mikas research

8/17/2019 Mikas Research

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CONTRIBUTION OF NON GOVERMENTAL RGANIZATIONS (NGOS) POVERTY

REDUCTION IN AFAR REGION CASE STUDY DUBT

WOREDA

SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS

BY: MOHAMMED MAHIE SADIQUE

ID No: CBER/263/02.

ADVISOR: ESHETU SEID (M.Sc.)

May

Dessie

AKO!ED"EMENT

First, I would like to praise the almighty God for whom there is nothing impossible. I take the privilege to expre

my esteem and profound sense of gratitude to Ato Eshatu S. S!" for his learned !oun!il, saga!ious guidan!e, ki

en!ouragement and !onstru!tive !riti!ism all along the investigation and organi#ing of this study. And I extend m


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thanks to Ato $iyfoh who translated the manus!ript in to !omputer so neatly. And I would like

to thank my family and friends who dire!tly or indire!tly shared may pain and problem while

I was studying.

Finally, I would like to thank my family for their !ontinuous finan!ial and moral support

throughout my stay in !ampus.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con!n P"#!

AKO!ED"EMENT $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.


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TAB!E O# CONTENTS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$

!IST O# TAB!ES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..%..

ACRONYMS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

%. INTRODUCTION%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%....%

&.&'a!kground (F S$)*+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

&. Statement of the -roblem%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&. (b/e!tive of the study%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&.0 S!ope and limitation of the study%%%%%%%%%%%%

&.1 Signifi!an!e of the study%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&.2 $he organi#ation of the paper%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

LITERARTURE REVIEW

.&. $heoreti!al 3eview%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

.&.&. 'asi! 4on!epts5 poverty, growth, and development%%%%

.&. 6on Government (rgani#ations 76G(s"5 An overview%%%.

.. Empiri!al review%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..

..&. 6on 8government (rgani#ations 76G(s" in Ethiopia%%%%.

... $he 3ole of Edu!ation and 9ealth on -overty

3edu!tion and E!onomi! Growth%%%%%%%%%%%%

...& 9uman *evelopment%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

.... Edu!ation and -overty 3edu!tion%%%%%%%%%%... 9ealth servi!e provision and poverty redu!tion%%%%%

. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

.&. *es!ription of study area%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..

.&.& Administrative, So!io8E!onomi! and *emographi!

'a!kground%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. .&. :o!ation%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

.&. *emographi!s%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

.&.0 Agri!ulture%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

. ethod of data !olle!tion%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

..& $ype and ethod of *ata analysis%%%%%%%%%%%%%


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.. ethod of data analysis%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

0.& $he distribution and rationale for the existen!e of 6G(s in *ubti woreda%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0.&.& Investment%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

0.&. (ngoing relief operation%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

0.&..& Food aid%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

0. $he !ontribution of 6G(s development of edu!ation and

health se!tor in the *ubti woreda%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

0..& 9ealth se!tor !ontribution of 6G(s%%%%%%%%%%%

0..&.& 9uman health !ontribution of 6G(s%%%%%%%%%%.

0..&. -rivate ;eterinary *rug supplies%%%%%%%%%%.%.

0.. Edu!ation se!tor !ontribution of 6G(s%%%%%%%%%%.

0. 6G(s and employment !reation%%%%%%%%%%%%%..%%

1 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

1.&. 4on!lusion%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..%%.

1. 3e!ommendation%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.%.

1.'ibliography%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

LIST OF TABLES

T"&'! P"#!

&. 3egional distribution of 6G(s by se!tor %%%%%%%%%%%.%%%.

. 6G(s pro/e!ts by se!tor %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.%%%.

. :evel of food poverty in woreda%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.


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0. easures of absolute poverty%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

1. 4omparative health servi!e !overage

.2. *istribution of primary s!hools by providers and regions %%%%%%%


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4SA. 4entral Statisti!s Agen!y

43*A. 4hristian 3elief *evelopment Agen!y

*--4. *isaster -revention And -reparedness 4ommission

*>E(F. *ubti >oreda Edu!ational (ffi!e

E3-. E!onomi! 3eform -rogram

E-3*F. Ethiopian -eople?s 3evolution *emo!rati! Front

IF. International onetary Fund

:3*. $hat :inking 3elief >ith *evelopment

6-*-. 6ational -oli!y (n *isaster -revention And anage

6G(s. 6on8 Governmental (rgani#ations

$GE. $ransitional Government (f Ethiopia

>F-. >orld Food -rogram

%. INTRODUCTION

%.%B"c#o*n+ o, -! S*+

Ethiopia is one of the few Afri!an !ountries endowed with tremendous e!onomi! potential.

