plus cloud shadow mask image will be saved in the relevant data folder.

2.2.3. Image Classification

At this stage, the two images required as inputs to the classification process have already been prepared:

(i) The calibrated (reflectance) image that comprised the target watershed (see Section 2.2.1), and (ii) The mask for cloud and cloud shadow (see Section 2.2.2)5. 5 It would be equally valid to omit the initial masking process. Instead, the target watershed mask could be combined with the cloud and cloud shadow mask, and this combined mask could be used in the following classification step. There would not be any difference in the classification result, as the classification process provides an option for using a mask to exclude specific areas within the input (calibrated reflectance) image. The only benefit of masking the target watershed separately is that it was easier to produce hard copy maps of the target watershed, as image data for areas outside the target watershed were already excluded.




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Remote sensing software, such as Image Analysis software, provides algorithm for doing unsupervised image classification, namely IsoData. The IsoData algorithm is a classical unsupervised classifier, and it has been shown to give good results for other mapping projects. Therefore, the IsoData algorithm is recommended to be used to process the satellite images for the target watershed. In use of the Iso Data algorithm, the remote sensing software may have function for IsoClass classification as described below.

IsoClass Classification Parameters

In order for the IsoClass classification to be performed, the following values for each parameter shall be used. a) Number of Classes: Minimum = 10 Maximum =

50 b) Maximum (number of) Iterations: 15 c) Change Threshold % (0-100): 5.0 d) Minimum # (number of) Pixels in Class: 100 e) Maximum Class Stdv (standard deviation): 1.0 (default) f) Minimum Class Distance: 5.0 (default) g) Maximum # (number of) Merge Pairs: 2 (default) h) Maximum Stdev (standard deviation) From Mean: [blank] (default) i) Maximum Distance Error: [blank] (default) The IsoClass classification parameters mentioned above are described as follows.

IsoClass Parameters

a) Number of Classes The Isodata algorithm splits and merges classes, based on input thresholds. A fixed number of classes is not maintained.

b) Maximum (number of) Iterations The classification will end when either the change threshold criteria are met or the maximum number of iterations has been reached.

c) Minimum (number of) Pixels in Class Pixels are placed in the spectral class(es) nearest to them if a class contains fewer than the minimum number of pixels.

d) Maximum Class Stdv (standard deviation)

If the standard deviation of a class is larger than the threshold then the class will be split into two classes.

e) Minimum Class Distance If the distance between class means is less than the minimum, the classes will be merged.

f) Maximum # (number of) Merge Pairs The maximum number of class pairs to be merged. g) [Optional] Maximum Stdev (standard

deviation) From Mean h) [Optional] Maximum Distance Error

If neither of these two optional parameters [ (g) and (h) ] is set, the entire image will be processed (except for masked areas).

Source: Compiled by JICA Study Team in accordance with the ENVI 4.1 Online Manual, ITT Visual Information Solutions

Automated image classification can only be done effectively if there is a reasonable correlation between the spectral signature of the land cover features and the required output




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(mapping) classes. If a reasonable correlation between the classification result and the known vegetation type are obtained, the IsoClass parameters could be adjusted to optimize the process and improve the classification accuracy (reliability). The IsoClass classification would need to be repeated a number of times to determine which parameters give the best result for the known vegetation types. After doing this, it would be reasonable to expect that the classification would also be reliable for the other area of same vegetation type. However, some field sampling still needs to be done to confirm this assumption. This would allow a reliable map of vegetation type to be produced.

However, natural vegetation areas contain a large variety of land cover types. Therefore, the different spectral signatures that are present will be mixed, and there will not be a unique spectral signature for any one particular land cover type. In addition, many other factors will affect the “spectral signature” of natural land cover features. For example, in forested areas, there will be shadows that are caused by shading from surrounding trees, and shadows that result from topographic affects (e.g. mountain shadows). Since the terrain might be very steep in many places in the target watershed, it is considered that shadows play an even more prominent role in affecting the “spectral signature” of the land cover. Also, there will be natural variations in tree density. In densely forested areas, the tree canopies will dominate the spectral signature. Although, in less densely forested areas, there will be a greater contribution from either the understory vegetation (shrubs or grass) if this exists, or from the soil in areas where no understory vegetation is present. Furthermore, there will be different types of trees growing in any one particular forest area. There will also be variations in soil type that, in turn, affect the vegetation (both the species that are present, and the general condition/density of the forest). Therefore, it would be very difficult indeed to produce a reliable land cover map simply by using an automated image classification process.




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2.2.4. Assignment of Land Cover Classes

As a result of the unsupervised classification mentioned above, the land cover class shall be classified in the number set in the former section. After photo-interpretation of both the satellite image and the ortho-rectified aerial photographs, land cover type can be identified for each class as shown below.

Preliminary Land Cover Class Assignment CLASS Class What Comments

0 0 Unclassified Outside the study area, or cloud/cloud shadow.

1 1 No TM image Eastern part of the study area.

2 2 Mixed Shallow water, paddy fields, river beds (moist sand?), cloud shadow, etc.

3 3 Mixed Deeper water, vegetation in shadow, cloud shadow, hill shadow.

4 4 Forest Shaded and unshaded ares on the hills in the south of the study area.

5 5 Forest SW slopes of hills in the south of the study area.

6 6 Forest Generally unshaded, open areas.

7 7 Forest Shaded areas of hills, but not in strong shadow areas.

8 8 Mixed Shadow areas and also sparsely vegetated ridgelines in the hills. (Maybe grassy areas)

9 9 Forest Medium density forest. Includes remnant forest in valleys where hill tops anhd ridges are cleared.

10 10 ForestIncludes denser forest in southern areas and medium forest in the north. Occurs on the SW of hills,in shaded valleys, etc.

11 11 Forest Medium density forest. Includes remnant forest in valleys where hill tops anhd ridges are cleared.

12 12 Shrub Shrubland and some sparse forest areas.

13 13 Forest Medium forest in open areas.

14 14 Forest Medium forest in open areas. Posibly denser shrubland too.

15 15 Shrub Shrubland and some sparse forest areas.

16 16 Mixed canopies.

17 17 Shrub Sparse shrubland, with grass.

18 18 Shrub Shrubland and grass, with some trees in valleys.

19 19 Forest Sparse forest with shrubland.

20 20 Shrub Shrubland, and some sparse forest.

21 21 Shrub Shrubland and grass.

22 22 Shrub Sparse shrubland and grass.

23 23 Grass Sparse grass and some bare soil areas.

24 24 Shrub Shrubland with grassland.

25 25 Grass Grassland.

26 26 Grass Grassland, inlcuding sparse grassland and bare soil.

27 27 Grass Grassland, including some paddy fields, mainly in eastern part of study area.



30 30 Mixed Sand in river channel and urban.

31 31 Grass Grassland and paddy fields.

32 32 Cloud Edges of white cloud.

33 33 Mixed Medium forest and grassland.

34 34 Mixed Sand in river channel and urban.

35 35 Grass Grassland.

36 36 Shrub Shrubland and grassland.

37 37 Mixed Sand (in rivers) and bare soil.

38 38 Grass Grassland and sparse shrubland.

39 39 Bare Bare soil on ridges of hills, and some edges of clouds.

40 40 Mixed Shallow water, river channels (water?), shadows,and some bare soil.

41 41 Bare Bare soil on ridges of hills, especially in the west. Usually the darker or shadowed soils.

42 42 ShrubDense shrubland, mainly in the east. Often, remnants in valleys, surrounded by grassland. Includesurban areas.

43 43 Shrub Sparse shrubland.

44 44 Shrub Shrubland and remnant vegetation near cleared hill ridges.

45 45 Shrub Shrubland.

46 46 Shrub Sparse shrubland.

47 47 Forest Medium forest, generally on the shaded (western) side of hills.

48 48 Forest Medium to sparse forest, with shrubland.

49 49 Bare Bright sand in river channels, and some urban features, e.g. in Dili.

50 50 Bare Bare soil areas, including some river channels.




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Further photo-interpretation of both the satellite image and the ortho-rectified aerial photographs shall be done to facilitate resolving the mixed classes, if any. “Overlay Classes” function of the remote sensing software or “Reclassify” function of Spatial Analyst provides interactive class editing tools to re-allocate selected “mixed” pixels to one of the existing 50 classes in above table, or to place them into a new, manually generated class. The classification could be finalized such as initiating adjustments with additional classes, if necessary, as shown below.

Adjusted Land Cover Class Assignment CLASS What Comments0 Unclassified Outside the study area, or cloud/cloud shadow.1 No TM image Eastern part of the study area.2 Forest Forest. (Only 2 pixels left now, after un-mixing.)3 Forest Forest. (Only a small number of pixels left now, after un-mixing.)4 Forest Shaded and unshaded ares on the hills in the south of the study area.5 Forest SW slopes of hills in the south of the study area.6 Forest Generally unshaded, open areas.7 Forest Shaded areas of hills, but not in strong shadow areas.8 Forest Forest. (Only a small number of pixels left now, after un-mixing.)

9 ForestMedium density forest. Includes remnant forest in valleys where hill tops anhd ridges arecleared.

10 ForestIncludes denser forest in southern areas and medium forestin the north. Occurs on the SW of hills, in shaded valleys, etc.

11 ForestMedium density forest. Includes remnant forest in valleys where hill tops anhd ridges arecleared.

12 Shrub Shrubland and some sparse forest areas.13 Forest Medium forest in open areas.14 Forest Medium forest in open areas. Posibly denser shrubland too.15 Shrub Shrubland and some sparse forest areas.16 Forest Forest. (Only a few pixels left now, after un-mixing.)17 Shrub Sparse shrubland, with grass.18 Shrub Shrubland and grass, with some trees in valleys.19 Forest Sparse forest with shrubland.20 Shrub Shrubland, and some sparse forest.21 Shrub Shrubland and grass.22 Shrub Sparse shrubland and grass.23 Grass Sparse grass and some bare soil areas.24 Shrub Shrubland with grassland.25 Grass Grassland.26 Grass Grassland, inlcuding sparse grassland and bare soil.27 Grass Grassland, including some paddy fields, mainly in eastern part of study area.28 Grass Sparse grass and some bare soil areas.29 Grass Sparse grass and some bare soil areas.30 Sand Dry sand in river channels.31 Grass Grassland and paddy fields.32 Cloud Edges of white cloud.33 Forest Medium forest.34 Sand Moist sand in river channels.35 Grass Grassland.36 Shrub Shrubland and grassland.37 Sand Sand (in rivers).38 Grass Grassland and sparse shrubland.39 Bare Bare soil on ridges of hills, and some edges of clouds.40 Shadow Cloud shadows.41 Bare Bare soil on ridges of hills, especially in the west. Usually the darker or shadowed soils.

42 ShrubDense shrubland, mainly in the east. Often, remnants in valleys, surrounded by grassland.Includes urban areas.

43 Shrub Sparse shrubland.44 Shrub Shrubland and remnant vegetation near cleared hill ridges.45 Shrub Shrubland.

(to be continued)




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CLASS What Comments46 Shrub Sparse shrubland.47 Forest Medium forest, generally on the shaded (western) side of hills.48 Forest Medium to sparse forest, with shrubland.49 Bare Bright sand in river channels, and some urban features, e.g. in Dili.50 Bare Bare soil areas, including some river channels.51 Water Shallow water52 Shadow Cloud shadow.53 Sand Wet sand.54 Paddy Fallow paddy fields.55 Grass Grass.56 Soil Moist soil.57 Urban Urban58 Shrub Shrubland in shadow.59 Forest Forest A60 Forest Forest B61 Forest Forest C62 Forest Forest D63 Forest Forest E64 Forest Forest F65 Forest Forest G

In addition to the land cover classes determined in the above processes, some types of land use, such as paddy field, coffee plantation and sandbar/riverbed shall be determined through photo-interpretation of the ortho-rectified aerial photographs.

After the ground truth to verify the correlation of the land cover classes and actual land use and vegetation cover as described in Appendix-C, the land cover class shall be finalized and the land use and vegetation data will be prepared in a raster format which will be combined with other features such as contour lines, administrative boundaries, roads and river lines, to develop the land use and vegetation maps. The following table shows the typical classes of land use and vegetation cover.




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Category of Vegetation and Land Use Vegetation and Land Use 1. Forests

1-1: Closed forest (natural) 1-2: Medium forest (natural) 1-3: Wood lot (natural)

2. Shrub land 3. Grassland (including grazing lands and upland farms） 4. Coffee plantation 5. Bare land (including grazing lands and upland farms） 6. Sand bar/River bed 7.Paddy field 8. Settlements

Source: JICA Study Team (2007)

2.2.5. Preparation of a Table for Distribution of Land use and Vegetation Types by Suco

In order to calculate each area of vegetation and land use type by suco, ArcView and ArcTool shall be used for preparation of the table in accordance with the following steps:

a) Open the “suco boundary” shape file, collected as per Section 2.1. Tabulate and add the ID column at its attribute to put the ID number by suco using ArcView

b) Open the Arctool-Conversion Tools- Feature to Raster

c) At the window of Feature to Raster, select the following data/information

- Input : Suco boundary - Field: ID - Output raster: c1a (You can put the name you like)

d) Open the Arctool-Spatial Analyst Tool-Tabulate Area

e) At the window of Tabulate Area, select the following data/information

- Input raster or feature zone data: c1a - Zone field: Value - Input raster or feature class: select the land use and vegetation cover raster data

prepared in Section 2.2.4. - Class field: Value - Output table: Put the name as you like.

The following table is a sample of the part of output table obtained through the above-mentioned process.

Sample Output Table for Land Use and Vegetation Cover by Suco (unit: m2) VALUE VALUE_1 VALUE_2 VALUE_3 VALUE_4 VALUE_5 VALUE_6 VALUE_7 VALUE_8 VALUE_9 VALUE_10

1101 118800.000 599400.000 384300.000 6086700.000 1241100.000 13065300.000 126000.000 6684300.000 1341900.000 29700.000

1102 0.000 635400.000 1833300.000 5981400.000 612900.000 11723400.000 622800.000 7314300.000 1835100.000 0.000

1103 1800.000 538200.000 1467900.000 11064600.000 2384100.000 13320900.000 887400.000 12150000.000 1791900.000 8100.000

1104 0.000 177300.000 801900.000 2874600.000 358200.000 6390000.000 0.000 6796800.000 8772300.000 0.000


The output table shows the area of each land use and vegetation cover by suco, since the VALUE_1 to 10 on table correspond to the land use and vegetation cover types, while the VALUE 1101 to 1104 the suco ID.

The format of the above table shall be changed to finalize the table as follows.




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Sample Table of Land Use and Vegetation Cover by Suco (unit: ha)

Aileu Aileu Vila Aisirimou 12 60 38 609 124 1,307 13 668 134 3Bandudato 0 64 183 598 61 1,172 62 731 184 0Fahiria 0 54 147 1,106 238 1,332 89 1,215 179 1Fatubosa 0 18 80 287 36 639 0 680 877 0

Grassland

Land Use Type

Paddy FieldSparseForest

MediumForest

DenseForest

Bareland UrbanRiver Bed ShrublandDistrict SubDistric Suco Coffee

Plantation


2.3. Preparation of Topographic Data from ASTER DEM

2.3.1. Source Data

ASTER digital elevation model (DEM) data6 having a spatial resolution of 15 m (i.e. 15 m mesh) shall be used for the preparation of topographic data. Several scenes of digital images might be required to entirely cover the target watershed.

2.3.2. Geo-referencing the Data

In case several scenes of the images will be used, due attention shall be paid for the ASTER Path/Row of the images. If the adjacent images are from the same Aster Path/Row, these images could be joined together (mosaiced) using the geo-reference information within the ASTER data file. If there are some images from different ASTER Path/Row, simply using the geo-reference information within the 2000-12-31 ASTER image file may not produce a satisfactory mosaic. If so, ground control points (GCP’s) have to be selected so that the image could be correctly mosaiced with the other images. This can be done using a remote sensing software as well as with ArcView using the Image Registration (Image to Map) or Geo-reference utility.

In the selection of GCP’s, the overall root mean square (RMS) error shall be calculated for the GCP’s. If an RMS error is calculated as 0.75 pixels, the value can be translated to a ground accuracy of 11.25 m (0.75 * 15 m = 11.25 m) since the ASTER VNIR bands have a ground resolution of 15 m. 2.3.3. Warping the Image

The above GCP’s shall be used to warp the above-mentioned image from the different ASTER Path/Row so that it correctly matches the UTM coordinates of the other image set. When the warping is done, the background value for the output DEM shall be set to -9999 (and not zero). A value of -9999 shall be used as this is the standard “null” value used in the ASTER DEM data set. Zero cannot be used since it is possible that some valid elevation data with a zero value (e.g. along the coastline) exist. In addition, it is also possible for some valid elevations to be slightly less than zero (e.g. in coastal depressions). 2.3.4. Mosaicing the DEM Images

After warping the image from the different ASTER Path/Row, the output image shall be combined with the other image set to create a single mosaic. When this is done, data in the overlap region will be “feathered” (averaged) so that a smooth transition will be established among the elevation values of the image sets from different ASTER Path/Row.

