MIKOLOGI DASAR Titiek Djannatun

Bagian Mikrobiologi FKUY

What is Mycology?

Mycology is the study of

• Beer

• Wine

• Bread

• Cheese

• Gourmet mushrooms

• Environmental toxins

• Biodegradation

• Disease

What is a Fungus ?

• Eukaryotic – a true nucleus

• Do not contain chlorophyll

• Have cell walls

• Produce filamentous structures

• Produce spores

• Food acquisition method: absorptive

ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS

CONTAIN STEROLS

•Mammalian cells – cholesterol

•Fungal cells - ergosterol

Species of Fungi

• 100,000 – 200,000 species

• About 300 pathogenic for man

A. Classification

Kingdom Fungi

Eukaryocytes

•Ascomycota

•Basidiomycota

•Zygomycota

•Mitosporic Fungi

(Fungi Imperfecti)

KINGDOM

CHARACTERISTIC

EXAMPLE

Monera

Prokaryocyte

Bacteria

Actinomyces

Protista

Eukaryocyte

Protozoa

Fungi

Eukaryocyte *

Fungi

Plants

Eukaryocyte

Plants

Moss

Animals

Eukaryocyte *

Arthropods

Mammals

Man

KINGDOM

CHARACTERISTIC

EXAMPLE

Monera

Prokaryocyte

Bacteria

Actinomyces

Protista

Eukaryocyte

Protozoa

Fungi

Eukaryocyte *

Fungi

Plants

Eukaryocyte

Plants

Moss

Animals

Eukaryocyte *

Arthropods

Mammals

Man

Perbedaan Fungi dan Bakteri

Fungi Bakteria

Tipe sel Eukaryotik Prokaryotik

Membran Sel Memiliki sterol Tidak memiliki sterol,

kecuali Mycoplasma

Dinding sel Glukans, mannan, chitin,

tidak memiliki

peptidoglikan

Peptidoglikan

Spora Spora reproduksi seksual

dan aseksual

Endospora (Tidak untuk

reproduksi), beberapa

memiliki spora

reproduksi

Metabolisme Memdekati heterotropik,

aerob, fakultatif anaerob

Heterotropik, autrotopik,

aerob, fakultatif anaerob,

anaerob

Cocci 0.8 µ

Bacilli 4-6 µ

Spirochetes 8 - 10 µ

Viruses 0.08 µ

Protozoa 15 µ

Nematodes 10 mm

Fungi 10 – 15 µ

SIZE COMPARISON OF PATHOGENS

What is Medical Mycology ?

MYCOTIC DISEASES

(Four Types)

1. Hypersensitivity

– Allergy

2. Mycotoxicosis

– Production of toxin

3. Mycetismus (mushroom poisoning)

– Pre-formed toxin

4. Infection

MORPHOLGY

• Yeasts

• Hyphae (filamentous fungi, mycelium)

– Septate

– Coenocytic (non-septate)

• Dimorphic

– Yeast

– Mycelium

Dimorphic Fungi

• Yeast Form • Parasitic form

• Tissue form

• Cultured at 37 C

• Mycelial Form • Saprophytic form

• Cultured at 25 C

Mycelial Form

SPORES

• SEXUAL

• ASEXUAL

– Arthrospore

– Blastospore

– Chamydospore

– Conidia

• Microconidia

• Macroconidia

Mycotic Diseases Are

NOT

Contagious

ESTABLISHMENT OF INFECTION WITH A

MYCOTIC AGENT DEPENDS ON

1. Inoculum size

2. Resistance of the host

THE CLINICIAN MUST DISTINGUISH

BETWEEN:

• COLONIZATION

• FUNGEMIA

• INFECTION

EYE

SKIN

UROGENITAL TRACT

ANUS

MOUTH RESPIRATORY

TRACT

PORTAL OF ENTRY

•SKIN

•HAIR

•NAILS

•RESPIRATORY TRACT

•GASTROINTESTINAL

TRACT

•URINARY TRACT

EYE

SKIN

UROGENITAL TRACT

ANUS

MOUTH RESPIRATORY

TRACT

COLONIZATION

Multiplication

of an organism

at a given site

without harm

to the host

EYE

SKIN

UROGENITAL TRACT

ANUS

MOUTH RESPIRATORY

TRACT

INFECTION

Invasion and

multiplication

of organisms

in body tissue

resulting in

local cellular

injury.

D. DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis

1. Wet Mount

2. Skin test

3. Serology

4. Fluorescent antibody

5. Biopsy and histopathology

6. Culture

7. DNA probes

Laboratory to diagnosis of fungal

infection

• Specimen collection

– must be material from the actual infection site

– specimen should be examined as soon as possible

• Direct examination: wet mount or staining

– A phase contrast microscope : KOH preparation

Gram staining

– A light or fluorescent microscope : staining

DIRECT MICROSCOPIC

OBSERVATION

• 10 % KOH

• Gentle Heat

KOH Wet Mount

Diagnosis

1. Wet Mount

2. Skin test

3. Serology

4. Fluorescent antibody

5. Biopsy and histopathology

6. Culture

7. DNA probes

SKIN TESTING

(DERMAL HYPERSENSTIVITY)

Use is limited to :

– Determine cellular defense mechanisms

– Epidemiologic studies

Diagnosis

1. Wet Mount

2. Skin test

3. Serology

4. Fluorescent antibody

5. Biopsy and histopathology

6. Culture

7. DNA probes

Diagnosis

1. Wet Mount

2. Skin test

3. Serology

4. Fluorescent antibody

5. Biopsy and histopathology

6. Culture

7. DNA probe

ISOLATION MEDIA

SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR

(pH ~ 5.6)

•Plain

•With antibiotics

•With cycloheximide

INCUBATION

TEMPERATURE

• 37 0C - Body temperature

• 25 0C - Room temperature

Morphology colony

• Colony characteristics

Yeasts ; - smooth

- pasty to mucoid

Molds ; - cottony,

- velvety

- granular

- powdery

Colonies on SDA of A) Candida

albicans and B) Crypt. neoformans

A B

Terms useful in

the examination of fungi

• Hypha and pseudohyphae

• mycelium

• septate or aseptate (or coenocytic)

• vegetative mycelium

• aerial mycelium

• reproductive mycelium

Reproductive

mycelium

F. Clinical Classification of

Mycoses

•Cutaneous

•Subcutaneous

•Systemic

•Opportunistic

Cutaneous Mycoses

Skin, hair and nails

Rarely invade deeper tissue

Dermatophytes

Subcutaneous Mycoses

• Confined to subcutaneous tissue and rarely

spread systemically. The causative agents

are soil organisms introduced into the

extremities by trauma

Systemic Mycoses

• Involve skin and deep viscera

• May become widely disseminated

• Predilection for specific organs

OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI

Ubiquitous saprophytes and occasional

pathogens that invade the tissues of those patients who have:

• Predisposing diseases:

Diabetes, cancer, leukemia, etc.

• Predisposing conditions:

Agammaglobulinemia, steroid or antibiotic therapy.