$he !ountry, with an area about &.& millions s@uare kilometers, and population about

=,=1, approximately, is the ninth largest and third most populous !ountry in the

!ontinent. It has diverse physi!al features with a variety of agro8e!ologi!al #ones that are

favorable for agri!ultural produ!tion. ore over Ethiopia has about &0 million he!tares of


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land of whi!h 2B is arable, but only &1B of the largest livesto!k population in Afri!a and

ranks tenth in the world. It has a number of rivers !rossing its lands!ape 7about 0" that !an be

taped for irrigation hydro ele!tri! power and domesti! use, but the agri!ultural se!tor has

remained largely rain fed with only B of land being under irrigation. 9owever, the bleak

performan!e of the e!onomy has made the !ountry far from tapping its potential, and has left

it one of the poorest in the world, with a very low G*- per !apita of /ust under C0. Given

su!h a huge e!onomi! potential, one sadly wonders about the worry some issue of the

disappointing performan!e of the e!onomy 7IF.&."

:ike !hroni! drought and famine, low level of saving and Investment, ba!kward te!hnology,

politi!al instability, deteriorating terms of trade, oil pri!e sho!ks and so!io8!ultural fa!tors

for!ed the !ountry to move along the immeasurable path of poverty for too long period

7Abrar.".

:ike many other Afri!an e!onomies, the Ethiopian e!onomy during the Ds was in the abyss

of stru!tural !onstraints, !ommodity pri!e sho!ks, and drought. $wo basi! tasks had to be

simultaneously a!!omplished by the E-3*F government5 the first was to restore pea!e and

stability to aware8torn and grossly distorted e!onomy. $he se!ond, and more diffi!ult, was to

lay the foundations for sustained e!onomi! growth. $herefore, the $GE adopted an e!onomi!

poli!y !omprising two !omponents, namely a stabili#ation program and an e!onomi! reform

program 7E3-", in the latter of whi!h stru!tural ad/ustment was subsumed 7Abrar, ".

$he overall poli!y framework of the $GE and the spe!ifi! measures taken afterwards largely

aim to give the private se!tor its proper role in e!onomi! a!tivities, to !ompress the role of the

state to strategi! a!tivities, and to !reate an enabling and !ondu!ive environment for the

private se!tor 7Ibid".

oreover, the $GE, as part of its effort to address the root !auses of the prevailing

vulnerabilities to drought and famine in the !ountry, has issued a poli!y on disaster prevention

and management. $he poli!y refle!ts a ma/or departure from past relief a!tivities. In the past,

relief was an end by itself and was, !onfined to distribution of food and related items whereas

in the new poli!y, it is envisaged as a means for enhan!ing development programs that help


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redu!e vulnerabilities. A national poli!y on disaster prevention and management 76-*-"

and dire!tives to implement the poli!y were developed and were endorsed by the government

in *e!ember &DD. Subse@uent years saw the development of guidelines and building of

systems to operationali#e the national poli!y 743*A, ".

A ma/or attitudinal shift has o!!urred sin!e the endorsement of the 6-*- in *e!ember

&DD. $here is now growing re!ognition and belief that linking relief with development

7:3*" is the most appropriate me!hanism of ensuring that relief is provided in a manner that

!ontributes to development and thereby also assists in redu!ing vulnerabilities to disaster

743*A, February &". $he 6-*- provides the frame work in whi!h 6G(s operate in

Ethiopia. In une &DD,

$he disaster prevention and preparedness !ommission 7*--4" introdu!ed a general poli!y

guideline on 6G( operations. $he guideline, among other things, has laid down the guiding

prin!iples on whi!h 6G(s should adhere to. $hese pertain to transparen!y in their work,

generation of resour!es and keeping over head !ost to a minimum, addressing the most needy,

supporting and strengthening lo!al !oping me!hanisms, working at grass roots levels and

involving the !ommunity in need in the identifi!ation and planning pro!ess, et!

743*A,.". ;arious indigenous and international non8governmental organi#ations 76G(s"

are !urrently operating in the !ountry. 6ew a agen!ies are also in!reasingly applying for

registration. Even though the responsibility for providing assistan!es to people affe!ted by

disaster and poverty is primarily visited in the government of Ethiopia, the government

wel!omes and en!ourages non8governmental !haritable institutions to supplement the

governments? effort in disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and poverty redu!tion in

Ethiopia. 6G(s in relief operations have alleviated the suffering of thousands of Ethiopians

and saved the lives of millions 7I'I*".

Afar region is the most ba!kward region in Ethiopia and the so!iety are leading the pastoral

life and has large unedu!ated population. $his is the main reason that the region is the poorest

with the edu!ation, health and infrastru!ture towards development. So, the government is


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!alling 6G(s to enter the region and alleviate the problem. Some 6G(s are working on

poverty redu!tion in the *ubti woreda like on edu!ation, health and food in se!urity.