6 The ASTER DEM can be obtained from ERSDAC in Tokyo.




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2.3.5. Extracting the DEM for the Study Area

1) Clipping the DEM to the Target Watershed Extent

The DEM for the target watershed shall be automatically clipped to the limits (bounding box) of the overall target watershed boundary. This can be done by restricting the processing to be within the extent of the satellite data mask image described in Section 2.2.1. However, doing this also retains DEM data that are outside the actual target watershed boundary (polygon).

The unmasked DEM shall be converted to an ESRI “GRID” file. 2) Masking Technique

To allow masking to be done, it is first necessary to generate a mask image that defines the physical boundary of the target watershed (polygon). This mask image shall also be used again later to generate a graphical mask (and not a data processing mask) for use with the colored slope (and aspect) map.

A simple way of preparing a mask is to generate it from the existing mask of satellite image as mentioned in Section 2.2.1. Another way is to use the original vector defining the target watershed boundary in association with the DEM data (image), and follow the similar procedure to that used earlier for the satellite image. However, in this case, it is considered more convenient to use the existing mask. In case the pixel sizes of the satellite image is not the same as that of the DEM pixel size (15 m), it is necessary to re-sample this image to match the DEM pixel size. Then, a 15 m mask shall be prepared and converted to GeoTIFF images.

As noted previously, when using the remote sensing software, it is necessary to “stack” the mask image with the image data to be masked, so that all data will automatically be co-registered. Doing this ensures that subsequent image processing operations that are based on the Band Math tool of the software will function correctly. However, because the “stacked” image file is just an intermediate processing file, it has not been provided in the archived data set.

2.3.6. Masking the DEM

The masked DEM image shall be used to generate contour lines (vectors) following the process described below.

An intermediate file comprising a copy of both the unmasked DEM data and the mask image was created. This ensured that the masking function worked correctly. The masking shall be done using the following Band Math expression:

(b1 * b2) + ((b1 EQ 0) * fix (-9999))

where: b1 corresponds to the band copied from the “cookie-cutter” mask image mentioned

in Section 2.5.2.(2) and comprised values of either 0 (outside) or 1 (inside) the target watershed, and b2 corresponds to a copy of the unmasked DEM image (elevation data) for the target watershed (ESRI GRID file).




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The above equation was required because using only (b1 * b2) would result a value of zero being assigned to pixels outside the target watershed. Therefore, the pixels outside the target watershed need to be set to -9999 (null). This shall be achieved using the following three components of the above equation: a) Firstly, the “0” pixels in the mask image need to be identified using (b1 EQ 0). This

will result in a virtual data file comprising values of either “1” (mask image = 0) or “0” (mask image = 1).

b) Secondly, the virtual image from Step a) shall be multiplied by -9999 using the IDL “fix” data type casting function to promote the result to an IDL 16-bit signed integer data type, i.e. ((b1 EQ 0) * fix (-9999)). This will result in a virtual image comprising values of either “-9999” (where the original mask image = 0) or “0” (where the original mask image = 1).

c) Lastly, the virtual image from Step b) needs to be added back to the result of (b1 * b2), thereby replacing the “0” pixels outside the target watershed with a value of “-9999” (null). None of the DEM values within the target watershed were affected by this process (only “0” was added to these values).

The output file shall be a 16-bit image comprising either elevation data within the target watershed or null values (-9999) outside the target watershed. The masked image shall be converted to an ESRI GRID file.

2.3.7. Creating Elevation Map from the Masked 15 m Mesh DEM Since each grid of DEM has an elevation value, an elevation map could be prepared easily using ArcView 9.1 according to the following steps:

a) Add the GRID file of the masked 15m mesh DEM using “Add data” function from the toolbar;

b) Select layer properties of the GRID file to click “Symbology” tab;

c) Select “Classified” from the “Show” in the left side of the window;

d) Select the number of the classes as required and click “Classify…”;

e) Then modify the values shown in the “Break values” as required; and

f) Go back to the layer properties and adjust the color for each range of values.

Consequently, the slope map shall be created in the map display. The elevation data shall be saved in the layer file and the map in ArcMap Document. Other GIS data such as main roads and river lines could be combined in the map.

2.3.8. Creating Contour Lines from the Masked 15 m Mesh DEM

The contour lines shall also be generated from the masked 15 m mesh DEM using Spatial Analyst. Separate contour line files were generated for both 25 m and 100 m contour intervals to cover the height range within the target watershed in accordance with the following steps.

a) Add the GRID file of the masked 15m mesh DEM using “Add data” function from the toolbar.




AB-18

b) Launch the ArcToolbox to select “Spatial Analysis Tools”- “Surface” – “Contour”.

c) Select and put the necessary value to the “Contour” window as follows:

- Input raster: Select the file of masked 15 m mesh DEM.

- Output Polyline features: Name the file of contours to be prepared.

- Contour interval: 25 m or 100 m

- Base contour and Z factor: The default values can be used.

d) The contour lines shall be created with the name specified above.

e) Then modify the style of line from the layer property - “Symbology”

2.3.9. Creating a Slope Map

A slope map shall also be created using the 15 m mesh masked DEM for the target watershed by Spatial Analyst as follows. a) Add the GRID file of the masked 15m mesh DEM using “Add data” function from the

toolbar.

b) Launch the ArcToolbox to select “Spatial Analysis Tools”- “Surface” – “Slope”.

c) Select and put the necessary value to the “Slope” window as follows:

- Input raster: Select the file of masked 15 m mesh DEM.

- Output Polyline features: Name the file of slope data to be prepared.

- Output measurement: PERCENT_RISE7

- Z factor: The default values can be used in ArcMap Document.

d) The slope map measured in percent shall be created with the name specified above.

ArcView shall be used to specify the slope class interval and the colors used for the 15 m mesh slope map. Since the slope map will be required in the zoning process described in the latter section, the slope class shall meet the requirement for the zoning process. To do so, the slope class shall be classified such as: i) 0 to 15 %, ii) 15 to 40%, iii) 40 to 55%, and iv) above 55%. The necessary steps are shown below. e) Select layer properties of the slope map to click “Symbology” tab.

f) Select “Classified” from the “Show” in the left side of the window.

g) Select the number of the classes as 5 and click “Classify…”.

h) Then modify the values shown in the “Break values” as 0, 15,40, 55, and 999

i) Go back to the layer properties and adjust the color for each range of values.

The slope data can be saved as the layer file and the slope map in ArcMap Document. 3. Development of Zoning Map

7 For the preparation of the slope maps scaled by degree, output measurement shall be selected as “DEGREE”.




AB-19

This section introduces the procedure for the development of a zoning map using ArcView 9.1 and Spatial Analyst, which is one of the extensions to enhance the analysis functions of the GIS software, in accordance with the following work flow.

Protected Wild AreaProtected Wild Area

Any protected area<1

Dense forest

Over 55 % slope

Protection Zone (P-Zone)

Protection zone contains i) Conservation area under UNTAET No. 19, ii) Area valuable for nature reserve, iii) Area to be protected against soil erosion, and iv) any protected areas designated.

Sustainable Use Zone (SU-Zone)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Production/Community Zone (C-Zone)

No

Watersheds

Yes

Special Management Zone (SM-Zone)

Medium forest

40 % - 55 % slope

No

Yes15 % - 40 % slope

<1 Any protected areas: the area is designated as a protected area by the government or communities.

Coffee plantationCoffee plantation

Yes

No

YesSparse forest

Flow of Zoning

3.1. Preparation of Necessary Data Sets

As shown in the above work flow, the following data shall be used for the zoning process: i) Protected Wild Area in the target watershed, ii) any protected area in the target watershed, iii) land use and vegetation cover map prepared in Section 2.2., and iv) slope map prepared in Section 2.3.9. Data i) and ii) shall be prepared in a Shape file format.

With regards to data i), if the target watershed contains the Protected Wild Area prescribed in the UNTAET No. 19, the area shall be delineated in consultation with the Department of Protection Area and National Park of NDF, MAF.

Currently, the following 15 areas are nominated as Protected Wild Area by UNTAET No. 19:

(a) the total land area of Jako Island together with surrounding rocks, reefs, and other surface and sub-surface features;

(b) Tutuala Beach together with forest adjacent to the beach;

(c) Cristo Rei Beach and the hinterland

(d) the summit of Tata Mailau Mountain, all elevations on Tata Mailau Mountain above 2,000 m and the surrounding forest;

(e) the summit of Sadoria Mountain, all elevations on Sadoria Mountain above 2,000 m and surrounding forest;

.




AB-20

(f) the summit of Malobu Mountain, all elevations on Malobu Mountain above 2,000 m and the surrounding forest;

(g) the summit of Mount Diatuto and the surrounding forests;

(h) the summit of Mount Fantumasin and the surrounding forests;

(i) the Riberlet Clere Sanctuary;

(j) the Tilomar Reserve;

(k) the Lore Reserve;

(l) the Monte Mundo Perdido and the surrounding forest;

(m) the summit of Monte Matebian and all elevations on Monte Matebian above 2,000 m and the surrounding forest;

(n) the Monte Cablaque and the surrounding forest; and

(o) the Manucoco Reserve

As for data ii), it is required to confirm if there is an area to be protected/conserved within the target watershed, which is prescribed under the legislations of the government of East Timor.

3.2. Development of the Zoning Model

In the zoning process, ArcToolbox, which is one of the components of ArcView 9.1 exclusively designed for the spatial data analysis, shall be used for the development of the zoning model. The zoning model is illustrated in the following figure and the details are described in the succeeding table.

Zoning Calculation Model in ArcTool

1 2 3

4 5 6

7

8 9

Process for data of Protected Wild Area, any protected area and land use and vegetation cover

Process for slope data

Combination of the data for finalization of zoning map




AB-21

Detailed Flow of Zoning Model

Steps Tool Input Output Remarks Process for data of Protected Wild Area, any protected area and land use and vegetation cover 1 Feature to Raster P Zone*1 zb1 Grid:30 m/pixel 2 Con zb1, land

cover2007*2 zb2 Put the value of land use

for all the grids except protected area

3 Times zb2,10 zb3 zb2*100 Process for slope data 4 Slope dem za1 Convert from dem to

slope (%). Grid 15 m/pixel

5 Aggregate za1 za2 Aggregation of 2 x 2 pixel windows. Grid 30 m/pixel

6 Reclassify za2 za3 Classify by slope Combination of the data for finalization of zoning map 7 Plus za3, zb3 z4 Add the values of two

rasters on a cell-by-cell basis.

8 Con z4 z5 Put the value of 91 for the grids with the value of 92, 93 and 94.

9 Reclassify z5 Zoning result

Classify each zoning type based on the condition shown in the zoning flow

Note *1: P Zone is a shape file which demarcate the boundaries for i) Protected Wild Area in the target watershed, ii) any protected area in the target watershed, described in section 3.1. *2: land cover2007 represents a raster data of land use and vegetation cover prepared in section 2.2

Since the output of zoning map shall be prepared as a raster data with a grid size of 30 m, it might be required to coarser resolution of the data by aggregation of surrounding pixels or rough drawing of the zoning boundaries.

3.3. Preparation of a Table for Zoning Distribution by Suco

The process of preparation of a table for distribution of zoning types by suco is similar to that for land use and vegetation cover by suco mentioned in Section 2.2.5. Instead of land use vegetation cover raster data, the zoning raster data shall be used. 4. Estimation of Soil Erosion Potential of the target watershed

This section introduces the procedure for the estimation of soil erosion potential by applying and modifying the Universal Soil Erosion Equation (USLE) method. Same as for the development of zoning model, ArcTool of ArcView 9.1 and Spatial Analyst are used for the development of USLE model.

The USLE is an empirical multiple-regression equation that aims to predict the long-term average annual rate of erosion on slope fields based on the data on rainfall pattern, soil type, slope, slope length, crop system and management practice. The USLE can only predict the amount of soil loss that results from sheet or rill erosion on a single slope and does not account for additional losses that might occur from gully erosion, wind or tillage erosion.




AB-22

The USLE is expressed by the following equation:

A=R×K×L×S×C×P (unit : t/ha/year)

where,

A : Average annual soil loss

R : Rainfall erosivity factor

K : Soil erodibility factor

L : Slope length factor

S : Slope steepness factor

C : Crop and management factor

P : Support practice/Erosion Control factor

Soil loss shall be estimated by calculation using the formula for each cell of grid of 0.9 ha (30m×30m), using ArcView and Spatial Analyst.

4.1. Preparation of Necessary Data Sets

1) Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)

The rain erosivity index (REI) is employed as the rain erosivity factor. The REI shall be calculated using the following formula used by the Ministry of Forestry in Indonesia.

Re = 2.21 ×

12

1

Rii

where,

Re: Rain Erosivity Index Ri: Monthly rainfall (cm) i : Month (January to December)

The monthly rainfall data might be obtained from the monthly monitoring data of the Agro-meteorology Section of MAF. Also, ALGIS might have the monthly precipitation map data.

2) Soil Erodiblity Factor (K)

The K factor depends on the characteristics of soil. The indicative K values corresponding to the major soil textural class are summarized below.

1.36




AB-23

Indicative K values corresponding to the major soil types Textural Class K value Clay 0.22 Clay Loam 0.30 Coarse Sandy Loam 0.07 Fine Sand 0.08 Fine Sandy Loam 0.18 Heavy Clay 0.17 Loam 0.30 Loamy Fine Sand 0.11 Loamy Sand 0.04 Loamy Very Fine Sand 0.39 Sand 0.02 Sandy Clay Loam 0.20 Sandy Loam 0.13 Silt Loam 0.38 Silty Clay 0.26 Silty Clay Loam 0.32

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Government of Ontario, Canada

Currently, it is difficult to secure the reliability of values for this factor due to lack of data on characteristics of soil in the country. If it is difficult to identify the soil texture type in the target watershed based on the collected information, further soil survey might be required to improve the accuracy of K value.

3) Slope Length Factor (L)

Slope Length factor (L) is calculated based on the following equation.

L = 1.22/

where, : slope length

The slope length shall be classified based on the present condition through observation at the site. The follows table shows a sample of classification of slope length.

Slope Length for Classified Land Uses

Land use Slope Length (m)/Slope (%) (1) Coffee plantation, paddy field and Settlement area

a) class-1 8 m / 0-8% b) class-2 8 m / 8-15% c) class-3 4 m / 15-25% d) class-4 3 m / 25-40% e) class-5 2 m / over 40 %

(2) Others 50 m


4) Slope Steepness Factor (S)

Slope steepness factor shall be calculated using the formula below.

S = (65.41 sin2θ+ 4.56θ+ 0.065)

where, θ: slope steepness

Slope steepness data can be acquired through the process of Section 2.3.9 based on the analysis of DEM data. The steepness value of 50% in gradient is applied for all the slope with a steepness of over 50%.




AB-24

5) Cover and Management Factor (C)

Cover and management factor is based on the type and condition of vegetation and crops in the target watershed. Therefore, the factor shall be determined in accordance with the categories of the land use and vegetation cover map mentioned in Section 2.2.4. The following table shows the values of C factor applicable to the target watershed.

Value of C factor in the target watershed

Type of Land use C factor 1. Forests

1-1: Dense forest (natural) 0.01 1-2: Medium forest (natural) 0.50 1-3: Sparse forest (natural) 0.50

2. Shrub land 0.02 3. Grassland (including grazing lands and

upland farms）

0.02 4. Coffee plantation 0.01 5. Bare land (including grazing lands and upland farms）

1.00

6. Sand bar/River bed 0.00 7. Paddy field 0.05 8. Settlements 0.10


6) Support Practice / Erosion Control Factor (P)

The P factor indicates the effectiveness of soil conservation works (e.g., terracing work, contour cropping, etc) introduced at the site. If it is difficult to obtain sufficient data, the assumed value can be decided based on the type of land use and vegetation cover map as shown in the following table.

Value of P factor in the target watershed

Type of Land use P factor 1. Forests

1-1: Dense forest (natural) 1.00 1-2: Medium forest (natural) 1.00 1-3: Sparse forest (natural) 1.00

2. Shrub land 1.00 3. Grassland (including grazing lands and

upland farms）

1.00 4. Coffee plantation 0.80 5. Bare land (including grazing lands and upland farms）

1.00

6. Sand bar/River bed 1.00 7. Paddy field 0.02 8. Settlements 1.00


4.2. Developing USLE model

Similar to the zoning process, ArcToolbox shall be used for the development of USLE model. The zoning model is illustrated in the following figure and the details are described in the succeeding table.




