minerals/epcc/lm2
TRANSCRIPT
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1
Minerals
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What is a mineral?
►The building block of rocks
Naturally occurring (versus synthetic) Inorganic (no C-H bonds) Crystalline solid (ordered internal
structure) Has a definite but not fixed chemical
composition
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02CO, p.20
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Fig. 2.3b, p.24
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Chemical composition of minerals
►Elements fundmental component of matter Cannot be broken down by ordinary
means
►88 naturally occurring elements in Earth’s crust
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Chemical composition of minerals
►8 elements make up 98% of Earth’s crust Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Magnesium Potasium Sodium
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Chemical composition of minerals
►A few elements ARE minerals (eg: gold)
►Most are comprised of 2 to 5 elements Held together by + / - electrical charges 88 elements form over 3,500 minerals 9 rock-forming mineral groups
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Chemical Composition Mineral Formulas
►Quartz – SiO2 Silicon and Oxygen
►Calcite – CaCO3 (Calcium and Carbon and Oxygen)
►Olivine – (Fe,Mg)2SiO3 (Iron, Magnesium, Silicon and Oxygen)
►Potassium Feldspar – KAlSi3O8
(Potassium, Aluminum, Silicon, and Oxygen)
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Table 2.1, p.24
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Crystals
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Crystals
►Crystal – any substance whose atoms are arranged in a periodic, repeating pattern This pattern is a crystalline structure Unit cell – the smallest group of atoms
making up the unique pattern
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Fig. 2.4, p.25
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Crystals
►Crystal face – flat surface occurring when a crystal grows freely Reflects light
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Smaller than the mineral
Atomic size
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Focus On
►Atom Nucleus
►Neutron►Proton
Electrons
►Chemical bonds Ionic Covalent
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Atoms
►The nucleus of the atom contains protons and neutrons with electrons surrounding the nucleus.
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Atomic Particles
►Proton – positive charge►Electrons – negative charge►Neutrons – neutral charge►Atomic number = the number of
protons in the element►Atomic mass = the number of protons
+ the number of neutrons
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Chemical Formulas – Make up of a Mineral
How do I make elements stick to one another?
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Bonding
►A link between atoms ( by virtue of the electrons)
►Na (by itself is a metal) plus Cl (by itself is a poisonous gas)
►But bonded together it makes NaCl – table salt
► This is Ionic Bonding – one electron is transferred to the another
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NaCl Bonding
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Bonding
►Carbon Dioxide – CO2
►The atomic bonding is :
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Covalent Bonding
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Physical Properties
How can I identify a mineral?
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2.4 Physical properties of minerals
►Crystal habit the way crystals aggregate
Prismatic quartz crystals and massive quartz with no crystal shape
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Physical Properties
►Cleavage Some minerals tend to break along flat
surfaces due to weak internal bonding►Fracture
The way a mineral breaks other than cleavage
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Physical Properties - Cleavage
►One plane – sheets layered together►Two planes at right angles – stair
stepping►Two planes not at right angles – roof
top►Three planes at right angles►Three planes not at right angles
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Physical Properties
►Hardness – Moh’s scale 1 to 10, based on minerals
►Specific gravity Density relative to water
►Color Obvious, but limited use
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Table 2.2, p.31
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2.4 Physical properties of minerals
►Streak Color of fine powder
►Luster The manner it reflects light
►“Other” properties – smell, taste, magnetism, striations, and reaction to HCl
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Mica has a single perfect cleavage plane.
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Two planes of cleavage
Three planes of cleavage
Four planes of cleavage
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Fracture – no cleavage
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Metallic luster of pyrite
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How Do we Classify Minerals?
Based on the mineral assemblages
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Mineral classes and rock-forming minerals
►Silicates
►Carbonates
►Sulfides
►Sulfates
►Native elements
►Halides
►Oxides
►Hydroxides
►Phosphates
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Table 2.3a, p.32
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Table 2.3b, p.32
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Mineral classes
►Silicates Most abundant rock-forming minerals Over 90% of the Earth’s crust contains
silicate minerals Basic building block for all silicate
minerals – silica tetrahedra Five groups (Si:O ratio, crystal form)
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Fig. 2.13b, p.33
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Fig. 2.13a, p.33
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Fig. 2.14, p.34
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Mineral Classes
►Carbonates Forms many sedimentary rocks (CO3)
Limestone CaCO3
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Photos of common rock forming minerals
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Fig. 2.15a, p.35
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Fig. 2.15b, p.35
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Fig. 2.15c, p.35
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Fig. 2.15d, p.35
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Fig. 2.15e, p.35
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Fig. 2.15f, p.35
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Fig. 2.15i, p.35
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Some Common Rocks
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2.6 Commercially important minerals
►Ore minerals Metals or other elements profitably
recoverableExamples – native gold and silver, copper ,
lead, zinc►Industrial minerals
Non-metals like halite (salt, phosphates, etc) gypsum (sheetrock), sulfur, apatite
►Gems Prized for beauty & rarity, some industrial
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Fig. 2.18, p.36
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Fig. 2.17, p.36
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Fig. 2.19, p.36