6G(s in Ethiopia parti!ipate in a wide areas of a!tivities5 in e!onomi! and so!ial

infrastru!ture development su!h as edu!ation, health, agri!ulture, food se!urity, small s!ale

irrigation, mi!ro8finan!e 7small !redit", water development and so on so far the government

and a substantial amounts of donors funds influen!e in to the !ountry through 6G(s toward

poverty reda!tion and development in Ethiopia have taken a wide ranging pra!ti!al poli!y

measures. 9owever, it seems that there is a wide gap between the a!tual performan!es and

expe!ted results from the a!tivities of the government and the 6G(s in the !ountry.

%./ S"!0!n o, -! Po&'!0

-oor people live without fundamental freedoms of a!tion and !hoi!e that the better8offs take

for granted. $hey often la!k ade@uate food and shelter, edu!ation and health, deprivations that

keep them from leading the kind of life that every one values. $hey also fa!e extreme

vulnerability to ill health, e!onomi! dislo!ation, and natural disasters. And they are often

exposed to ill treatment by institutions of the state and so!iety and are powerless to influen!e

key de!isions affe!ting their lives. $hese are all the dimensions of poverty in our so!iety. $he

experien!e of multi deprivations is intense and pain full 7world development reportH&".

Government alone !annot solve the deep8rooted poverty in this !ountry 4alling for an

in!reasing demand for 6G(s involvement in the fight against poverty. $here was no resear!h

whi!h has been done on the topi! of !ontribution of 6G(s to poverty redu!tion in the !ase of

dubti woreda. So, that is why !hose this topi!. $his paper aims to look in to !ontribution of

6G(s 7grass8root organi#ation" to ward poverty redu!tion goals of the !ountry. $his paper

aims to assess the !ontribution of 6G(s in this endeavor by trying to answer su!h basi!

@uestion as58

>hy 6G(s existed in *ubti woreda

In whi!h area 6G(s intervene their hand

>hat are the !ontributions of 6G(s on poverty redu!tion in *ubti woreda


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%.1 O&2!c34! o, -! S*+

$he general ob/e!tive of this paper is to assess the !ontribution of 6G(s in poverty redu!tion

in *ubti woreda and to assess the way of !reating employment through expanding basi!

infrastru!ture like edu!ation and health se!tor.

S5!c3,3c o&2!c34!6

o $o assess the rationale for the existen!e of 6G(s in *ubti woreda

o 8$o assess the !ontribution of 6G(s development of edu!ation and health se!tor in the

dubti woreda.o $o assess the !ontribution of 6G(s on employment !reation for !iti#ens in terms of

poverty redu!tion in woreda.

%.7 Sco5! "n+ L303"3on o, -! S*+

Any organi#ation that is not part of government @ualifies as an 6G(, but the term typi!ally

denotes organi#ations that are both nongovernmental and non profit. $his broad definition

!overs a wide range of organi#ation. $he primary !on!ern of the study was assessment of

6G(s !ontribution on poverty redu!tion through improving the provision of edu!ation, health

and living standard via !reating /ob opportunity 7employment".

%.8 S3#n3,3c"nc! o, -! S*+

$he 6G(s se!tor has to organi#e itself in one way or another and produ!e indi!ator that serve

to assess its performan!es, both in @uantitative and @ualitative terms, in fighting poverty and

all forms of vulnerability. *o!umenting the !omprehensive @uantitative performan!e is also

believe to serve as a means establishing legitima!y in the fa!e of other a!tors, while the

@ualitative information is used as 6G(s input to the development strategies aimed at redu!ing

poverty. In this regard, the !ontribution of this paper is making a @uantitative analysis of

6G(s !ontributions to the development and do!umenting what has been made so far.

%.9 T-! O#"n3"3on o, -! P"5!

$his paper would !ontain five !hapter that first !hapter is introdu!tion whi!h in!luded that

ba!kground, statement of the -roblem, o ob/e!tive of the study, s!ope and limitation of the

study, Signifi!an!e of the study J *es!ription of study area and the se!ond !hapter dealt with


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review of literature and the third !hapter fo!used on methodology J the fourth !haptar

fo!used on data analy#ing and finally, the last !hapter fo!used on result and re!ommendation.

/ LITERARTURE REVIEW

/.%. T-!o!3c"' R!43!;

/.%.%. B"63c conc!56: 5o4!< #o;-< "n+ +!4!'o50!n

$he !onventional definition of the poor refers to all those persons who subsist below a level

of in!ome that !an sustain only abare minimum standard of living, in the literature of poverty

studies it is this level that is referred to as the poverty line 7E*A4, &DDD".