AB-25

USLE Calculation Model in ArcTool

S factor

L factor

C factor

P factor

R factor

Calculation of USLE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50 51 52 53

56

54 55

57 58

59 60

61

62 63 64 65

66 67

68

69 70

717273




AB-26

Detailed Flow of USLE Model

Steps Facility of ArcTool

Input Output Remarks

R factor (Converting R factor map to R factor raster data) 1 Feature to Raster Precipitation map

for January Ra01 Grid 30 m/pixel

2 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for February

Ra02 Grid 30 m/pixel

3 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for March


4 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for April


5 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for May


6 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for June


7 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for July


8 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for August


9 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for September


10 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for October


11 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for November


12 Feature to Raster Precipitation map for December


13 Divided Ra01, 10 Rb01 14 Divided Ra02, 10 Rb02 15 Divided Ra03, 10 Rb03 16 Divided Ra04, 10 Rb04 17 Divided Ra05, 10 Rb05 18 Divided Ra06, 10 Rb06 19 Divided Ra07, 10 Rb07 20 Divided Ra08, 10 Rb08 21 Divided Ra09, 10 Rb09 22 Divided Ra10, 10 Rb10 23 Divided Ra11, 10 Rb11 24 Divided Ra12, 10 Rb12 25 Power Rb01, 1.36 Rc01 Rb01 26 Power Rb02, 1.36 Rc02 Rb02 27 Power Rb03, 1.36 Rc03 Rb03 28 Power Rb04, 1.36 Rc04 Rb04 29 Power Rb05, 1.36 Rc05 Rb05 30 Power Rb06, 1.36 Rc06 Rb06 31 Power Rb07, 1.36 Rc07 Rb07 32 Power Rb08, 1.36 Rc08 Rb08 33 Power Rb09, 1.36 Rc09 Rb09 34 Power Rb10, 1.36 Rc10 Rb10 35 Power Rb11, 1.36 Rc11 Rb11 36 Power Rb12, 1.36 Rc12 Rb12 37 Plus Rc01, Rc02 Rd01 38 Plus Rc03, Rc04 Rd02

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36




AB-27

39 Plus Rc05, Rc06 Rd03 40 Plus Rc07, Rc08 Rd04 41 Plus Rc09, Rc10 Rd05 42 Plus Rc11, Rc12 Rd06 43 Plus Rd01, Rd02 Rd07 44 Plus Rd03, Rd04 Rd08 45 Plus Rd05, Rd06 Rd09 46 Plus Rd07, Rd08 Rd10 47 Plus Rd09, Rd10 Rd11

12

1

Rii

48 Times Rd11, 2.21 Re R factor: 2.21 x

12

1

Rii

K factor (Converting K factor map to K factor raster data) 0.22 is used as the K factor for the entire target watershed based on the assumption

that the target area is covered with sandy loam, clay and clay loam. S factor (Calculation of the following equation: 65.41 sin2θ + 4.56sinθ + 0.065) 49 Aggregate Slope data

prepared in Section 2.3.9

S0 Aggregation of 2 x 2 pixel’s window.

50 Con S0 S1 Put the value of 50 for the grids over than 50

51 Divide S1, 100 S2 S1/100 52 Atan S2 S3 Arc tangent of S2 53 Sin S3 S4 sinθ 54 Square S4 S5 sin2θ 55 Times S5, 65.41 S6 65.41 sin2θ 56 Times S4, 4.56 S7 4.56 sinθ 57 Plus S6, S7 S8 65.41 sin2θ+4.56 sinθ 58 Plus S8 SRaster S factor map C factor (Converting to raster data and classification by land use category) 59 Reclassify Land use and

vegetation cover prepared in Section 2.2.

C1 Classification by land useand vegetation cover

60 Times C1 CRaster C factor map L factor (Calculation of the following equation: (λ/22.1)0.5 61 Reclassify Landuse and


L1 Classification by land useand vegetation cover

62 Reclassify S0 L2 Classification by slope steepness

63 Con L1, L2 L3 Replacement L1 value to L2 value by land use category

64 Times L3 L4 λ/22.1 Steps Tool Input Output Remarks 65 Square Root L4 LRaster (λ/22.1)0.5 P factor (Converting to raster data and classification by land use and terrace type) 66 Reclassify Landuse and


P1 Classification by land useand vegetation cover

1.36

1.36




AB-28

67 Times P1 PRaster P factor map Calculation of USLE 68 Times SRaster, LRaster SLaster L * S 69 Times CRaster, PRaster CPaster C * P 70 Times SLRaster,

CPRaster SLCP L * S * C * P

71 Times SLCP, Re USLE1 R * L * S * C * P 72 Times USLE1, 0.22 USLE2 R * K * L * S * C * P 73 Con USLE2 USLEResult Limitation of erosion:

2,000 ton/ha/year at maximum

4.3. Preparation of a Table for Soil Erosion Potentials by Suco

The process of preparation of a table for soil erosion potentials by suco is similar to that for land use and vegetation cover by suco mentioned in Section 2.2.5. Instead of land use vegetation cover raster data, the USLE Result raster data shall be used. 5. Data Contents of the Database for Watershed Management Plan

5.1 Database Structure

The database shall consist of at least the following components: i) administrative boundary, ii) watershed boundary, iii) watershed condition maps, iv) aerial photos, v) topographic maps, and vi) tool boxes developed under ArcTool. Watershed condition maps include the data which describe the main features of the target watersheds, such as land use and vegetation map, slope map, soil map, geology map and precipitation map.




AB-29

CBWM GIS Database CBWM GIS Database

01. Administrative Boundary 03. Watershed Condition Map

Suco Boundary 036. USLE

SubDistric Boundary usleresult

District Boundary uslesuco

02. Watershed Boundary 04. Aerial Photo

Study Area 2407-113 2407-313 2407-332 2407-343

2407-131 2407-314 2407-333 2407-344

03. Watershed Condition Map 2407-224 2407-323 2407-334 2407-621

031. Landcover 2407-242 2407-324 2407-341 2407-622

landcover2007 2407-244 2407-331 2407-342 2507-133

032. DEM

dem 05. Topographic Map

slope_perc Sheet 2407-224 Sheet 2407-314 Sheet 2407-333 Sheet 2407-344

033. Soil Sheet 2407-242 Sheet 2407-323 Sheet 2407-334 Sheet 2507-131

Soil Map Sheet 2407-244 Sheet 2407-324 Sheet 2407-341 Sheet 2507-133

034. Geology Sheet 2407-311 Sheet 2407-331 Sheet 2407-342

Geology Map Sheet 2407-313 Sheet 2407-332 Sheet 2407-343

035. Rainfall

01 January 06. Toolbox

02 February Timor Leste

03 March Landcover Area

04 April USLE

05 May Zoning Area

06 June 07. Other data

07 July 0831. Landuse Data

08 August P Zone

09 September 0832. Contour line

10 October Contour 100 m

11 November Contour 25 m

12 December

CBWM GIS Database

The following figure shows a sample of the GIS database structure.

Sample GIS Database for Watershed Management Plan

Appendix-C: Ground Truth Survey




AC-1

Appendix-C: Ground Truth Survey 1. Background and Purpose of the Ground Truth Survey

1.1. Background

The captioned survey is one of the preparatory works to be carried out in the beginning of the project. In the preparation of the present land use and vegetation cover map of a target watershed, the types of ground vegetation will be identified through interpretation of aerial photo maps. However, the resolution capacity is not enough to show exactly the major tree species, their density, and compositions of forests in the watersheds. Hence, it is necessary to conduct the ground truth survey to verify the vegetation types in the field through direct observations and comparison between the aerial photos and actual vegetation. The survey findings will be incorporated in the revision and finalization of the draft land and vegetation map.

1.2. Purpose of the Survey

The purpose of the survey is to verify the types of vegetations distributed in the target watersheds through direct observation in the field and inventory in the sample areas. The survey outputs will be incorporated during the revision and finalization process of the draft land use and vegetation map.

1.3. Expected Outputs of the Survey

a. Photographs of the specified vegetation with location data measured by GPS b. Inventory data of forest vegetation in the sampled areas

1.4 Formation of the Survey Team

To conduct the survey, a team shall be organized consisting of one NDF forest officer and two forestry staffs at the district level. Two more forestry staffs including forest guards in the district will join the survey team when they conduct the inventory survey at the selected spots.

2. Flow and Method of the Survey

The survey shall be conducted following the steps listed below. The steps are grouped into two parts, namely: 1) extensive field observation and inventory survey, and 2) feedback and consolidation of the survey outputs.

2.1 Extensive Field Observation and Inventory Survey

(1) Determination of observation spots

By comparing the vegetation distribution shown on the aerial photograph and the vegetation types classified through the automatic classification of satellite images, the survey team shall determine the major observation spots of each vegetation type in the target watersheds. The team shall select and propose the areas where there are clear discrepancies and differences between the vegetation shown on the aerial photograph and the automatic classification done by the GIS software.

The survey team shall select some among the proposed spots to be the field observation spots for direct observation in order to verify the vegetation. The team shall use vehicles to move around the target watersheds because it has to do the survey in an extensive area within a limited period. Hence, the observation spots shall be selected considering their accessibility by 4WD vehicles. The team shall try to select at least one observation spot in each vegetation type collectively distributed in one location. After setting the observation spots, the team shall confirm the routes to efficiently reach every spot.




AC-2

(2) Field observation of the vegetation in the watersheds

The survey team shall conduct field observation along the planned routes in the previous step. It shall identify its location using GPS. When it reaches an observation spot dominated by the classified vegetation, it should stop at several points to take photographs. In case it observes the forest vegetation, the team should assess the degree of canopy closure formed by the main tree species composing the forest. The works to be done are as follows:

For all types of vegetation:

1) Record the position data (longitude and altitude) where the team is situated using GPS, 2) Take photographs of vegetation

For forest vegetation:

3) Identify the main tree species forming the canopy in the upper layer, and 4) Observe and assess the degree of canopy enclosure

Item 4) is relevant to classify the forest vegetation according to the degree of canopy formation, i.e., closed forest, medium forest, and woodlot (sparse forest). When the team member stands inside the target forests, he looks upward to see how the branches of the trees cover the canopy layer. Observing directly the canopy, he assesses the degree of its closure according to the field criteria as indicated in the photographs below. The members randomly select several locations inside the same forest vegetation to do the same assessment of the canopy closure. Taking the average of assessments in several plots, the team determines the degree of canopy closure of the target vegetation as closed, medium or woodlot (sparse). The results are recorded in the survey sheets shown in the following section.

Field criteria to assess the canopy closure

Closed forest Canopy closure: 70% <

Medium forest Canopy closure: 30~70%

Woodlot (sparse)* Canopy closure: 15~30%

* The photograph shows a little higher ratio of canopy closure than required by the criteria.

(3) Inventory survey in a sample plot

In case of forest vegetation survey, the team should conduct an inventory survey to identify the basic feature of the forest. In case of vegetation types other than forest, the team does not need to do the survey. The inventory works shall have the following steps:

1) Set up of the sample plot: The survey team shall set up the sample plots to do the tree inventory. The location of sample plots shall be determined through direct observation of the forest vegetation. The team shall focus on the area where matured main trees stand more densely than the surrounding area. The size of sample plot is preferably 400 m2 (20 m x 20 m). The team shall use tape measure (50 m) to set the side line of 20 m and compass to exactly get 90 degrees at the square corners. Depending on the field conditions, the plot should be ideally set up in two




AC-3

to three locations at one field observation spot so that the team can grasp the average feature of the selected vegetation.

2) Measurement of trees: The survey team shall select all trees in the plot whose height is more than 1.0 m. It shall then measure the height and diameter of breadth height (DBH, 120 cm). If the DBH is less than 1.0 cm, the team shall measure the diameter at 5 cm above the ground level. The diameter tape shall be used in measuring the diameter while the Haga meter shall be used to measure the height of the trees. Both these equipment require small trainings for the person who will use them before going to the field survey. The data of trees shall be recorded using the simple format shown below.

District : Aileu Name of location xxxx

Sub-district: xxxx Type of vegetation Medim forest

Suco xxxx Main tree species Eucalyptus alba

Altitude: Number of sample plot (1~3)

Longitude: Size of sample plot 400 m2 (20 x 20 m)

Tree No. DBH (D120: cm) * Height (m)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

* In case to measure diameter at the ground level, record as "1.0 cm (g)".Colored cells are filled for all types of vegetation.

Inventory: To select and measure the trees whose height is more than 1.0 meter

Name of tree

Data of field observation and inventory

Average of DBH & Height

2.2 Feedback and Consolidation of the Survey Outputs

Coming back from the field observation and inventory works at the spots, the team shall consolidate the inventory data and feed back the findings into the vegetation map. Photographs of selected vegetation with the position data measured by GPS and inventory data of forest vegetation are the two main outputs of the survey. These outputs shall be incorporated in the finalization of the land use and vegetation map and consolidated in the data sheet as forest profiles in the target watershed as follows: 1) Feedback of findings obtained from direct field observation: Photographs of the vegetation show

the actual conditions of vegetative cover prevailing in the selected spots on the satellite images/photo. The vegetation classification on the satellite image done by ArcGIS shall be revised and finalized according to the vegetation types shown in the photographs taken in the fields.

2) Data consolidation of forest inventory: The primary data of tree sizes recorded in the inventory shall be consolidated into the data sheet of forest profile in the watershed as shown below. Using the data of DBH, height and number of trees measured in the sample plot, the team members, such as NDF forest officer or the district MAF staff, shall compute the average figures to present the basic features of the surveyed forest.

Sample




AC-4

District : Aileu Suco: xxx

Sub-district: xxx Location: xxx

Longitude Altitude DBH (cm) Height (m)Medium forest 1 Eucalyptus alba

2 Eucalyptus alba3

Woot lot 1 Acacia leucopeaTamarindas indica

2 Eucalyptus alba3

Dense forest 1 Albizia sp.2 Dipterocarpus sp.3

Estimated densityof trees (tree/ha)

Number of trees(tree/plot)

GPS Data

Forest profile in the target watershed

Average size of treesVegetation type Main tree species

Sample plotNo.

End

Appendix-D: Implementation Plans for the

Priority Sub-programs



Final Report Volume II (Appendicess)

AD-1

Appendix-D Implementation Plans for the Priority Sub-program

1. Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-project (PLUP-SP)

1.1 Organization of Working Groups

(1) Selection of Responsible Persons/Potential Participants

Basically, the council members of suco will become members of the group. In addition, anyone who can satisfy the following criteria will be selected as a member.

a person who is willing to participate in the sub-program a person who owns a large area in the village a person who can work in conflict management among villagers a person who is honest, trustful and impartial a person who are familiar with natural & social conditions of the village a person who can spare his/her time for the activities a person who are literate and can guide the elaboration process of making local regulations a person who can monitor the implementation of Tara Bandu

(2) Group Organization

In this step, NGOs/facilitators will encourage the identified responsible persons/participants of the sub-program to form a group designating group officials, preparing regulations of groups, and clarifying the functions of groups. In the group formation, the responsible persons/participants will discuss the following topics and issues with the assistance of NGOs/facilitators.

List of Possible Topics for Discussion Sub-program Issue to be discussed Expected results

Participatory Land Use Planning Sub-program

Selection of a group leader of the working group

Roles and responsibilities of group leader Role and responsibilities of other members General functions of the group Rules of the group Activities of the group

Select a group leader Define roles and responsibilities of a group

leader Define roles and responsibilities of other

members Define vision, mission, activities of the

group Define a simple rule/regulation for managing

a group

(3) Exposure Visits

In order for the members of the working group to have clear ideas of the sub-programs, NGOs/facilitators in coordination with MAF/NDF will organize an one-day exposure visit taking the members of the working group to Suco Faturasa, which is only the suco where the the PLUP-SP was introduced in the country. It is expected that the members of the working groups can actually see the effectiveness of the sub-program and understand what they will do in the course of the sub-program through the exposure visit.

1.2 Participatory Planning

The working group with the assistance of NGOs/facilitators will prepare two types of work plans, namely i) a work plan for the entire period (20 months) and ii) a work plan for the next 12 months. The following steps will be taken in the preparation of the work plans.




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Process of Participatory Planning Step Participatory Land Use Planning

Step 1: Identification of target activities

Enumerate information needed for preparation of a future land use plan and local regulations; Review the results of the situation analysis; and Identify the necessary activities to be taken to collect the missing information.

Step 2: Work Plan

Make a schedule of the necessary activities; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective activities;

and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of

work, and responsible persons/bodies, and materials procured. Step 3: Procurement plan

Discuss how to procure the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons; Identify possible sources to have the necessary materials or tools; and Contact the possible sources to confirm the possibility to have the materials/tools.

After the participatory planning, MAF/NDF will estimate the necessary cost for the implementation of the work plans through the following processes.

Process of Cost Estimates Items Process to be taken

Step 4: Cost estimation

Enumerate the necessary input (materials, tools, training courses, human resources, etc.); Estimate the volume/quantity of each input; and Estimate the cost required by multiplying the unit prices of inputs with the respective quantities.

1.3 Major Activities of the Sub-programs

(1) Review of the results of the situation analysis

In order to assess the current situation of the village, NGOs/facilitators with NDF will review the results of the situation analysis conducted prior to the implementation of the sub-program. Particularly, the following aspects are to be analyzed.