>orld development report 7&DD" defines poverty as Kthe inability to attain minimal standard

of livingL poverty, therefore is !on!erned with KabsoluteL and KrelativeL standard of living.

$hus poverty !an be /udge from two perspe!tives. $hat is in absolute and relative terms

Kabsolute poverty refers to the in ability of a part of the so!iety 7the poor " to attain the


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minimum Kbasi! needsL for survival 7!onsumption based " and it is sometimes e@uated with

Klatent famineL latent famine has a potential to develop in to absolute famine 7esfin, &D=0".

3elative poverty, on the other hand, is referred to as the degree of ine@uality a!ross the

whole so!ieties, as far as relative poverty is !on!erned it refers to a person or household

whose provision with goods servi!es is lower than that of other persons or households 7IS4,

&DD0".

In general, poverty in relative term is the situation of the lowest in!ome groups in relation to

the national in!ome. $he poor are those whose in!ome or expenditure are low relative to the

rest of the so!ieties in whi!h they live 7Ibid".

-overty at national level is often the refle!tion of poverty at house hold level. $hus, povertyalleviation at the house hold level leads to the e!onomi! growth and development of a nation

7ohammed and Simon, &DD1".

E!onomi! development !an be defined as a pro!ess whereby real per !apital in!ome of the

population of the !ountry in!reases over a period. $his is to mean that the number of people

under poverty line should not in!rease and the distribution of in!ome should not be!ome more

une@ual. It is the a!hievement of the ideas of so!ial moderni#ation. $hese ideas are rising

produ!tivity, so!ial and e!onomi! e@uali#ation, modern knowledge, improved institutions and

attitudes and rationally !oordinated system of poli!y measures that remove undesirable

!onditions in the so!ial system that perpetuate the state of under development 7$odaro, &DD


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essential @ualitative dimensions in the development pro!ess that may be absent in the growth

or expansions of an e!onomy through a simple widening pro!ess 7eier, &D


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(ne important fa!tor !reating new opportunities for 6G(s involvement is the de!entrali#ation

of government programs. >hile 6G(s are independent of the state, their presen!e and

survival depend on government. (n the lows governing 6G(s and perhaps more

importantly .(n government, attitudes towards 6G(s, attitudes !an vary from a desire to

work in !lose partnership with 6G(s to outright hostility. :o!al offi!ials sometimes oppose

dire!t distribution of assistan!e. If government involves itself in lo!al organi#ation but does

not share power, it !an alienate the poor people and destroy the organi#ation. Some of the

problems experien!ed by 6G(s are due to un!ertain and short8term funding and limited

!apa!ities. In Senegal, some 6G(S involved with delivering servi!es finan!ed by

international organi#ations are !riti!i#ed for Kdispensing finan!ing with little lo!al

parti!ipationL 76ar yon, ".

$he potential of 6G(s to support poor people organi#ations fun!tion as independent

wat!hdogs, and keep the state a!!ountable at the lo!al level remains largely unfulfilled.

/./. E0533c"' R!43!;

/./.%. Non =#o4!n0!n o#"n3"3on6 (NGO6) 3n E-3o53"

In the early &D2s the number of 6G(s, in the !ontext in whi!h we understand them today,

was very small. -robably not more than two or three. $he 3ed 4ross and Swedish save the

!hildren were the pioneers. 6G(s presen!e in Ethiopia grew !onsiderably following &D


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Although the number of lo!al 6G(s was very small up to the beginning of the &DDs, it

in!reased !onsiderably after the !hange government of &DD&. ore !ent sour!e put the

number at


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per!ent of the total population. $he high number of benefi!iaries witnessed in the year &DD

to &DD0 must be indi!ative of more intensive 6G(s involvement in relief and rehabilitation

programs than during the histori! famine year of &D=1. $he must have been the extremely

weak development base and pervasive ab/e!t poverty that !hara!teri#ed Ethiopia in that

period 743*A, &DD=".

/././. T-! o'! o, !+*c"3on "n+ -!"'- on 5o4! !+*c3on "n+ !cono03c #o;-

/././.% H*0"n +!4!'o50!n

$he !on!ept of human development has signifi!antly influen!ed the world development

theory. It goes beyond the !onventional theories of stabili#ation and e!onomi! growth and put

people at the !enter of all the development pro!ess. A!!ording to human development report7&DD1". 9uman development model !onstitute four fundamental !omponents 7e!onomi!

growth", e@uity, sustainability 7generation to generation" and empowerment of people

7Esthete, &DD1". 3e!ent developments worldwide suggest that in!reased investment in human

!apital is !ru!ial for sustained produ!tivity and rapid e!onomi! growth. Finding effe!tive

ways of building human !apital in developing !ountries is, therefore, of our most important

for resear!h and poli!y makers !on!erned with e!onomi! development.

In order to break the poverty !y!le, the role and the inter relationship of different elements of

human development must be re!ogni#ed, and thus poverty redu!tion strategies should be

developed a!!ordingly.

$he inter relationship of some of the elements of human development in!ludes the re!ipro!al

and mutual inter relationships between in!ome and health, edu!ation, nutrition and fertility.

7see .seamless web8poli!y and poverty".

Edu!ation is one of the fa!tors that have !ontributed to the de!lining trend in fertility in

developing !ountries a higher level edu!ation is also asso!iated with a higher standard of

health. $hese effe!ts then feedba!k in to produ!tivity, i.e., a healthier work for!e is more

produ!tive. And lower fertility is likely to lead to more healthy !hildren who may learn


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through s!hool to be healthier and more produ!tive adults. $hus edu!ation also !ontributes to

e!onomi! growth through its dire!t and positive effe!ts on fertility and health.

/./././. E+*c"3on "n+ 5o4! !+*c3on

Edu!ation produ!es knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes. It is essential for !ivi! order and

!iti#enship and for sustained e!onomi! growth and the redu!tion of poverty 7>orld bank,

&DD1".

Edu!ation is also about !ulture, it is the main instrument for disseminating the

a!!omplishment of human !ivili#ation. Edu!ation is also !riti!al for e!onomi! growth and

poverty redu!tion. $he rapid in!rease in knowledge and the pa!e of !hanging te!hnology raise

the possibility of sustained e!onomi! growth with more fre@uent /ob !hanges during

individual?s lives. $hese developments have !reated two key priorities for edu!ation it must

meet e!onomies growing demands for adaptable workers who !an readily a!@uire new skills,

and it must support the !ontinued expansion of knowledge. For instan!e, the >orld 'ank

strategy for redu!ing poverty fo!uses on promoting the produ!tive use of labor the main asset

of the poor and providing basi! so!ial servi!e to the poor. Investment in edu!ation !ontributes

to the a!!umulation of human !apital, whi!h is essential for higher in!omes and sustained

e!onomi! growth, helps redu!e poverty by in!reasing the produ!tive of the poor by redu!ing

fertility and improving health, and by e@uipping people with the skills they need to parti!ipate

fully in the e!onomy and in so!iety. ore generally, edu!ation helps strengthen !ivil

institutions and build national !apa!ity and good governan!e, whi!h are the !riti!al elements

in the implementation of sound e!onomi! and so!ial poli!ies 7'ibangambha, &D=1".

Edu!ation !ontributes to e!onomi! growth dire!tly and indire!tly 7Eshete, &DD1". *ifferent

resear!her in various !ountries has demonstrated the like and !orrelation of edu!ation and

e!onomi! growth, however, !ausal relation between them !annot fully establish,

K6onetheless, strong support e!onomi! growth, rather than the other way aroundL

7-sa!haropoulos and wood hall, &D=1".

A!!ording to resear!h !ondu!ted by ekonen $adesse 7&DD


18/34

!orrelated with lower poverty. $he poverty in!iden!e is below &1B for households whose

heads have !ollege edu!ation, =B for heads with se!ondary edu!ation and about 02B for

those with primary edu!ation only. $he poverty in!iden!e as well as the !ontribution to

aggregate poverty is not only lower for better edu!ated household heads but they have also

been de!lining over time. 9ousehold with no s!hooling, on the other hand, experien!ed rising

and high poverty in!iden!e 7above 2B" there situation also worsened over time. $his finding

suggests that in human resour!es development !ould have important bearing on poverty

redu!tion.

(ne may ask the !ase of the Ethiopian edu!ation as to whether it has played a dynami! rule in

e!onomi! growth and development. Apparently, it has a long way to go so as to play a

dynami! role in the pro!ess of e!onomi! development. *espite the expansion of edu!ation inEthiopia, the parallel growth of population has hindered suffi!ient redu!tion of adult illitera!y,

whi!h is estimated at orld development

report, &D=".


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9ealth and so!io8e!onomi! development are mutually interdependent health has a very

de!isive role in rendering appropriate servi!e to both the peasantry and the agro8industrial

workers for the enhan!ement of improved agri!ultural and industrial produ!tion and to enable

a!!elerated so!io8e!onomi! development, whi!h in turn is essential for the promotion, and

ade@uate development of health servi!e programs 7Geta!hew and :ulseged, &DD2".