- Socio-economic aspects: Demography (No. of households, Population, and Population increase) Livelihoods (Main source of income, Income level, Wealthiness of the village,

Issues on livelihoods, etc.) Gender differences in household activities

- Institutional aspects: Existing local institutions and community-based organizations and their

relationships with the community Roles and functions of the institutions/organizations Any external assistance currently working in the village

- Current Land and Natural Resource Use Patterns: Present land use (Resource map) Traditional use of natural resources Prevailing/Common practices for farm/land management Land ownership Seasonal changes in resource use Customary rules/regulations on natural resource use

- Conflicts over Land/Natural Resources or Changes in Resource Use: Any conflicts and solutions taken Any changes in resource use Reasons for recent changes Extent of changes in natural resources (quantity / quality)




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In the beginning of the sub-program, the results of the analyses of the above-mentioned aspects will be shared with community members so that they can also deepen the understandings of the current conditions of their village.

b. Transfer of information to Aerial Photo Maps This session aims to prepare a present land use map of the village using an aerial photomap covering the target village. The working group will be assisted by NGOs/facilitators in transferring all the information and land marks depicted in a resource map, which will be prepared in the situation analysis. The following are the steps to be taken for the preparation of the present land use map of the village.

- Enlarge the aerial photo maps available in ALGIS to a scale of 1:5,000 to 1:10,000 and print an enlarged map;

- Encourage the group members and other community members to transfer all the information of the resource map to the enlarged aerial photo map. The information includes boundaries of village and sub-villages, settlements, forests, grasslands, shrubs, farmlands (fixed and shifting cultivation farms), coffee plantations, and any sacred places;

- Discuss the extent of degradation (open, sparse, medium, and dense) and the use of forests/areas, such as type of forest products collected (firewood collection, timber tree collection, grazing, etc.), type of trees (Ai bubur, Ai ru, Ai na, etc.), and other available resources associated with forests (such as honey, local wine, and water sources);

- Add the additional information on the aerial photo map; - Take GPS measurement data of about 10 landmarks to confirm the locations; and - Specify the ownership of the lands (if possible).

c. Sharing the result (a present land use map) with the entire community The present land use map prepared in the above-mentioned session will be shared with other members. The objective of the session is to confirm the completeness/accuracy of the map and to start discussions on future land use in the village.

d. Digitizing the present land use map into GIS NGOs together with NDF will digitize the present land use map prepared by the working group into GIS. In case there in no GIS specialist or GIS software in NGOs/NDF, they should coordinate with ALGIS (MAF) to tap its expertise and facilities.

e. Discussion on Future Land Use Options The members of the working group will discuss the future land use options in their village with the assistance of NGOs/facilitators. The results of the situation analysis and the present land use map prepared by the preceding session will be used as reference data in the meeting. The meeting will be conducted in the following manner:

- Confirmation of the correctness/accuracy of the present land use map; - Identification and enumeration of valuable natural resources available in the village; - Confirmation of forest types in the village; - Confirmation of the current forest management practices in the respective forest types; - Prioritization of forest types based on their importance; - Discussion on the major causes of forest and land degradation;




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- Identification of the activities to be permitted and those not to be permitted in the respective forest types;

- Examination of the necessity of changing the present land use; and - Compilation of the results of the discussions into a table showing the possible future land

use and the corresponding land management practices.

f. Presentation of the Future Land Use Options The working group with the assistance of NGOs/facilitators will have a plenary discussion with other community members on the ideas of the future land use options. The options that the participants accept will be written down for the preparation of a future land use map and local rules on natural resource management.

g. Preparation of a Future Land Use Plan Considering the future land use options agreed on among the community members, the working group will prepare a future land use map. The detailed present land use map at a scale of 1/5,000 ~ 1/10,000 and an aerial photo map at the same scale are used as a base map. In addition, a slope map or a zoning map prepared by the JICA Study Team, which are also to be at the same scale, can be used for reference.

The boundaries of the future land use types will be drawn on a tracing paper laid on the base map. They will be further digitized for GIS processing. Based on the experience in the pilot project implemented by the JICA Study Team, the following land use types might be proposed by the working group.

- Protection forest (dense and medium forest) - Regenerating forest (sparse forest) - Coffee plantation - Multiple-use forest (sandal wood, etc.) - Protected water catchment forest - Area to be used for permanent farm - Area to be used for grazing - Area to be used for shifting cultivation

At the same time, the group members will be encouraged to demarcate the following areas. The boundaries of the following areas are not necessarily the same with those of the above-listed land use types, since the bases of the classification differ from each other.

- Area to be protected from fire - Area to be protected from animals - Area that can be burned - Area where animal can graze

h. Preparation of Local Rules on Natural Resource Management Local rules on natural resource management are another core element of this sub-program, since they would be the bases for regulating the activities of local communities on forest and natural resource management in the village. At present, there is no government regulation on natural resource management; NGOs/facilitators should properly guide the working group to develop the balanced local rules. General village rules should also be discussed




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simultaneously with those on natural resource management, so that the target village could have a complete set of the village regulations, which would be more effective in regulating the community’s activities. In the pilot project implemented by the JICA Study Team, the following topics were discussed:

- Purpose of the regulations; - General village rules; - Future land use in the village; - Use o natural resources; - Community organization responsible for management; - Income and expenditure; and - Fines and penalties.

NGOs/facilitators will draft the village regulations in writing based on the discussions in this session.

i. Presentation of Future Land Use Plan and Village Regulations After drafting the village regulations, the working group with the assistance of NGOs/facilitators will present the draft future land use map and village regulations to other community members. Any suggestions and comments from them will be reviewed and taken into account in the revision of the future land use map and village regulations. The revised regulations will be further presented to community members for ratification.

j. Organization of a Tara Bandu Ceremony The working group in consultation with the village leaders will organize a Tara Bandu ceremony before villagers start burning the field for shifting cultivation. Necessary arrangement and coordination should be done by the group. MAF/NDF will bear part of the expenditures for the ceremony to make the ceremony effective. In the ceremony, the community leaders will announce the village regulations and future land use plan to all the community members and notify them to obey the regulations.

k. Agreement with MAF/NDCF and the Sub-district Administration Office The working group with the village leaders will present and submit the village regulations with the future land use map to the Sub-district Administration Office, MAF district office and NDF. MAF/NDF and the Sub-district Office will exchange an agreement with the target village on the village regulations, so that the community can have support in enforcing the village regulations in the village.

l. Implementation and Monitoring In order to implement/enforce the village regulations in an effective manner, NGOs/facilitators will organize a monitoring meeting with the working group once a month. Cases found in each aldeia in the month and necessary action to be taken against issues difficult to handle are discussed by the working group with the assistance of NGOs/facilitators as well as NDF in the monthly monitoring meeting.

NGOs/facilitators should take notes at the meetings, since the discussions will be used as precedents in solving issues/conflicts in the village in the future.




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2. Tree Planting Promotion Sub-project (TPP-SP)

2.1 Organization of Beneficiaries Group and Orientation for the Sub-project

(1) Orientation of TPP-SP and formulation of farmers groups who join the program

In principle, this sub-program targets all households in a community. Meanwhile the following criteria have to be confirmed as prerequisites to the households who intend to join this SP.

a person who is willing to participate in the sub-program; a person who can comply with the duties and responsibilities given to the members; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who can use their farms for demonstration purposes; a person who can afford to risk failure take risks in pilot activities In forming a group of members, the existing village organization (aldeia or sub-village) will be used as an implementing body.

A leader of the members group will be selected from among them. In most cases the Chef de aldeia would be selected by the community members as a leader. In addition, it is necessary to select core members from the members who lead the rest of them in implementing the activities. The following criteria should be used to select the core members.

a person who can work for other members without any contribution; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for monitoring activities; a person who can use his/her own land for a demonstration plot for tree planting; a person who has coordination skills; a person who is trustful; a person who has a coordination skills; and a person who can read and write to keep records of materials distributed to the members.


In this step, NGO/facilitators will encourage the identified responsible persons / participants of the sub-program to form groups by designating group officials, preparing regulations of groups, and clarifying the functions of groups. In group formation, the responsible persons/participants will discuss the following topics and issues with the assistance of NGO/facilitators.

List of Possible Topics for Discussion Issue to be discussed Expected results

Selection of representatives (a group leader or coordinator) with selection criteria

Roles and responsibilities of group leader Roles and responsibilities of core farmers and

other participating farmers General functions of the group Rules of the group Activities of the group

Select a group leader Define roles and responsibilities of a group leader Define roles and responsibilities of core farmers and other

farmers (participants) Define vision, mission, activities of the group Define a simple rule/regulation for managing a group

(3) Exposure Visits

In or after the process of the above-mentioned activities, a local NGO will organize exposure visits to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented successfully. Representatives of the groups will participate in these visits to get firsthand information from the people actually involved in the similar activities. Upon the return, a feed-back meeting should be organized at the




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suco to share experiences and learning with the entire group members. The following exposure visits are to be planned and done by a local NGO.

Proposed Exposure Visits Sub-program Place to visit Purposes of visit Duration of visit

Tree Planting Promotion Sub-program

Nursery of Portuguese cooperation project in Ermera district

to learn how to select tree species suitable for planting by the households

to learn how to set up a nursery and produce seedlings

to share experiences of the people who joined the Portuguese project in coffee growing and tree-planting

2 days


NGO/facilitators cooperating with NDF and the district MAF staff will facilitate the discussion of the beneficiaries’ groups to come up with work plans (an entire implementation plan and annual work plan) of the TPP-SP. The entire work plan covers the activities for 36 months (three years) including two batches of a series of trainings. The following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning for TPP-SP.

Process of Participatory Planning Step Things to do


Review tree planting activities in the past; Review the present use of forest resources; Identify tree species or other perennial crops in demand.

Step 2: Work Plan

Determine tree species to be provided to the members; Make sure the way to secure the seedlings in demand of the members; Make a list of training courses to cover necessary activities for tree planting; Make a schedule of training courses; Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of

work, responsible persons/bodies, and materials procured; and Step 3: Procurement plan

Discuss how to procure the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons; Identified possible sources to have the necessary materials or tools; and Contact the possible sources to confirm the possibility to have the materials/tools.

2.3 Implementation Plan

After the participatory planning, NGO/facilitators will estimate the cost/budget required for implementation of the work plans. The following are implementation plan proposed for this sub-program.

(1) Establishment of Demonstration Plots and Training on Tree Planting

A local NGO will also provide technical training on planting trees for community members of the villages, so that they can plant seedlings in their own lands in a proper manner. To do so, several types of demonstration plots will be established in each aldeia by using a part of the lands owned by core members. The following table shows possible demonstration plots can be introduced.




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Proposed Demonstration Plots for Technical Training at Aldeia Plot Techniques to be demonstrated Spacing No. of sdlgs Area Timber trees Proper design of timber tree

plantation 2 x 3 m 100 about 0.1 ha

Fruit trees Proper design of fruit tree plantation

5 x 5 m 100 About 0.25 ha

Fodder trees Proper design of fodder tree plantation

2 x 3 m 100 about 0.1 ha

Shade trees with coffee

Proper design of coffee plantation 10 x 10 m3 x 3 m

10 100

about 0.1 ha

Boundary trees Proper design of boundary trees (Ziziphus and Casuarina)

0.3 x 0.1m2.0 m

50 (Ziziphus sp.) 50 (Casuarina)

-

The demonstration plots will be used for venues of technical training for the members of each aldeia. It is proposed that technical training should address the following topics:

Outlines of Training Program (Tentative) on Tree Planting (per aldeia) Training course Techniques/Knowledge to be transferred Span Frequency

Compost making How to make compost 4 days in total

once a month from June - Oct

Land Preparation Hole digging/Pitting: Appropriate size and shape of pit depending on site conditions (Diameter: 30~60 cm , Depth: 30~60 cm, shape: round or square) Refilling: How to refill pits with soils Fertilization: How to apply compost Transport of seedlings: How to transport seedlings from the nursery to planting sites.

2 days

1 time at the onset of

rainy season (Nov)

Planting Typical/Basic designs of tree types How to plant trees

2 days ditto

Re-planting Typical/Basic designs of tree types How to plant trees

2 days ditto

Tending and Maintenance

How to tend seedlings and maintain plantations (weeding and mulching) How to protect seedlings from animals

2 days in total

January, March and

May

(2) Establishment of an Internal Monitoring System

One of the controversial issues discussed in the determination of the pilot project with the community was how to monitor the activities of each household. Based on the lesson learnt from the pilot project during 2008 and 2009, it is suggested that a monitoring system should be introduced in cooperation with NDF, the district MAF, extension staff and local NGO.

In this connection, it is proposed that NDF and district MAF supported by local NGO organize an internal monitoring team composed of chef de aldeia and core members on a sub-village level. At the same time, a local NGO will develop a registration book/form so that each aldeia can record the materials distributed by the sub-program. The registration book/form should include, but not limited to, the following information:

- Name of household who receives materials; - Date of receipt; - Type of materials (seeds, poly-bags, tools); and - Quantity of materials (numbers, weight, etc.).




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A local NGO will give orientation and guidance to the internal monitoring teams of each aldeia to understand how to use the registration book/form and what to be done by the monitoring team.

(3) Periodical Monitoring One of the important tasks that a local NGO shall perform is to monitor the implementation of sub-program. Specifically, the following should be carried out in coordination with the internal monitoring teams of the village.

- Register the members who have received materials; - Keep a record of materials (types and quantity of materials) and seedlings actually

planted by each household - Identify locations of areas where trees are planted by members - Monitor the growth of trees planted by members (especially survival of trees) - Provide technical advice/guidance to core and other members - Resolve any technical and managerial issues that core and other members face

The monitoring team will monitor and record how many seedlings are actually planted by members. Therefore, the following information should be recorded by using the same registration book/form mentioned above.

- Number and type of tree planted; - Date of planting trees; - Place of trees planted; and - Growth condition or survival one year after planting.

3. Seedling Production Sub-program (SP-SP)

SP-SP is in principle to be implemented with TPP-SP. It supports the community to produce the seedlings to provide to TPP-SP. Hence some activities listed in this section are designed to be conducted as a part of TPP-SP. Or if the target suco implements SP-SP solely, its activities will be carried out basically in the same way as described in TPP-SP though it is very rare case.

3.1 Organization of Beneficiaries Group and Orientation for the Sub-program

(1) Orientation of SP-SP and formulation of farmers groups who join the program

The farmers groups formulated in TPP-SP will also work for this sub-program. If the target suco will not conduct the TPP-SP but engage only SP-SP, then this activity will be done in the same way as that of TPP-SP.


It is same as above.


NFD and the district MAF supported by NGO/facilitators will facilitate the discussion of the beneficiaries’ groups to come up with work plans (an entire implementation plan and annual work plan) of the respective sub-programs. As described in the other pilot projects, the entire work plan will cover the activities for 39 months including two batches of a series of trainings. The following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning for SP-SP.




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Identify the potential sites for nursery plots; Conduct a field survey to see the conditions of the potential sites and the water source; Determine the demonstration plots; Decide species/crops to be introduced in the demonstration plots (this will be done in TPP-SP); and, Develop field layouts of nursery plots.

Step 2: Work Plan

Identify necessary activities to be done for establishing the nursery; Prepare and sign the rules and regulations to use the water source/tank for the seedlings production; Make a list of training courses to cover the identified necessary activities to establish the nursery; Make a schedule of training courses and works to be done to build the nursery and grow the

seedlings; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training courses; Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of work, and

responsible persons/bodies, and materials procured. Step 3: Procurement plan




(1) Construction: Land preparation, setting poles, fences & shades

The nursery will be constructed mainly using the local materials such as bamboo poles, palm leaves, wood sticks and poles. These materials are provided by the members as free while they are offered lunch for the works to collect these materials from their living area. Maintenance works will be done to repair shadings by palm leaves, to replace bamboo poles and sticks whenever they are damaged.

(2) Installation of water supply system

Water supply system will be installed in the nursery plot. Because growing the seedlings needs water supply, the plot to set up the nursery is placed within the access from the water source. Small basin at the water source and the tanks located nearby the seedbeds are connected with the bamboo pipes using the natural gravity. The main activities are:

1) To dig a basin at the water source and consolidate it with cement 2) To set up the water tank at the ground of seed beds to collect water for raising seedlings. 3) To prepare the bamboo pipes and connects each other to tap the water at the source and the

water tank at seedbeds.

(3) Seedling production and maintenance

SP-SP provides several trainings needed in seedling production and maintenance to the group members. After provided the trainings the members have to continue watering and maintenance of seedlings until the time of planting comes with the onset of rainy season. Regular watering and maintenance such as weeding, pest control, etc. are not the training but practices to produce the




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seedlings. Because watering and maintenance in the dry season is a key to successful tree planting, the members are requested to take part actively in those works. They are provided lunch for it.