A!!ording to :ipton 7&DD=51", the prin!iple of /oint re@uirement is !learest among inputs of

human !apital. Given the amount of resour!es per benefi!iary available for primary health

!are and for food supplement, a mu!h greater gain in !hild health is a!hieved if those

resour!es are divided between those two uses than if the resour!es are !on!entrated on either

one of the uses similar links have been found between edu!ation, espe!ially female edu!ation,

and the returns to resour!es used for health improvement. i!hael :ipton in his book entitled

Ksu!!esses in anti8povertyL has shown that farmers, and even farm workers, improve their

prospe!ts of es!aping poverty through agri!ulture if they have some edu!ation with in a

!ountry, therefore, su!!ess in anti8poverty poli!y is usually advan!ed by in!reasing the proportion of health and edu!ation resour!es going to basi! and primary !are H or to the

poorest groups or regions.

1. RESEARCH METHODLOGY

1.%. D!6c353on o, S*+ A!"

1.%.% A+03n36"34!< 6oc3o=!cono03c "n+ +!0o#"5-3c &"c#o*n+

>ith an estimated area of about =1, 0& km, the Afar 6ational 3egional State 7A63S" has

an estimated total population of &,0D,0D out of whi!h 1


20/34

Awra woreda. It !overs ==D s@uare km. It has &1s kebeles among this two kebeles are urban

and the remaining &s kebeles are rural. And also has more than 1 he!tares of irrigation

farming, geothermal power and spring water.

1.%.1 D!0o#"5-3c6

'ased on figures published by the 4entral Statisti!al Agen!y in 1, this woreda has an

estimated total population of =


21/34

$he study was analy#ed based on des!riptive statisti!s with the way of expression on

appli!ation of the tables and per!entage.

7. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

$his se!tion !omprises three se!tions that attempt to examine the ob/e!tives outlined in

!hapter one of the paper. $he first se!tion looks into the first two ob/e!tives of the paper,

whi!h attempt to assess the rationale of 6G(s existen!e and to assess the !ontribution of

6G(s development of edu!ation and health se!tor in the *ubti woreda. Finally employment

!reation in *ubti woreda.

7.% T-! D363&*3on "n+ R"3on"'! ,o -! E>36!nc! o, NGO6 3n D*&3 ;o!+"

$he population in Afar is in need of external assistan!e to meet minimum food needs. $he

results of the mid8year assessment identified that 00=,1 people are estimated to need

assistan!e for the se!ond half of the year. 3e@uirements for the uly to *e!ember period

are estimated at a total of )SC&1.= million for 0,21 tones of !ereals.


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6G(s have emphasi#ed small8s!ale pro/e!ts with immediate and visible outputs. ost of

these a!tivities will be implemented by 6G(s already a!tive in the region and will be

implemented in partnership with the government. $his !olle!tion of proposals is not

exhaustive, and further proposals are expe!ted from other 6G(s who are in the pro!ess of

resear!hing and preparing their do!uments.

7.%.% In4!60!n

Afar region has good potential for investment on Agri!ulture, mining, industry and tourism.

9owever, there is very limited investment going on in the region in relation to the existing

potential. $he regional government and 6G(s shall promote investment in all se!tors and

!reate /ob opportunities for the ever in!reasing pastoral population.

$able 7&" regional distribution of 6G(s by se!tor

Se!tor

Pebeles

Agri!ulture Edu!ation 9ealth >ater and

sanitation total B

& !enter 8 8 & 8 & &.1

*abal 8 8 8 8 8 8

Ayrolaf 8 8 8 8 8 8

'ayahile 8 8 & 8 & &.1

Sardo 8 & 8 8 & &.1

'abadeyta 8 8 8 8 8 8

agenta 8 8 & & &.1

9an nakis 8 & & 8 1

Sekoyta 8 8 8 & & &.1


23/34

Saha 8 8 8 8 8 8

$angayi koma & 8 8 8 & &.1

$otal & = &

B &.1 1 E(F )n published *o!ument, &&

$able & shows the kebeles distribution of 6G(s by se!tor. About &.1 per!ent of the 6G(s

are involved in agri!ulture whi!h are mainly !on!erned with in!ome generating a!tivities.

$he 6G(s involved in health


24/34

$able also shows !rude information on the number of benefi!iaries by se!tor. 9owever,

summing up the different se!tor benefi!iaries to arrive at the total number of benefi!iaries

6G(s rea!hed will be misleading as one !ould be benefi!iaries of different se!tors.

In terms of sartorial benefi!iaries, there seem to be more benefi!iaries in health servi!es

followed by water supply and sanitation, all evolving around health 7negle!ting others". 'ut

su!h information is provided in thed, the total number of benefi!iaries of eight 7= " 6G(s

provided as about D out of whi!h some


25/34

to the above poverty line, therefore, a typi!al family in woreda needs an in!ome, of 0,1&1 birr

per annum or here losses are proportional

among herds of all si#es, owners of larger herds are more likely to end up with a herd big

enough to form a breeding nu!leus. $hus in the absen!e of food aid, drought affe!ted

pastoralists are en!ouraged to keep larger herds". :arge sto!kholders are also better able to

minimi#e their losses by poli!ies of herd dispersion and spe!ies diversifi!ation.