(4) Monitoring and Evaluation

The extension worker and NGO field support the group members to monitor the quantities of seedlings weekly using the regular monitoring format. At the time of distribution of seedlings, they also record the species and number of seedlings given to each member. At the annual evaluation and planning workshop the group members will review and evaluate their activities and achievements attained and

4. Community-based Seed Extension Sub-program



In principle, this sub-program could support all households in a community. At least, however, the following criteria should be confirmed as prerequisite to be a member.

a person who is willing to participate in the sub-program; a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who can use their farms for demonstration purposes; a person who can afford to risk failure

In addition, it is necessary to select core farmers from the communities. The following criteria should be used for this selection,

a person who has coordination skills a person who is able to read and write.


In this step, NGO/facilitators will encourage the identified responsible persons / participants of the sub-program to form groups by designating group officials, preparing regulations of groups, and clarifying the functions of groups. In group formation, the responsible persons/participants will discuss the following topics and issues with the assistance of NGO/facilitators.







(3) Exposure Visits

In order for the participants to have clear ideas of the sub-programs, MAF and NGO/facilitators will organize exposure visits to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented




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successfully. Representatives of the groups will participate in these visits and feed back their experiences and learning to the entire group members upon the return from the visits.


NGO/facilitators will facilitate the discussion of the beneficiaries’ groups to come up with work plans (an entire implementation plan and annual work plan) of the respective sub-programs. As described in the other pilot projects, the entire work plan will cover the activities for 20 months and the annual work plan is for those from April 2008 to March 2009. The following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning for each sub-program.



Identify the potential sites for demonstration plots; Conduct a field observation survey to see the conditions of the potential sites; Determine the demonstration plots; Decide species/crops to be introduced in the demonstration plots; and Develop field layouts of demonstration plots.

Step 2: Work Plan

Identify necessary farming activities to be taken for development of demonstration plots; Make a list of training courses to cover the identified necessary farming activities; Make a schedule of training courses; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training courses;

and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of work, and





a. Development of On-farm Demonstration Plots There are two types of on-farm demonstration plots to be established at core farmer’s land with the assistance of MAF and NGO/Facilitators, according to type of varieties to be introduced. One is a plot for improved seeds and the other for outsourced local seeds. The sub-program can chose which kinds of seeds to be introduced, depending on the needs of a target community. It also could introduce both of them, if a targeted community is critically in shortage of quality seeds.

The major aims of the demonstration plots is to demonstrate the effectiveness of i) improved farming techniques, ii) improved seeds and/or outsourced local seeds, and iii) the combination of i) and ii).

With respect to local seeds, it is necessary to consider, on one hand, the risk that the participating farmers may have to bear and, on the other hand, the need to gain seeds, from the harvest for next season if found effective. Taking these issues into account, the following table shows the recommended design and size of a demonstration plot for improved seeds.




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Size and Design of Demonstration Plot for Improved Seeds (1 plot/group) Parcel Demonstration Design Size of Parcel 1 Improved seeds of maize and sweet potato under the current farming

practices 10 m x 10 m (0.01 ha)

2 Improved seeds of peanut under the current farming practices 10 m x 10 m (0.01 ha) 3 Improved seeds of maize and sweet potato under the improved farming

techniques 20 m x 20 m (0.04 ha)

4 Improved seeds of peanut under the improved farming techniques 20 m x 20 m (0.01 ha)

Typical Design of Demonstration Plot for Improved Seeds

On the other hand, outsourced local seeds will be used for demonstration and also distributed to other participating farmers. The typical design of a demonstration plot for outsourced local seeds is outlined below.

Size and Design of Demonstration Plot for Outsourced Local Seeds Parcel Demonstration Design Size of Parcel 1 Outsourced local seeds of maize, sweet potato and cassava under the

improved farming techniques 30 m x 50 m (0.15 ha)

2 Outsourced local seeds of peanut under the improved farming techniques 20 m x 25 m (0.05 ha)

30m

50m

Parcel 2

20m

25m

Parcel1: Outsourced local seeds of maize, sweet potatoes, cassavas under the improved farming techniquesParcel 2: Outsourced local seeds of peanuts under the improved farming techniques

Typical Design of Demonstration Plot for Outsourced Local Seeds

b. Organization of Farmer’s Field Schools (FFSs) MAF and NGO/facilitators will organize a series of field training activities (Farmers’ Field Schools: FFSs) for both core and other participating farmers at demonstration plots. Through

20 m 10 m10 m

20 m

Parcel 1: Improved seeds of maize and sweet potato under the current farming practices Parcel 2: Improved seeds of peanut under the current farming practices

Parcel 3: Improved seeds of maize and sweet potato under the improved farming techniques Parcel 4: Improved seeds of peanut under the improved farming techniques

Parcel 1

Parcel 2

Parcel 3

Parcel 4




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the FFSs, the members of the working groups can learn all the practices required for effective farming. The following are training activities to be organized under the sub-program.

- Compost making - Relatively simple soil conservation techniques e.g. counter compost - Development and maintenance of farm - Planting - Harvesting and post-harvesting - Seed-keeping / Sailo use

The training courses are summarized as follows.

Outlines of FFSs Training

course Techniques/Knowledge to be

transferred Span

/Aldeia Span/ Suco

Frequency /One season

Compost making

How to make and maintain compost How to apply compost

3 days in total 15 days in total

1 time

Soil conservation measures (including use of farm tools)

How to make and use an A-frame How to use farm tools How to delineate contour lines using an A-frame How to make trenches in the plot

1 day 5 days 1 time

Development of farm

How to prepare land How to design a farm

3 days 15 days 1 time

Planting How to plant crops 1 day for maize; 1 day for peanuts

and sweet potatoes

5 days for each

1 time for each

Management of farm

How to maintain farms (weeding, control of pests/rodent)

Occasionally (at least 1 day)

Occasionally

(5 days) Occasionally

How to harvest crops and measure yields of crops How to shell crops

1 days for each crop

5 days for each

1 time/ Harvesting & Post- harvesting

How to keep seeds without post harvest damage

1 day 1 time

c. Replication of Trained Techniques Participating farmers are expected to replicate what they have learned in training courses in their own farms after experiencing training courses at demonstration plots. MAF and NGO/Facilitators will assist participating farmers in replicating the trained techniques for outsourced local seeds in their farms by directly visiting farm yards.

d. Procurement and Provision of Materials and Tools In order to establish on-farm demonstration plots and encourage participating farmers to replicate trained techniques, NGO/facilitators will procure the following materials and tools and provide them to core and participating farmers when a NGO organizes the respective training courses.




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Materials required for the entire sub-program Description Unit Q’ty

Per Batch/ aldeia /year

Total (3 suco for

3 years) Training related Source

1. Farm tools (Wheelbarrow & shovel) Packs 30 900 Compost making NGO 2. Materials for compost (animal dung, crop residues, top soils, etc.)

- - Compost making Group

3.Farm tools (hoe, iron stick, machete) Packs 30 900 Soil conservation measures

NGO

4.Seeds of Legume crops 5. Materials for A-frame (Pole @ 1 m in length)

Poles 12 360 Soil conservation measures

Group

6. Materials for A-frame (string @ 1 m in length)

M 4 120 Pilot project Group

7. Seeds of maize (improved seeds) kg 30 1800 Planting annual crops

MAF/SoL NGO

8. Seeds of maize (local seeds) kg 90 5400 Planting annual crops

NGO

9. Seeds of sweet potato (improved) Bundle<1

15 900 Planting annual crops

NGO

10. Seeds of sweet potato (local) Bundle<1

45 2700 Planting annual crops

NGO

11. Seeds of peanut (improved) Kg 113 6750 Planting annual crops

NGO

12. Seeds of peanut (local) Kg 113 6750 Planting annual crops

NGO

13. Airtight material for storage Unit 30 900 Post-harvesting NGO Note: <1 One bundle of sweet potato is equivalent to about 250 sticks.

5. Home Garden Sub-program



In order to select participants, the following criteria should be considered. This sub-program is determined to support households that have access to water sources, especially women who tend to be disadvantaged with less power in social and economic activities and suffer from chronic energy deficiency. a person whose farm is located near a source of water or who can easily tap water from a source

for his/her farm; a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who can use their farms for demonstration purposes; a person who can afford to risk failure; and a person who is willing to share experience and knowledge with others. In addition to the above, the following criteria could be applied to select core farmers. a person who has coordination skills; and a person who is able to read and write.




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(2) Roles and Responsibilities of Members

NGO/facilitators will encourage community members of each aldeia to discuss the following topics/issues:


Roles and responsibilities of core farmers Roles and responsibilities of other members Activities and expected outputs of the sub-programs Operation in demo plots

Define roles and responsibilities of core farmers Define roles and responsibilities of core members Define the major activities of the sub-programs How to share the production in demo plots

(3) Exposure Visits

In or after the process of the above-mentioned activities, NGO/facilitators will organize exposure visits to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented successfully. Representatives of the groups will participate in these visits to get firsthand information from the people actually involved in the similar activities. Upon the return, a feed-back meeting should be organized at the suco to share experiences and learning with the entire group members.


Formulation of an annual work plan is essential, as it guides the community in the implementation of the sub-programs. NGO/facilitators will assist the working group in formulating an entire work plan and annual work plan of the respective sub-programs. annual work plan will be prepared based on the activities from April 2008 to March 2009. The following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning.

Process of Participatory Planning Items Things to do

Step 1: Identification of target

Identify the potential sites for demonstration plots; Conduct a field observation survey to see the conditions of the potential sites; Identify the possibility of joint management/operation of a vegetable farm by 2~3 farmers; Determine the demonstration plots; Short-list vegetables/crops to be planted in the village; and Examine the applicability of the short-listed vegetables/crops to the demonstration plots.

Step 2: Work Plan

Decide species/crops to be introduced in the demonstration plots; Make cropping pattern/rotation of vegetables/crops to prevent a build-up of soil-borne diseases, pests

and weeds; Develop field layouts of demonstration plots. Identify necessary farming activities to be taken for development of demonstration plots; Make a list of training courses to cover the identified necessary farming activities; Make a schedule of training courses; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training courses;

and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of work,


Discuss how to procure the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons; Identify local materials to be procured by local communities without charge; Identified possible sources to have the necessary materials or tools; and Contact the possible sources to confirm the possibility to have the materials/tools.


Following the participatory planning, NGO/facilitators will estimate the cost/budget required for the implementation of the sub-programs. The following are implementation plan proposed for this sub-program.




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a. Size of On-farm Demonstration Plots One demonstration plot will be established at core farmer’s farm in each aldeia to demonstrate the effectiveness of new crops/vegetables with improved farming techniques. The specification of one demonstration plot is outlined below.

Specification of Demonstration Plot for Improved Seeds (1 plot/aldeia) Items Specification Size 30 m x 30 m Possible crops/vegetables

Vegetables (leaf vegetables, eggplant, tomato, potato), Beans (cow pea, red beans, etc.), Root crops (Kontas and Talas), and Banana

Pre-conditions Availability of water source Easy to access from settlements

10 m

10 m

1 m

0.4 m

Ridge

Slo

ping

(do

wnw

ard)

Nurseries

Typical Design of Demonstration Plot

b. Organization of Farmer’s Field Schools (FFSs) NGO/facilitators will organize a series of field training activities (Farmers’ Field Schools: FFSs) for both core and other participating farmers at each aldeia using a demonstration plot. Through the FFSs, community members can learn all the practices required for vegetable farming. The following are training activities to be organized under this sub-program.

- Compost making - Land preparation and use of farming tools - Preparation of nurseries for vegetable seedlings - Planting - Maintenance of farm (e.g., pest management, weeding, and watering) - Harvesting and collection of seeds - Soil conservation techniques (optional)

Outlines of each training course are summarized as follows.




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Training to be undertaken at the Demonstration Plot (per Aldeia) Training course Techniques/Knowledge to be transferred Span per

Aldeia Frequency

Compost making How to make, develop and apply compost 3 days in total

2 time/ batch (1 batch = 1year)

Land preparation (Use of farming tools)

How to use farming tools Hot to layout a vegetable farm How to make ridges

1 day 1 time/ batch

Nursery preparation

How to develop nurseries for onion, cabbage, lettuce, tomato, etc.

1 day 2 time/ batch

Planting How to plant vegetable seedlings 1 day 2 time/batch Management of farm

How to manage farms (weeding, watering, control of pests/rodent)

2 day Around 4

times/batch Harvesting and collection of seeds

How to harvest crops How to collect and store seeds for next cropping 1 day 2 times/ batch

Soil conservation measures (optional)

How to make an A-frame How to delineate contour lines using an A-frame How to make trenches in the plot How to use weeded grasses and other crop residues

2 days 1 time / batch

Food processing How to prepare solar driers How to make dried foods

2 days 1 time/ batch

c. Procurement and Provision of Materials and Tools In order to establish demo plots and encourage the farmers to replicate the techniques in their own farms, NGO/facilitators will provide necessary materials and tools to them.

The following table shows the standard volume of materials required for this sub-program. The estimation is made based on the assumption that around 20 households in one aldeia would engage in the sub-program.

Materials required for the entire sub-program Description Unit Q’ty Training related Source

Group Total 1. Materials for compost (animal dung, crop residues, top soils, etc.)

- as required

as required

Compost making Group

2. Wood/Bamboo poles for nursery (8m)

Poles 5 150 Nursery preparation Group

3. Plant fronds for nursery Kg 20 600 Nursery preparation Group 4. Seeds of vegetables Packs*kinds 20 600 Nursery preparation NGO 5. Seeds of beans kg*kinds 30 900 Nursery preparation NGO 6. Seed storage materials (e.g. plastic sheet)

Unit 20 600 Post-harvesting NGO

Note: There is no provision of farming tools since they are provided by the Tree Planting Promotion Sub-program.

Optional Description Unit Q’ty <1 Training related Source

Group Total Solar Dries Unit 1 30 Food Processing NGO Materials for A-frame (Pole @ 1 m in length)

Poles 18 18 Soil conservation measures

Group

Materials for A-frame (string @ 1 m in length)

M 6 6 Pilot project NGO

Note: A-frame can be shared among the members of aldeia.

d. Monitoring and Regular Guidance




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After FFSs at the demonstration plots, the beneficiaries’ groups would continue to operate their home gardens. It is necessary to provide day-to-day coaching, so that the beneficiaries can capacitate themselves to cope with a number of issues in home gardening. In order to do so, NGO/facilitators can corporate with MAF and extensionist for regular monitoring to provide continues technical support to them.

e. Annual Evaluation and Planning At the end of 1 batch of implementation, NGO/facilitators will organize an evaluation workshop with the beneficiaries of the sub-program. In the workshop, the following are to be discussed and confirmed.

Evaluation of Home Garden Sub-program: - Extent of economic contribution to livelihoods - Positive and negative impacts of the sub-program - Willingness to continue to produce vegetables and other crops introduced by the

sub-program - Any plans to expand their gardens or develop a new one - Willingness to share knowledge and experience with other community members

In addition to the workshop, there will be a need to conduct a questionnaire survey to evaluate the feelings of the beneficiaries in a quantitative manner. MAF and NGO/facilitators will develop a survey format and conduct an interview survey together with the workshop.

6. Grazing Control with Protein Bank Sub-program



This sub-program in principle covers all households in one aldeia, as long as the qualification of participants meets the following criteria.

a person who is willing to participate in training courses on the sub-program; a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who can use their farms for demonstration purposes; a person who like to replicate what they would learn from training courses given by the

sub-program; a person who can support any other farmers who like to introduce the demonstrated technologies

(e.g., biological control of Chromolaena); and a person who can afford to risk failure.


For the formation of group, the responsible participants will discuss the following topics and issues with the assistance of MAF and NGO/Facilitators.


Selection of representatives (a group leader Select a group leader




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Issue to be discussed Expected results or coordinator) with selection criteria

Roles and responsibilities of group leader Roles and responsibilities of core farmers

and other participating farmers General functions of the group Rules of the group Activities of the group

Define roles and responsibilities of a group leader Define roles and responsibilities of core farmers and other


(3) Exposure Visits

In order for the participants/beneficiaries of the Grazing Control with Protein Bank / Waste Pasture Rehabilitation and Community-based Seed Extension Sub-programs to have clear ideas of the sub-programs, a local NGO will organize exposure visits to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented successfully. Representatives of the groups will participate in these visits and feed back their experiences and learning to the entire group members upon the return from the visits. The following exposure visits are to be planned and done by a local NGO.


NGO/facilitators will assist the discussion of the beneficiaries’ groups in preparing work plans (an entire implementation plan and annual work plan) of the sub-programs. following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning for each sub-program.



Review the future land use plan/map that indicate the areas to be protected from fire and animal grazing;

Developing possible measures for grazing control Identify the potential sites for protein banks; Conduct a field observation survey to see the conditions of the potential sites; Determine the demonstration plots for biological control and protein banks; and Develop field layouts.