26/34

$able 0 measures of absolute poverty.

4ategory B of total

population

-overty

index 7-"

-overty

gap 7-&"

-overty

severity7-"

4ontribution

to poverty

3ural =2. 0


27/34

7./ T-! con3&*3on o, NGO6 +!4!'o50!n o, !+*c"3on "n+ -!"'- 6!co 3n -! D*&3

;o!+"

7./.% H!"'- 6!co con3&*3on o, NGO6

7./.%.% H*0"n -!"'- con3&*3on o, NGO6

9ealth servi!e !overage was only D.2B in and it in!reased to DB in 1. 73egional

9ealth 'ureau 3eport". $he health problems in *ubti woreda in!lude !ommuni!able diseases,

malaria, respiratory diseases, and malnutrition, whi!h are known to be the leading !auses of

mortality and morbidity. $he ma/ority of the population of the woreda has no a!!ess to

potable water. About 1.


28/34

-rivati#ed drug supply systems are unviable in the woreda given the geographi!ally dispersed

nature of the population, poor infrastru!ture, limited roads, poor !ommuni!ation systems,

poor water supply and limited moneti#ation of !ommunities.

Sin!e no budget has been allo!ated for government pur!hases of drugs and va!!ines. In

H0, the budget allo!ated for the pur!hase of drugs for 0 million livesto!k population

was only 1, birr. For 0H1, the availability of budget for a drug pur!hase is

un!lear. )nlike other regions de!entrali#ation of !apital budget is not yet applied properly.

7././ E+*c"3on 6!co con3&*3on o, NGO6 E+*c"3on

$he edu!ation !overage of Afar region is one of the lowest in the !ountry. 9en!e people

!oming out for non pastoral employment are very low. $hus development a!tors should work

to improve the edu!ation !overage and lay the foundation for diversifi!ation of livelihood.

Sc-oo' "n+ 0o&3'! 6c-oo' c*3c*'*0

S!hool and mobile s!hool !urri!ulum should in!lude agri!ulture, environmental !onservation

for semi arid environments, business planning and management, a!!ounting and !ommer!ial

sto!king issues should be in!luded as part of s!hool !urri!ulum. $his will also en!ourage

!ommer!ial thinking in regard to livesto!k management. 'oth mobile and sedentary s!hools

should in!lude the above as part of s!hool !urri!ulum. $his will help < diversify sustainable

livelihood opportunities. *emonstration plots within s!hools will en!ourage !hildren and

thereby rea!h the parents of !hildren in s!hools.

$able 72" distribution of primary s!hools by providers and regions


29/34

Sour!e5 Afar so!ial se!tor study report, &&

$he table is depi!ted that the distribution of primary s!hools involvement is more 6G(s than

Government. $he 2.


30/34

s!hools by government and the 22.


31/34

$otal D & 1< & &0< &

Sour!e5 *--4, &

$he !ontribution of the 6G( se!tor in the area of employment !an be seen from tale 7="

below. $he table shows the total number of 6G(s staff in the woreda. to determine the weight

of 6G(s employment !reation in the e!onomy?s labor for!e, one is supposed to use the total

labor for!e employed in the woreda instead of population. $he data in the table shows the role

on 6G(s in employment during the period to.

$here is, of !ourse, dire!t employment opportunities in 6G(s a!tivities in the woreda.

Ex!luding employment in relief and non8reported on8going development pro/e!ts, 6G(s

employ over &0< persons of whom =.= per!ent are female. About 2&. per!ent are male of

the employment is at pro/e!t site. And one !an observe that largest share of employment at

6G( level is taken by for -ara8professional !ounting1& 70.


32/34

in better @uality with !ost8 effe!tively. 6G(s s!hools and training !enters have !lose

links with the world of work whi!h have tangible !ontribution in in!reasing the

produ!tivity and in!ome of the poor. $he kebels distributions of s!hool seems not be based on population si#e and other

!onsiderations :ower level !lini!s in remote areas help a!!ess the poor se!tion of the so!iety and also

provide the !heapest health servi!e. Sin!e the !urrent government health poli!y is in

line with this trend, 6G(s need to work in !lose partnership with government to share

experien!e and build the !apa!ity of the government. It !an thus be !on!lude that there

is diffi!ulty to make !omprehensive analysis and see the weight of 6G(s !ontribution

in employment !reation.