Step 2: Work Plan

Make a list of training courses to cover the identified necessary activities; Make a schedule of training courses; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training courses; Identify the activities necessary for rehabilitating the wasteland dominated by Chromolaena; and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of work, and





a. Fencing with planning If the community decides to make a fence to prevent livestock from trespassing into protected area, NGO/facilitators will assist a working group in establishing it. Since the construction of fence tends to be costly, it is necessary to identify critical passes and take the measure against them rather than covering a wide range of areas. At the initial stage, the




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sub-program installs a tentative fence using external materials such as iron stick and iron ropes, while planting the early-growing species of trees e.g. casuarinas and waiting for them to grow. After the planted trees become live fence, the temporary fence is removed and set for another areas.

Necessary Materials for Fence for Grazing Control

Description Unit Q’ty

(Suco) Source of inputs

Seedling of early-growing trees(e.g. casuarinas) seedling 1,000 NGO

Bamboo pole for low parts of fence pole As required Group

Fencing material (Nails, small wire) Set As required NGO

Iron pole (for critical area) (around 1.25-1.5m) pole 500 NGO

Iron Wire Role (1 role = 35 m) (for 5 km:5 lines) Role 150 NGO

Wood Pole (around 2.0 m) pole 500 NGO

a. Development of Demonstration Plots for Protein Banks NGO/facilitators will assist a working group in developing two demonstration plots for protein bank (legume-based fodder bank) in each aldeia. Since each aldeia currently has one or two animal gathering plots for periodical counting, it is recommended that a demonstration plot for protein bank be established near to such a plot to save labor and time for collecting animals.

A typical design of the protein bank is outlined below.

Specification of a typical demonstration plot Items Specification

Size 0.3 ha per Aldeia (2 demo plots/ Aldeia: one plot of 0.15 ha for each year) 0.3 ha x 5 aldeia = 1.5 ha in one Suco

Conditions of the possible plots Area close to the existing animal gathering plot Area where a water source can be easily tapped

Others A signboard to be put

Typical Design of Demonstration Plot for Protein Bank

The following table shows the possible species of trees and crops to be introduced to demonstration plots of protein bank.

* * * * * *

● ● ● ● ●

* * * * * *

Leguminous fodder trees *

Gramineous fodder plant ●

Cover crops

30m 1.5m

50m

● ● ● ● ●

2m




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Typical Design of Demonstration Plot for Protein Bank Scientific name Family Local Name

Gliricidea maeulata Leguminosae Gamal Caliandra callothysus Leguminosae Kariandra Sesbania spp. Leguminosae Ai turi Leucaena leucocephala Leguminosae Lamtoro Pennisetum purpureum Gramineae King Grass

In order to develop demonstration plots for protein bank, the following materials and seeds/stubbles will be procured and provided for core farmers’ groups.

Necessary Materials to be Procured for Demonstration for Protein Bank

Description Unit Q’ty (plot)

Q’ty (Suco)

Source of inputs

Farm tools for mechanical weeding (e.g. iron stick, machete)

set 30 300 NGO

Seeds of leguminous fodder trees (e.g. Gamal, Lamtoro, and Kariandra)

kg 3 30 NGO

Cuttings of king Grass bundle 3 30 NGO

Bamboo Pole Pole 100 1,000 NGO/Group

Wood Pole Pole 200 2,000 NGO

Other materials (e.g. Nail, Hammer) Set 1 30 NGO

b. Development of Demonstration Plots for Biological Control of Chromolaena In the context of livestock in Timor Leste, it is critically needed to control the growth of chromolaena. If the community intends to take a biological control using larvae of a fly (Lalar fisue), as recommended and promoted by MAF, the first thing for the community to do is to comprehend the meaning and mechanism of the biological control. In this regard, the dissemination of information on this measure is the starting point for implementation. After this process, MAF and NGO/facilitators provide a series of technical training to participants. To this end, the sub-program will develop a demonstration plot with the following specifications.

Specification of a demonstration plot Items Specification (typical design)

Size 100 m x 100 m (1ha) for one Aldeia (1ha x 4 aldeia = 4 ha in the village) Conditions of the possible plots Abundant area covered with Chromolaena

Area owned by members Close to the settlements Within the areas to be protected from fire Areas that will not be used for shifting cultivation in next several years

Others A signboard to be put

In order to establish demonstration plots, a local NGO will coordinate with the MAF (especially the Protection Field Division under the National Directorate of Research and Extension) and the National University of Timor-Leste (UNTL) and undertake the following activities/arrangements.

Step 1: Assist and encourage core farmers to visit the Multiplication Field Insectaries (MFIs) of MAF such as Suco Tibar in Liquica and to collect larvae of Lalar fisur (galls) at the MFIs;




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Step 2: Assist core farmers in releasing / tying bunches of galls collected from the MFIs with several plants of Chromolaena in the demonstration plots;

Step 3: Encourage core farmers and other local communities to protect the demonstration plots from burning; and

Step 4: Maintain the demonstration plots as the community Multiplication Field Insectaries in the village.

c. Technical Training A local NGO will provide technical training for core farmers using demonstration plots for both biological control of Chromolaena and protein bank. The following training courses will be organized in the course of the implementation of the sub-program.

Training Courses for Protein Bank (per Aldeia)

Training Courses for Biological Control of Chromolaena

d. Annual Evaluation and Planning Workshop NGO/facilitators will organize an annual monitoring workshop to enable the beneficiaries’ groups to review and monitor their activities and to prepare an annual plan for the next year by themselves.

For this sub-program, the following points are to be discussed in the workshop

Training course Type of training

Techniques/Knowledge to be transferred

Span Frequency

Seedling production of fodder trees and crops

OJT How to prepare nursery and seedling for fodder crops and trees

2 day 1 time/batch

Mechanical weeding of Chromolaena

OJT How to weed chromolaena by a mechanical method

1 day 1 time/batch

Making temporary fence for protein bank

OJT How to make fences

2 days 1 time/batch

Planting fodder trees and crops

OJT How to prepare land How to plant fodder trees and crops

2 days 1 time/batch

Maintenance of protein banks

OJT How to manage and maintain protein banks

1 day 1 time/batch

Compost making OJT How to make and apply compost 2 times 1 time/batch Distribution of seedling to the members

OJT Hot to collect stumbles and transfer seedling to members

2 days 1 time/

imple.period

Training course Type of training

Techniques/Knowledge to be transferred

Span Frequency

Technical guidance on biological control

Lecture type

The following information to be given: - phenological characteristics of

Chromolaena - positive and negative aspects of

Chromolaena - how to deal with Chromolaena - life cycle of gall fly - when, where and how to collect larva - when, where and how to release larva- adverse effect of firing and smoke

1 days 1 time

Collection of larva (galls) from MFIs at Tibar

OJT How to collect galls 1 day 1 time

Release of galls (Tying bunches with Chromolaena)

OJT How to release galls (How to ties a bunch of gall with Chromolaena) How to maintain the field

1 day 1 time




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- Positive and negative impacts of the sub-program (such as improvement of nutrition conditions of animals, mortality rate of animals, etc.)

- Density of Chromolaena in the demonstration plots; - Willingness to expand the biological weed control method to other areas if any; - Willingness to expand the protein bank; and - Willingness to share knowledge and experience with other community members.

If there is a perspective for MAF and NGO/facilitators to expand activities, the beneficiaries’ group of this sub-programs will organize a feedback workshop to share the experiences and knowledge gained through the implementation of the pilot project with other community members so that other farmers will have interest in the introduced practices. In this workshop, the groups will make a presentation on the following aspects.

- Outlines of the sub-programs including the rationale for implementation in relation to watershed management

- Results and lessons learnt from the implementation of sub-programs - Plan for replication and explanation with the assistance of a local NGO

7. Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program


(1) Identification of Potential Participants

A local NGO will organize a meeting with the community members of the village and facilitate them in selecting potential participants for the Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion sub-program. In selection of beneficiaries, the following guidelines are to be used.

a person who is willing to participate in training courses on sustainable upland farming (sloping agricultural land management) techniques;

a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who can use their farms for demonstration purposes; a person who like to replicate what they would learn from training courses given by the

sub-program in their own farms; and a person who can afford to risk failure.


Having selected potential participants, a local NGO will facilitate a series of meetings with the participants to form beneficiaries’ groups. The following table shows topics to be discussed and expected results made through the discussions.




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List of Possible Topics for Discussion Sub-program Issue to be discussed Expected results

Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program


Roles and responsibilities of group leader Roles and responsibilities of core farmers

and other farmers (participants) General functions of the group Rules of the group Activities of the group


leader Define roles and responsibilities of core

farmers and other farmers (participants) Define vision, mission, activities of the

group Define a simple rule/regulation for managing

a group

(3) Exposure Visits

Exposure visits are to be organized like the other sub-programs. A local NGO will take representatives of the groups to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented successfully, so that they could have clear ideas of the sub-programs. All the experiences and learning from exposure visits will be shared with the entire group members in a feed-back meeting upon the return from the visits. The following exposure visits are to be examined and planned by a local NGO.

Proposed Exposure Visits Sub-program Place to visit Purposes of visit Duration of visit

Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program

Suco Manelima to see effectiveness of soil conservation measures

to learn how to apply soil conservation measures

to share experiences that the precursors have had.

2 days


A local NGO will assist the beneficiaries’ groups for the sub-programs in the preparation of work plans for each sub-program. As described in the plans for other pilot projects, an entire work plan for 20 months and an annual work plan from April 2008 to March 2009 will be prepared. The following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning.

Process of Participatory Planning Step Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion


Identify the potential sites for demonstration plots; Conduct a field observation survey to see the conditions of the potential sites; Determine the demonstration plots; Decide types of soil conservation measures to be introduced; and Develop field layouts of demonstration plots.

Step 2: Work Plan

Identify necessary farming activities to be taken for development of demonstration plots; Make a list of training courses to cover the identified necessary farming activities; Make a schedule of training courses; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training

courses; and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of



Likewise, a local NGO will estimate the cost/budget for implementation of the work plans in the same manner used for the other sub-programs, namely,

- Enumerate the necessary input (materials, tools, training courses, human resources, etc.);




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- Estimate the volume/quantity of each input; and - Estimate the cost required by multiplying the unit prices of inputs with the respective

quantities.


(1) Sustainable Upland Farming Promotion Sub-program

a. Development of demonstration plots Two types of demonstration plots, i) contour compost/contour bund with hedgerows and ii) bench terrace, will be established in collaboration with core farmers at each aldeia. A local NGO will provide necessary technical guidance and materials in developing the demonstration plots, while core farmers will provide the lands for the plots and laborers for construction and maintenance.

Typical Physical Designs of Demonstration Plots

Type 1: Plot with contour composts or contour bunds with strip Specification Area (ha) Make shallow trenches or bunds along contours at intervals of 12 m (for

0-25%) or 6 m (for 25-40%) Put weeded grasses or crop residues in the trenches or plant

grasses/headgrows (e.g., vetiver grass or elephant grass) on bunds Crop upland crops along contour line (contour cropping) Plant fruit or timber trees at the space of 10m x 5m or 10m x 10m making

a triangular shape in one of rows in the plot Plant trees along boundaries

0.2 ha/plot 40m x 50m for area with 25-40% slopes

50 m

6-12 m

10 m

Fruit trees/Timber Trees

Upland crops

Contour Compost or Contour bund with strip

Fruit trees/Timber Trees

Upland crops

Contour Compost or Contour bund with strip

40 m

Contour bund and trench

Water channel

Overall Image (Bird’s eye view)

Cross-sectional View

Contour bund with strip




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Type 2: Plot with bench terrace Specification Area (ha) Construct bench terraces with vertical intervals of 1m. (In the case of 25% slope, the horizontal interval between terraces is about 4 m.) Plant hedgerows (fodder grasses, fruit/fodder trees, and pineapple) at the

edges of terraces (If fruit trees are used for a hedgerow, the trees should be planted at the space of 5 x 5 m.)

Make terraces inward-sloping and put terrace channels at the foot of upslope terrace bank

Crop upland crops along contour line (contour cropping)

0.1 ha/plot (20 m x 50m for area with the slope of 25%)

50 m

4 m

1 m

4 m

1 m

Elephant grass

Fruit trees/Fodder Trees

Upland crops

Pineapple

Elephant grass

Fruit trees/Fodder Trees

Upland crops

Pineapple

Terrace channel

Cross-sectional View

Terrace channelTerrace channel

Cross-sectional View50 m

Water channel

Bird’s eye’s View50 m

Water channelWater channel

Bird’s eye’s View

Overall Image

In the two demonstration plots described above, the following crops will be planted and demonstrated.

- Maize - Peanut - Taro - Pineapple (hedgerow) - Fodder trees (Gamal, Sesbania grabdufloa, Cariandra, Elephant/Vetiver grasses) - Fruit/Timber trees

b. Organization of Farmer’s Field Schools A local NGO will organize field training courses (Farmers’ Field Schools: FFSs) at demonstration plots in collaboration with core farmers. Other participating farmers will be trained on all the practices from making contour lines to harvesting crops at demonstration plots. The following are training activities to be organized under the sub-program.




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Outlines of Training Program (Tentative) Training course Techniques/Knowledge to be transferred Span Frequency

Effect of land conservation techniques

Effect of soil conservation measures Types of soil conservation measures to be applied General ideas about soul conservation measures

1day 1 time

Designing of plot Typical/Basic design of demonstration plots How to design a farm with soil conservation measures

2 days 1 time

Compost making How to make compost How to apply compost

4 days in total

once a month

Use of A-frame How to make and use an A-frame How to delineate contour lines using an A-frame

2 days 1 week

Contour composting

How to make trenches in the plot How to use weeded grasses and other crop residues

3 days 1 week

Terrace making How to make bench terraces with terrace channels and water courses properly

5 days 1 week

Development of hedgerows

How to develop hedgerows in terraces Species of trees/grasses suitable for hedgerows

1-2 days

1 time

Land preparation How to prepare farmland using farming tools and compost 2-3 days

1 week

Planting fruit/timber trees

How to plant trees (e.g., hole digging, planting, staking, etc.) Planting space

1 day 1 time

Inter-cropping How to inter-crop annual crops in the area with trees 1 day 1 time Planting crops How to plant crops 1 day 1 time Management of farm

How to manage farms (weeding, control of pests/rodent) Effect of improved varieties

16 days once a week for 4 months

Harvesting How to harvest crops 1 day 1 time Post-harvesting How to store corn without post harvest damage 1 day 1 time Maintenance of plot

How to maintain terraces and contour compost How to use green manure

4 days 2 months

c. Provision of Materials/Tools to Core and Other Participating Farmers In order to develop a set of demonstration plots at core farmers’ farms and to encourage other participating farmers to replicate the techniques learned through the FFSs in their own farms, the following tools/materials shall be procured and provided for them when they have the relevant training courses.


CF Total 1. Farm tools (iron stick, hoe, and spade)

Packs 4 120 Compost making and Contour composting/ Terrace making

NGO

2. Wood poles for A-frame (1m) Poles 12 360 Use of A-frame Group3. String for A-frame m 4 120 Use of A-frame NGO 4. Seeds of maize kg 16 180 Planting crops /

Inter-cropping NGO

5. Seeds of peanut kg 40 1,200 Planting crops / Inter-cropping

NGO

6. Seedlings of taro sdlgs 80 2,400 Planting crops / Inter-cropping

NGO

7. Suckers of pineapple suckers 200 6,000 Development of hedgerows NGO 8. Seeds fodder trees kg 240 7,200 Development of hedgerows NGO 9. Seedlings of Fruit trees sdlgs 40 1,200 Planting fruit/timber trees NGO 10. Seedlings of Timber trees sdlgs 40 1,200 Planting fruit/timber trees NGO

Note: <1 One bundle of sweet potato is equivalent to about 100 cuttings. One bundle of cassava stick is equivalent to about 50 pieces of 1m stick. One stick can be divided into 5 planting materials.




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8. Coffee Plantation Rehabilitation-Sub-program



In principle, this sub-program could support all households in a community. At least, however, the following criteria should be confirmed as prerequisite to be a member.

a person who is willing to participate in the sub-program; a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who can use his/her aged coffee farm for demonstration purposes; a person whose farm is located near the center of aldeia; a person who can afford to risk failure; a person who is willing to share experience and knowledge with others. a person who has coordination skills; and a person who is able to read and write.


To enable the community to organize beneficiaries groups for the sub-programs, a local NGO will assist the community in constituting its members, designating group officials, preparing regulations of groups, and clarifying the functions of groups. The following table shows topics to be discussed and expected outputs to be generated through group organization.

Topics to be Discussed and Expected Results Sub-program Issue to be discussed Expected results

Tree Planting Promotion Sub-program + Coffee Rehabilitation Sub-program


Roles and responsibilities of group leader Roles and responsibilities of core

members/farmers and other members/farmers

General functions of the group Rules of the group Activities of the group


leader Define roles and responsibilities of core

members/farmers and other members/farmers Define vision, mission, activities of the group Define a simple rule/regulation for managing

a group

(3) Exposure Visits

A local NGO will take core members/farmers for Coffee Rehabilitation Sub-program to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented successfully so that they could have a clear image of the sub-programs. The members who participated in exposure visits will feed back their experiences and learning to the entire group members. The following exposure visits are to be planned and done by a local NGO.


Two types of work plans, an entire work plan for 20 months and an annual work plan from April 2008 to March 2009, will be developed by the beneficiaries’ groups with the assistance of a local NGO. The following steps are to be taken in the participatory planning.




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Process of Participatory Planning Items Coffee Rehabilitation Sub-program


Identify aged coffee plantations suitable for demonstration plots; Conduct a field observation survey to see the conditions of the potential sites; Determine the demonstration plots; Assess the present practices that community members use for managing coffee plantations; Identify practices to be improved; Identify necessary activities to rehabilitate aged coffee plantations; and Identify possible trees suitable for shade trees.

Step 2: Work Plan

Develop field layouts of demonstration plots. Decide techniques / cultural practices to be demonstrated in demonstration plots; Make a list of training courses to cover the techniques / cultural practices introduced; Make a schedule of training courses; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training

courses; and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of


Discuss how to procure the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons; Identify local materials to be procured by local communities without charge; Identified possible sources to have the necessary materials or tools; and Contact the possible sources to confirm the possibility to have the materials/tools/resource

person After making work plans with the community, a local NGO will estimate the cost/budget for the implementation of the work plans in accordance with the following manner.

- Enumerate the necessary input (materials, tools, training courses, human resources, etc.); - Estimate the volume/quantity of each input; and - Estimate the cost required by multiplying the unit prices of inputs with the respective

quantities.


(1) Development of On-farm Demonstration Plots

This sub-program aims to introduce techniques of i) pruning coffee trees and ii) restoring an aged coffee plantation in the village. To this end, an on-farm demonstration plot will be established at each aldeia with the assistance of core farmers. The outlines of a demonstration plot are summarized below.

Size and Design of Demonstration Plot(1 plot/group) Items Outlines Remarks Area of plot 0.2~0.4 ha/plot depending on the capacity of core farmers Techniques to be demonstrated

to prune coffee trees heavily to rejuvenate aged coffee trees

“pruning” to be carried out in September/October 2008

to plant seedlings of coffee and shade trees in the pruned plot to maintain and manage the pruned plot

“planting” to be carried out in November/December 2008

As an on-farm demonstration plot is to be established at a core farmer’s farm at each aldeia, a total of three demonstration plots will be developed in the whole village.

(2) Organization of Farmer’s Field Schools (FFSs)

In parallel with the development of on-farm demonstration plots, a local NGO will organize a series of field training courses (Farmers’ Field Schools: FFSs) for both core and other participating




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farmers at each aldeia using demonstration plots. The following are training activities to be organized through the FFSs.

- Compost making - Seedling production (Selection of seeds, Sowing seeds in a seedbed, Transplanting

germinated seeds into poly-bags) - Establishment of coffee plantation (Designing, Land preparation, Planting seedlings of

coffee and shade trees) - Rejuvenation of aged coffee trees - Maintenance of coffee plantation (Pruning coffee trees, Weeding, and Control of pests

and diseases) - Harvesting - Post-harvesting (Processing cherry to bean)

Details of each training course are summarized in the next table.

Training Courses at the Demonstration Plot (per Aldeia)

Note: <1 Training activities will be undertaken under the Tree Planting Promotion Sub-program

(3) Replication of Trained Techniques

Other participating farmers are expected to practice what they have learned through FFSs in their own farms soon after being trained at demonstration plots. A local NGO will assist participating farmers in replicating the trained techniques in their farms. Core farmers will also function as resource persons for other participating farmers.

(4) Procurement and Provision of Materials and Tools

In order to establish demonstration plots and encourage participating farmers to replicate trained techniques in their own farms, a local NGO will procure the following materials and tools and provide them to core and participating farmers when a NGO organizes the respective training courses.

Training course Techniques/Knowledge to be transferred Span Frequency Compost making How to make a compost

How to maintain compost 4 days in total

once a month (for 4 months)

Seedling production <1 How to identify good quality seeds How to produce seedlings (how to manage a nursery)

6 days in total

once a month (for 6 months)

Pruning of coffee plantation

How to prune coffee trees 2 days 1 time

Establishment of coffee plantation

How to design a coffee plantation How to prepare land for coffee plantation How to plant seedlings of coffee and new shade trees

3 days 1 time

Rejuvenation of aged trees How to rejuvenate aged coffee trees (optional) 2 day 1 time Maintenance of coffee plantation

How to weed coffee plantation How to detect and control pests and diseases of trees

6 days once a month (for 6 months)

Harvesting How to harvest coffee to maintain the quality 4 days

twice a month (for 2 months)

Post-harvesting How to process cherries into beans 3 days 1 time




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CF Total 1. Farm tools (shovel) Packs 12 210 Compost making NGO 2. Materials for compost (animal dung, cutting grasses, crop residues, top soils, etc.)

- as required as required Compost making Group

3. Farm tools (hoe, iron stick) Packs 12 210 Establishment of coffee plantations

NGO

4. Farm tools (machete) Packs 12 210 Rejuvenation of aged trees

NGO

5. Farm tools (knife) Packs 12 210 Maintenance of coffee plantation

NGO

6. Basket unit 12 210 Harvesting NGO 7. Local pulping machine <1 unit - 3 Post-harvesting NGO

Note: Pulping machines will be managed and operated under the beneficiaries groups.

Farming tools will be distributed to each household, while pulping machines will be managed and operated on a sub-village (aldeia) level. Hence, there is a need to discuss among themselves how to manage and use such a machine as a common property and to establish a rule/regulation of the village/sub-village on use of a pulping machine. A local NGO will assist the beneficiaries groups in the development of rules and management of pulping machines.

(5) Necessary Arrangements

A local NGO is advised to coordinate with the following organizations/institutions as well as the Directorate of Coffee in MAF in the development of the demonstration plots and organization of training courses described above.

- PADRTL (funded by Portuguese government) - CCT (Cooperative Café Timor)

Those organizations have competent expertise on coffee farming and will be able to provide technical staff for specific training. Nevertheless, but the day-to-day coaching to core farmers and other participating farmers shall be done by a local NGO.

9. Income-Generating/Cost-Saving Sub-program


(1) Identification of Potential Participants

NGO/facilitators will organize a meeting with the community members of the village and facilitate them in selecting potential participants. Since this sub-program tends to involve hand-to-hand training on new kinds of business, the number of participants could be around 10 persons per group, which is the manageable scale of operation. The following guidelines are to be used for the selection of beneficiaries. a person who is willing to participate in livelihood development activities; a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who is familiar with specific resources that would be used for livelihood development

(e.g. vegetables for food processing ); and a person who can afford to risk some of their assets/investment e.g. old cloth, vegetables, labor

and time.




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In addition to the above conditions, the following qualifications could be applied to select group leaders. a person who can read and write; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for coordination and representation of the group. a person who can do simple calculation for book keeping;


Having selected potential participants, a local NGO will assist the participants in organizing beneficiaries’ groups. The following table shows topics to be discussed and expected results made through the discussions.


Structure of the group (a leader, secretary, and accountants if necessary)

Selection criteria and selection of group leaders

Roles and responsibilities of group leaders Roles and responsibilities of other

members General functions of the group Rules and regulations of the group Activities (especially for regular

monitoring) of the group

Set the organizational structure of group Set the selection criteria for selecting group leaders Select group leaders Define roles and responsibilities of group leaders Define roles and responsibilities of other members Define vision, mission, activities of the group Define a simple rule/regulation for managing a group Define the qualification for membership Set a mechanism to maintain the facilities/tools/equipment by the

project Set a mechanism to disseminate information to members Set regular meeting

(3) Exposure Visits

Exposure visits are to be organized like the other sub-programs. A local NGO will take representatives of the groups to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented successfully, so that they could have clear ideas of the sub-programs.


NGO/facilitators will assist the beneficiaries’ groups for the sub-programs in the preparation of work plans for each sub-program. The following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning. As compared to other programs, this activity is particularly important for this sub-program because it determines what the beneficiaries concretely do in order to gain income or save of cost for living.



Review existing resources and potentials of the village with resource map and transect work if required.

Select/Identify the potential livelihood development activities to be supported by the project; and Confirm a consensus among the group members.

Step 2: Work Plan

Identify the necessary arrangements and technical skills for implementing the identified livelihood options;

Confirm the gaps between the current capacity of the groups and the necessary skills Identify the means to fulfill the gaps (e.g., training courses and internal arrangement); Make a schedule of training courses considering the sequence of training activities, busyness in

farming, and seasonality of raw materials; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training

courses; and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of work,

and responsible persons/bodies, and materials procured.




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Step 3: Procurement plan



After identifying the potential livelihood development, the sub-program provides a series of training to the beneficiaries.

The principle approach of this sub-program is to provide opportunities for a community to learn techniques for cost-saving/ income-generation. Each member, after participating in a series of training provided by the sub-program, can decide whether a development option that the community selected is worth continuing or not; and if yes whether they carry out business on an individual or group basis. This sub-program thus promotes self-decision to deal with the new techniques that are gained and support their decisions. Therefore there is a possibility that the community has received the training on various techniques but implements only some of them through self decision making.

Assuming that each aldeia has 60 households, dividing them into two batches means one containing 30 households. Provided 4 development options, one group for training on each issue can involve around 7 to 8 persons. In each batch the sub-program is planned to offer at least 2 times training on each issue. In this case a community member can have a chance to join in training at least for 2 kinds of business.

Activities to be supported by the sub-program can be classified into two groups, namely common activities and technical training specific to a development option. The following explains the outline of each category of activities.

a. Common Activities In principle, there are two common activities, namely, 1) Market Research and 2) Business Management Training. The following are outlines of these activities. Needless to say, there may be additional activities such as training on advertisement according to development option that is proposed. Market Research Prior to the implementation of livelihood development options, there is a need to explore the market potential of the goods to be produced. NGO/facilitators will conduct a market research together with members of the beneficiaries’ groups. The following are to be taken for market research.

- Prepare a checklist of issues to be examined such as: Major potential buyers (Who are to be buyers?); Location of marketing place (Where is a place to sell?); Requirement in quality (What quality should the product have?); Type of products (Which kinds of products could be developed to meet needs of

people?); and Trend in price (How much the price/cost should be?).

- Based on the checklist, collect the necessary information to identify market potentials. The following are possible methodologies for data collection.

Possible Methods for Data Collection for Market Research




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Activities/Methods Objectives Interview with potential buyers or resource persons who knows consumers very well.

To know current marketing treds/needs in handicrafts/Tais To identify aspects to be improved To identify possible measures and appropriate price

Observation To know current marketing practices and prevailing prices Discussions with external experts To collect ideas on value-adding

To explore potential marketing outlets

- After collecting data, it is necessary to make an analysis to formulate a production and marketing strategy. One of the ways for the analysis is to explore difficulties and opportunities for the community to produce potential goods and prioritize activities according to feasibility. In this analysis, it is very important to identify potential buyers (institutions or individuals) and consider how to make a promotion to them.

Training on Business Management This training deals with various kinds of business tools, including business plan, monthly/quarterly reports, financial management (book keeping), and assess management. Among them, book-keeping is particularly important, especially for communities that decide to do business on a group basis. Training manual with sample exercise should be developed to introduce these techniques. The following table shows key issues to be introduced by this training.

Key Issues to be introduced in Training Theme Key Issues to be introduced

Business Plan Responsibly of representatives/members Estimated Revenues and Cost and Use of Profit Risk Management Business cycle

Monthly/Quarterly Report

Financial Status Physical progress against plan Status of Assets/Resources

Financial Management Management Principle (e.g. Democracy, Accountability and Transparency) Accounting Book Record of Profit and Profit Use

Asset/Resource management

List of assets and resources Condition check

To implement the training courses mentioned above, a local NGO will take the following steps:

- Identify capable resource persons on basic business management especially for financial management;

- Prepare simple training kits/texts and other materials such as calculators and stationeries; and

- Develop advertisement such as broachers accordingly for promotion of the products. b. Technical Training After identifying the necessary technical skills to be developed in the beneficiaries’ groups, a local NGO shall provide a package of training courses to enable the groups to engage in the identified livelihood options. Toward this end, a local NGO will:

- Identify competent resource persons who can be trainers/specialists on the specific subjects required;




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- Prepare simple training materials (texts or other kits) if necessary; and - Make arrangement for training.

Assuming that the beneficiaries’ groups finally identify 1) food processing, 2) tais making, 3) cloth making with sewing machines and 4) handicraft making as livelihood options that the groups would intend to take, the outline of training programs for each business is as follows.

Outlines of Possible Training Programs (Tentative)

Note: Follow-up will be conducted, depending on the learning capacity of participants.

The following table shows the quantity of inputs/materials to be procured for training of groups. Estimation is made on the basis of the assumption that one group for one business.

Materials/Inputs needed for Training One Group of 7-8 members Description Unit Q’ty Contribution from

Food processing Cassava/sweet potato/banana/vegetables As required Groups Solar drier materials (e.g wood, glass, net, board, nail,

black cloth, etc) Set 1 NGO/Facilitators

Cooking utensils(e.g. pans, knives, oils) Set 1 NGO/Facilitators Package material (1 pack = 1500 plastic sheets) Pack 2 NGO/Facilitators Tais making Bamboo sticks for needles (20cm-1m)

(1 stick/person ) Stick 8 Group

Bamboo pole (1m) (2 poles/ person) Pole 16 Group Wood poles (1m) (4 poles/ person) Pole 32 Group Plastic ropes

(1 role = 50 m, 5 roles/ group, 1 role =$ 15) Role 5 NGO/Facilitators

Plastic ropes (thin) (1 role = 40 m 4 roles/ group, 1 role =$ 15)

Sack 4 NGO/Facilitators

Soru (1 unit / person) Unit 8 Group Doleng (4 bundles/ group, 1 bundle = $10)

Pack 4 Group or

NGO/Facilitators Color String

(50 roles with 4 to 5 colors, 1 role = $1.25) Roles 50 NGO/Facilitators

Scissors (made of Bamboo ) (1 unit/ person) Unit 10 Group Cloth making with sewing machines Sewing machines (1 unit per group, 1 unit = $130) Unit 1 NGO/Facilitators Cloth(30m x 1m, 2 roles / group, 1 role = US$22) Role 2 NGO/Facilitators Sewing set (e.g. scissors, meters, strings)

(1 set = $60, per machine Set 1 NGO/Facilitators

Training Activities Contents Span Frequency Food processing 1)How to prepare solar drier(only teaching)

2)How to make dried foods 1) 3 days 2) 4 days

1 time/batch (with 3 time –follow-up )

Tais making How to make a tais - to develop tais-making equipment - to make a simple tais - to make relatively complex motif

6 days 1 time/batch (with 3 time –follow-up )

Cloth making with sewing machines

How to use and maintain a sewing machine How to make/ fix cloth 6 days

1 time/batch (with 3 time –follow-up )

Handicraft making How to prepare materials How to make handicraft and decoration (Follow-up)

6 days 1 time/batch (with 3 time –follow-up )




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Description Unit Q’ty Contribution from Handicraft making

Leaves of Palm (Boro) (10 bundles per group) 1 bundle =US$25

Bundle 10 Group

Leaves of Palm Acadiru (10 bundles per group) 1 bundle =US$45

Bundle 10 Group

NGO/Facilitators Dyeing material/ color powder (5 packet per group)

1 packet = US$25 Packet 3 NGO/Facilitators

c. Implementation, regular monitoring and training to others After receiving training, the beneficiaries groups will start the operations of livelihood options. A local NGO will help them in their day-to-day operations and management of the options by providing technical assistance. Materials for production would be provided to beneficiaries’ groups at an initial stage if the groups have difficulty in procuring materials. A local NGO will encourage the groups to organize a regular meeting monthly or quarterly, so that the groups can monitor their activities by themselves.

d. Evaluation Workshop

An evaluation workshop will be organized to discuss the following issues.

- Extent of economic contribution to livelihoods in terms of income, expenditure and general perception;

- Positive and negative impacts of Income-generating/Cost-saving sub-program; - Willingness to continue the practices that they have learned; - Availability of a future business plan; and - Willingness to share knowledge and experience with other community members.

10. Initial Gully Control Sub-program



In principle, this sub-program plans to provide technical training to 10 villagers per aldeia. This is because the techniques against the initial gully erosion may be not required by all the community members since the gully erosion tends to occur under particular condition, especially of slope, vegetation cover and rain fall patterns. Therefore, the sub-program focuses on capacity development of the selected community members as possible resource person who could replicate the techniques learnt at their land and share their knowledge with other villagers corresponding to their necessity.