7./ R!co00!n+"3on

Government organi#ation needs to learn some of the lessons from 6G(s strength of

flexibility and management @uality, and their !ost8effe!tiveness >hen there is market failure 7generally it is believed that market tends to be espe!ially

vulnerable to failure developing !ountries" where mu!h of the population la!ks the

basi! pur!hasing power to parti!ipate, su!h organi#ations that are remedies for market

failure may be parti!ularly relevant there.

6G(s and government should fo!us on rural based development intervention that!ontributes to in!rease human resour!es development and enhan!e food se!urity.

$he kebeles distribution of 6G(s is should be based on the population si#e, living

standard and other so!io8politi!al !onsideration. 6G(s should be able to !oordinate among themselves to give infrastru!tural servi!es

like road and make remote Hrural areas a!!essible. Some studies reveal that 6G(s are

!on!entrated in areas where there are government development a!tivities and servi!es.

$his !reates redundan!y. $he government should give balan!ed and faire distribution of 6G(s during their

pro/e!t appraisal and sele!tion pro!ess. And they should re!ommend 6G(s to give

attention for e@uity and in!ome distribution ob/e!tives through balan!ed distribution

of their pro/e!ts and servi!es among the different regions in the !ountry.


33/34

$here is a !lear need to fo!us more on the @uality of 6G(s involvement than the

number of 6G(s or funds disbursed through them. $he growing up stream

involvement of 6G(s refle!ts promising @ualitative !hanges. *emonstration and transfer of 6G(s strength to government organi#ation and lo!al

6G(s through te!hni!al support and training 7!apa!ity building". Improvement in the existing poli!y environment, pea!e and se!urity is likely to

en!ourage the formation of many international and lo!al 6G(s, i.e., attempt should be

made to !reate an enabling environment for international 6G(s in order to attra!t

more 6G(s with high investment potential and !apable of bringing @ualitative

!hanges. $he !ontrol8oriented style of management !ommon to government organi#ation is not

effe!tive when the goal is innovative problem solving and the mobili#ation of

voluntary energy and resour!es. Government may need to revisit or resort to 6G(s

style of management and minimi#e !ontrol8oriented style of management in areas

whi!h need su!h style of management. ;arious level of government should be strengthened and e@uipped to !oordinate,

monitor and evaluate the performan!e of 6G(s on ob/e!tive and rational basis

relating to their pro/e!ts e!onomi! and so!ial impa!t. 6G(s need to expand s!hool and vo!ational training !enters to in!rease the number of

benefi!iaries.

'alan!e the distribution of health fa!ilities among different kebeles. Enhan!e the initiatives to strengthen the !apa!ity of the government.

$he salaries and the number of expatriate staff employed should be in!luded in the

database to make appropriate and ob/e!tive analysis in this area. Sin!e poverty is a !omplex and an integrated phenomenon !aused by a multipli!ity of

fa!tors, no single investment will suffi!e. $o operate on an interrelated set of variables,

an inter related and integrated set of approa!hes and poli!ies is re@uired. $here is a need to design formats to be used by all 6G(s for reporting annual

a!hievements and pro/e!t implementation to government bodies.

Attempt should also be made to in!orporate data on the national and expatriate work

for!es to analy#e 6G(s employment !reation in the !ountry in more !omprehensive

ways. $he database should be organi#ed in su!h a way that data would be available on all the

6G(s operating in the !ountry in uniform manner.


34/34

B3&'3o#"5-

Abrar, S. 7". K$he states of the Ethiopian e!onomy5 the lega!y, re!ent trend and the road

aheadL in Fellener, 4. 7E*." in Austrian /ournal of development studies.

'ibangambah, ossy 3. 7&D=1". KApproa!h to the problem of rural poverty in Afri!aL $reton,

6.

43*A 7&". Analysis of house holds poverty report feburary &, Addis Ababa

9ansmann, 9enry. 7&D=". $he role of nonprofit enterprise. $he +ale law /ournal =D71" human

development report, &DD1

IS4 7&DD0". E!onomi! fo!us5 poverty oriented development poli!y. ;olume 0 0DH1

:ipton, i!hael, 7&DD=". KSu!!ess in anti8 povertyL, I:( offi!e, Geneva

ohammed ussa and Simon Ehui, I:3I 7&DD1". Analysis of house hold poverty and food

se!urity in Addis Ababa5 poli!y impli!ation, 6a#areth

ankiw Gregory 6. *avid 3omer and *avid 6.>eil 7&DD". KA !ontribution to the empiri!s

of e!onomi! growthL $he @uarterly ournal of e!onomi!s &ashington, *.4.,

>orld 'ank

$odaro p. i!hael. 7&DD

mikas research

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