At least, the following criteria should be confirmed as prerequisite to be a member.

a person who is willing to participate in the sub-program; a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; a person who can use their land for demonstration purposes; a person who can afford to risk failure

(2) Identification of Potential Areas




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NGOs/expert will facilitate the discussion of the beneficiaries’ groups to identify the potential areas to be used as demonstration plots under the sub-program. First, NGOs/expert will assist the groups to develop a resource map of their community in order to grasp its present land use. Based on the resource maps prepared, the potential areas where the initial gullies have taken place will be identified to establish the demonstration plots under the sub-program.


In this step, NGO/facilitators will encourage the identified responsible persons/ participants of the sub-program to form groups by designating group officials, preparing regulations of groups, and clarifying the functions of groups. In group formation, the responsible persons/participants will discuss the following topics and issues with the assistance of NGO/facilitators.







(4) Exposure Visit

In order for the participants to have clear ideas of the sub-programs, MAF and NGOs/expert will organize exposure visits to areas/villages where similar activities have been implemented successfully. Representatives of the groups will participate in these visits and feed back their experiences and learning to the entire group members upon the return from the visits.


NGOs/expert will facilitate the discussion of the beneficiaries’ groups to come up with work plans (an entire implementation plan and annual work plan) of the respective sub-programs. The following table shows the necessary steps to be taken in the participatory planning for each sub-program.



Conduct a field observation survey to see the conditions of the potential sites; Determine the demonstration plots; and Develop field layouts of demonstration plots.

Step 2: Work Plan

Identify necessary activities to be taken for development of demonstration plots; Make a list of training courses to cover the identified necessary activities; Make a schedule of training courses; Identify the necessary materials or tools and/or resource persons for the respective training courses;

and Develop a work plan indicating work items, outlines of activities, time schedule, period of work, and







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After the participatory planning, NGOs/expert will estimate the cost/budget required for implementation of the work plans. The following are implementation plan proposed for this sub-program.

a. Development of Demonstration Plots The major aim of the demonstration plots is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed structure measures against progress of the gully erosion at the initial stages.

The demonstration plots will be developed with the simple structure measures, such as Tree branch wattling, using the local materials. In procurement of the local materials, if the group members need the permission from NDF for cutting trees, the responsible NDF staff for the sub-program will arrange the further assistance to the community and coordination with NDF and relevant District MAF offices.

Each group will develop one demonstration plot. Although the size of the demonstration plot will correspond to the scale of the gully erosion, the typical design of the demonstration plot is shown as bellow.

Typical Design of Demonstration Plot for

Check dams construction for initial gully erosion

Typical Design of Tree Wattling

Plan View

Tree wattling: maximum height should be less than 1.0m

Vegetation such as King Grass

Gully erosion

Legend

W= 4～6 m

W= 15

～20 m

Pegs

L = 0.6 – 1.0m, d = 4 -6

0.3 – 0.5 m

0.6 –

1.0 m

1/3

– 1/2

1/2

– 2/3

Front View Peg

Tree

branches

Back fill Soil

Side View




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b. Organization of Farmer’s Field Schools (FFSs) MAF and NGO/facilitators will organize a series of field training activities (Farmers’ Field Schools: FFSs) for both core and other participating farmers at demonstration plots. Through the FFSs, the members of the working groups can learn all the practices required for effective farming. The following are training activities to be organized under the sub-program.

- Design of a demonstration plot - Cleaning and compactation of the foundation at the demonstration plot - Installation of structures - Back fill at the structures - Planting king grass - Maintenance of the demonstration plot

The training courses are summarized as follows.

Outlines of FFSs Training

course Techniques/Knowledge to be

transferred Span

/Aldeia Span/ Suco

Frequency /One season

Design of a demonstration plot

How to make and maintain compost How to apply compost 1 day 5 days 1 time

Clearing and compactation of the foundation

How to use the tools How to clear the demonstration plot How to compact the foundation

3 day 15 days 1 time

Installation of structures

How to develop the tree branch wattling5 days 25 days 1 time

Back fill at the structures

How to back fill at each structure using the tools provided 5 days 15 days 1 time

Planting king grass

How to make holes for planting How to plant king grass

2 days 10 days 1 time

How to provide maintenance for the wattlings

1 day 5 days 1 time/

OccasionallyMaintenance of the demonstration plot

How to provide maintenance for the king grass

1 day 5 days 1 time/

Occasionally

c. Replication of Trained Techniques Participating farmers are expected to replicate what they have learned in training courses in their own farms after experiencing training courses at demonstration plots. MAF and NGOs/expert will assist participating farmers in replicating the trained techniques for installation of the structures against the initial gully erosion at their lands by directly visiting them.

d. Procurement and Provision of Materials and Tools In order to establish on-farm demonstration plots and encourage participating farmers to replicate trained techniques, NGOs/expert will procure the following materials and tools and provide them to participating members when a NGO organizes the respective training courses.




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Materials required for the entire sub-program Description Unit Q’ty

Per aldeia /year

Total (3 suco for

1 year)

Training related Source

1. Farm tools (Shovel) Packs 10 150 Clearing and compactation of the foundation, Back fill at the structures

NDFNGO

2. Local materials (fallen/dried woods and branches)

- - Installation of structures

Group

3.Seedlings of King grass for demonstration plots

Bundles 5 75 Planting king grass NDF/NGO

4. Seedlings of King grass for individual members

Bundles 50 750

11. Public Awareness Campaign Sub-program

11.1 Preparatory Works


In principle, this sub-program will target 60 children and 30 adults of the villagers, namely, 90 community members in total per suco. The target members are to be selected in accordance with the criteria listed below.

Criteria in Selection of members for Target Groups

Target Group Children Adults

Criteria for Selection

- Children who are capable to understand the activities under the sub-program. (8 to 15 years old)

- a person who is willing to participate in the sub-program; - a person who can comply with its duties and responsibilities; - a person who is willing to spare his/her time for the activities; - a person who can use their land for demonstration purposes; - a person who can afford to risk failure - Person in charge for execution of Tara-bandu, e.g., chefe de suco and members of suco-coucil.

Total Number 60 persons 30 persons

(2) Selection of main theme of the public awareness campaign

The sub-program can focus on topics such as i) major issues on watershed/natural resource management in the community, and/or ii) outlines and main activities of the other sub-programs of the watershed management plan implemented in the community.

As for i) major issues on watershed/natural resource management, the relevant information, such as the watershed management plan which identifies direct causes of watershed degradation, shall be carefully reviewed as a reference.





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MAF and NGO will develop a implementation plan with revision of allocation of budget and human resources for the sub-program, consisted of two major components, namely, i) development of awareness raising materials and ii) organization of the workshops.

The following are implementation plan proposed by phase for this sub-program.

i) Development of Awareness Raising Materials

a. Development of the draft materials

MAF will contract with NGOs/experts to develop the awareness raising materials which can be applied to all the sucos in the watershed. Since three times of the workshop will be organized as described in the latter sub-section, the materials shall be developed in accordance with the contents of the workshop and target groups as summarized below.

Outlines of the Materials to be Developed (Tentative) Materials Information to be conveyed

by the material Target groups

Type of materials to

be used

Remarks

Material for the 1st workshop

Necessity of sustainable forest and watershed management

Children Picture book -

Material for the 2nd workshop


Adult Pamphlet -

Material for the 3rd workshop

Basic concepts and major activities of the other programs in the watershed management plan, which have been implemented in the target sucos.

Adult Leaflet

Leaflets will be developed for 13 sub-programs*1 proposed in the watershed management plan

Note *1:13 sub-programs are as follows: PLUP-SP, TPP-SP, SP-SP, FM-SP, CBSE-SP, AFP-SP, HG-SP, SUFP-SP, CPR-SP, GCPB-SP, IGC-SP, RED-SP, and IG-SP. Basically, the development of the materials for the workshops shall be contracted out to NGO or other agencies. First, the concept of the materials, such as story lines for the picture book and/or script for the movie and/or drama shall be developed so as to convey the messages effectively to the target groups.

Based on the concept of the materials prepared, the outlines of the materials shall be developed to prepare the draft materials.

b. Trial presentation of the materials

In order to validate the effectiveness of the draft materials developed, the trial presentation will be organized with participation of selected target members. After the presentation, NGO/expert will conduct a group interview to confirm the understanding of the implication of the materials among the target members.

c. Finalization of the materials

With the feedback from the trial presentation, the materials will be revised and finalized. In case that the materials will be used for children, especially the phrases and expressions of the materials should be revised to enable children to follow the drift and story of the materials.

d. Preparation of the copies of the materials




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Since the workshops described in the latter section will be implemented in 8 sucos in the target watersheds, the developed materials will be copied for 8 sucos as follows.

Awareness raising materials required for the sub-program Q’ty

Description Unit Per suco

Total (8 sucos)

Source

1. Picture book copies 1 8 NGO/Expert 2. Pamphlet copies 30 240 NGO/Expert 3. Leaflet copies 30 240 NGO/Expert

ii) Organization of the Workshops

Using the materials developed in the former phase, the series of the workshops shall be organized at suco level. The workshops shall be consisted of three sessions and the outlines of the workshops are summarized as below and described in the following sub-section.

Outlines of the Workshops to be Organized Workshops Information to be

disseminated Major activities to be

implemented Target groups

Span/ Suco

a.1st workshop Necessity of sustainable forest and watershed management

- Presentation of the material for children Children 3 days


- Organization of a drawing session with children and dialogue session between children and adults

Public

b.2nd workshop Necessity of sustainable forest and watershed management

- Presentation of the material for the adults Adult 3 days

- Organization of the meeting among adults to discuss about the major issues on natural resource management and possible measures to be taken

- ditto -

c.3rd workshop

- Presentation of the material for the adults

Adult 3 days

Basic concepts and major activities of the other programs in the watershed management plan, which have been implemented in the target sucos.

- Organization of the meeting among adults to discuss about the obstacles in implementation of the programs and possible measures to be taken

- ditto -

a. 1st Workshop

This workshop aims to encourage children of the target groups to envisage a future vision of their community focusing on sustainable use of natural resources in the watershed. The workshop consists of the following two sessions: i) presentation of a materials such as picture-story show with a follow-up dialogue with children to deepen their understandings of the specific topic related to watershed management and ii) organization of “a drawing festival”, where a facilitator will ask children to depict the future scenery of the respective villages.

Drawings depicted by children in the workshop are their future visions of their villages. It would be good opportunity for adults/the present generation of the village to realize their




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responsibility for protecting natural resources to the next generation if the ideas envisaged by their children can be shared with adults. To this end, children will give a presentation on their drawings to the adults after the drawing festival.

b. 2nd Workshop

While the 1st workshop focuses on awareness raising on natural resource management mainly among the children, the succeeding 2nd workshop target adults for awareness raising on the same topics. The workshop consists of a guidance session in relevant topics of natural resource management using the materials such as pamphlets and a follow-up dialogue among adults to deepen their understandings of natural resource management. In the dialogue, adults will discuss about the activities to be stopped or continued as well as possible actions to be taken for sustainable natural resource management in the community.

c. 3rd Workshop

This workshop aims to enhance understanding of the basic concepts and major outputs of the proposed programs in the watershed management plan among adults, especially members of the beneficiary groups of the proposed programs. The workshop includes the presentation of the materials for the adults and discussion among the adults about issues and/or obstacles in implementation of the programs and the possible measures to be taken.

d. Procurement and Provision of Tools

In order to organize the workshops, NGOs/experts will procure the following materials and provide them to participating members especially at the drawing festival to be implemented in the 1st workshop.

Materials required for organization of the workshops Description Unit Q’ty

Per suco

Total (8 suco for

1 year)

Source

1. Drawing paper (A3) Pcs 60 720 NGO/Expert 2. Color pencil Box 60 720 NGO/Expert

12. Capacity Development Sub-program

12.1 Preparatory Works

(1) Organization of a working group

MAF will organize a working group for development of training programs/curricula for the staff involved in the implementation of the five-year management plan. The working group should consist of the staff from the relevant national directorates of MAF. The following directorates and offices should be the members of the group.

- NDF - NDAH - NDIPA - NDSDAC




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- MAF District Offices of the concerned districts

(2) Procurement of Experts

In order to develop training programs/curricula, MAF should hire international and national experts and NGOs that have experience in the preparation of training programs of the government staff. The following specialists/experts will be hired for the implementation of the sub-program.

Title Proposed qualification Expected MMCapacity development specialist

- international - having more than 10 years experience in capacity development in the agriculture and forestry fields

9 MM

Subject matter specialist

- international - having at least 5 years experience in the specific technical field, which will be identified in the training needs assessment, and familiar with the community-based development approach

3 MM

Subject matter specialist

- national - having at least 5 years experience in either agricultural extension or community- based forest management in the country

6 MM

Data encoder - national - Computer literate (especially excel) - Preferably familiar with any database software (e.g., access)

2 MM

(3) Identification of the staff

The working group will identify the staff who will be involved in the implementation of the five-year management plan in coordination with the relevant national directorates of MAF. A master list of the target staff for the sub-program is also prepared by the working group.


(1) Training Needs Assessment

The hired specialists with the working group will prepare a set of questionnaire forms for the assessment of training needs of the target staff. The questionnaire survey should cover, but not limited to, the following topics:

- Educational background; - Work experience; - Current tasks in the original organizations; - Expected tasks given in the implementation of the five-year plan; - Training records - Knowledge and skills to be enhanced to fulfill the tasks

A workshop with the participation of the target staff should be organized to share the results of the training needs assessment.

(2) Development of training curricula

Training programs or curricula will be developed based on the results of the training needs assessment. The working group with the assistance of the hired experts will identify the resource persons and existing training materials available in the country, which can be used for future




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training courses. Training curricula developed should include the following topics to enable MAF to develop an action plan for securing the necessary budget.

- Topics - Duration of training course - Venue of training - Type of training - Target staff/persons - Resource persons - Necessary materials - Expected outputs

The following table gives the initial ideas of the topics to be handled by the sub-program.

Target groups Subjects Methods To be organized by NDF and District Forest Officers

Forest Management Decree Watershed management plan (Orientation) Concept of CBNRM Project monitoring and evaluation Report writing Preparation of TOR for NGOs/facilitators and evaluation Preparation of a budgetary plan

Workshop

MAF (NDF), International NGOs, Consultants

District Forest Officers and Forest Guards

Participatory planning methods Agroforestry and soil conservation techniques Participatory land use planning Public awareness campaign methods

Workshop

MAF (NDF), NGOs, Consultants

NDAH, NDIPA, NDSDAC and District Crop Officer

Watershed management plan (Orientation) Project monitoring and evaluation Report writing Preparation of TOR for NGOs/facilitators and evaluation Preparation of a budgetary plan

Workshop

MAF (NDAH/ NDIPA), International NGOs, Consultants

District Crop Officer, District Coffee Officer, and Extensionist

Improved farming practices Agroforestry and soil conservation techniques Vegetable farming Seed multiplication Rejuvenation, pruning, and other techniques for management of coffee trees

Workshop and OJT

MAF (NDAH), NGOs

Source: Chapter 5 of Main Report (JICA Study Team)

(3) Preparation for Training

The working group will procure the resource persons (lectures) for training courses programmed in the training curricula. The hired specialists will develop the training materials considering the existing training materials and the outlines of the sub-programs planned in the five-year management plan.

(4) Implementation of the Training Curricula

The hired specialists will organize the training courses in coordination with the working group. Prior to the conduct of every training course, the specialists/MAF will conduct a simple questionnaire survey to gauge the participant’s understanding of the topics handled in the training course. A similar questionnaire survey will also be carried out after the training course.




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(5) Evaluation

After the end of a series of training courses programmed in the training curricula, the hired specialists with MAF will organize an workshop/meeting with the participants/target staff to evaluate the effectiveness and relevance of the training courses organized. The results of the evaluation will be compiled in a completion report, which will be prepared by the hired specialists in the end of the sub-program.

Appendix-E: Sample Format for Estimation

of Annual Cost Disbursement

Unit: U.S.Dollar

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total

1. Preparatory works1.1 Direct Project Cost1.2 Hired Experts/NGO1.3 Facilities

Sub-total (1)2. Bemos Sub-watershed

1.1 Direct Project CostPAC-SPPLUP-SPTPP-SP & SP-SPCBSE-SPHG-SPSUFP-SPCPR-SPGCPB-SPIG/CS-SPIGC-SP

1.2 Hired Experts/NGOFacilitatorsField assistance

1.3 FacilitiesSub-total (2)3. Noru Sub-watershed

1.1 Direct Project CostPAC-SPPLUP-SPTPP-SP & SP-SPCBSE-SPHG-SPSUFP-SPCPR-SPGCPB-SPIG/CS-SPIGC-SP

1.2 Hired Experts/NGO1.3 Facilities

Sub-total (3)4. Capacity development

1.1 Direct Project Cost1.2 Hired Experts/NGO1.3 Facilities

Sub-total (4)5. Project Evaluation

1.1 Direct Project Cost1.2 Hired Experts/NGO1.3 Facilities

Sub-total (5)6. Management Cost (10% of 1~5)7. Physical ContingencyGrand Total

Item

Appendix-E: Sample Format for Estimatimation of Annual Cost Disbursement

AE-1

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