Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve Interim Management Statement

December 2007

Koetong Landcare Group

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This Management Statement for Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve outlines the reserves values and threats and gives direction for its management in the short and long term.

Ian Davidson (Regeneration Solutions Pty. Ltd.) prepared this Management Statement with funding from the Koetong Landcare Group and the support and guidance of Parks Victoria.

General Disclaimer:This publication may be of assistance to you but no guarantee is made that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore all liability is disclaimed for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.

Acknowledgements:Advice and information were provided by Lyn Coulston (Koetong Landcare Group), and Scott Thomson, John Silins and Linda Greenwood (Parks Victoria).

Cover Photograph:Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve, south western corner (Photo: S. Thomson)

Citation:This document should be cited as:Koetong Landcare Group and Parks Victoria (2007). Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve Interim Management Statement. Parks Victoria, Tallangatta.

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Contents

1. Background and context......................................................................................42. Location and topography.....................................................................................43. Reservation and management.............................................................................44. Natural values and condition...............................................................................5

4.1. Vegetation types......................................................................................54.2. Flora......................................................................................................... 74.3. Fauna...................................................................................................... 74.4. Landscape features.................................................................................7

5. Environmental risks.............................................................................................85.1. Pest plants............................................................................................... 85.2. Pest animals............................................................................................95.3. Other threats..........................................................................................10

6. Heritage values, condition and risk....................................................................117. Indigenous values, condition and risk................................................................118. Visitor services, condition and risk....................................................................119. References........................................................................................................13Appendices

Appendix 1: Feature map.................................................................................14Appendix 2: Remnant vegetation corridors 15Appendix 3: Rare and threatened plants.........................................................16Appendix 4: Birds and mammals.....................................................................17

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1. Background and context

PARKS VICTORIA RESERVE ID 241SIZE (HECTARES) 170 haRESERVE CATEGORY Nature Conservation Reserve – Flora

Reserve

Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve was identified by the Land Conservation Council (LCC 1986) as being an area of considerable floristic importance.

A report by Ecology Australia (Carr, 2006) identified the flora on the reserve as being of state and national significance and potentially under threat.

This Management Statement will assist in guiding the active management of the reserve required to maintain its biodiversity values.

2. Location and topographyPheasant Creek Flora Reserve is located in the Upper Murray approximately 11 kilometres north-east of Shelley on the Shelley Road. It occurs between 650-790 metres above sea level.

The reserve falls within the Highlands – Northern Fall bioregion and its topography is mostly gentle in the west with some steeper slopes in the east. The reserve is drained by the broad to deeply incised Pheasant Creek and its tributaries which generally flow from west to east through the relatively narrow reserve.

The reserve is almost totally surrounded by softwood pine plantations (refer to Appendix 1).

3. Reservation and managementThe reserve is managed by Parks Victoria. Its land status is currently Reserved Forest (western end) and Unreserved Crown Land (eastern end).

The Land Conservation Council North-Eastern Area (Benalla - Upper Murray) Review 1986 has recommended that Pheasant Creek be reserved as a Flora Reserve. It specifically recommended that the reserve be ‘used to preserve the vegetation complex containing the wet heath formations, unique to this district, containing low-altitude occurrences of sub- alpine species’.

The generic management objectives for Nature Conservation Reserves (including Flora Reserves) are to:-(a) conserve and protect species, communities and habitat of indigenous plants, animals and other organisms;

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(b) provide for research and study of the natural environment of the reserve where this is consistent with (a) and there is minimal impact on the reserve;(c) provide opportunities for appropriate enjoyment and recreation and education by the public where this does not conflict with (a);(d) protect Aboriginal cultural sites and places; and(e) protect historic features in specific reserves where noted. (Parks Victoria, 2003)

Following reservation the Crown Land (Reserves) (Nature Conservation Reserve) Regulations 2004, will be the main instrument to regulate activities in this reserve.

Parks Victoria respects the views of Traditional Owners and seeks to reflect their knowledge, interests and aspirations in management of the reserve.

Management Objectives:1. Encourage the reservation of the area as a Nature Conservation Reserve – Flora Reserve and application of the Crown Land (Reserves) (Nature Conservation Reserve) Regulations. This reservation should include the area around Pikes Dam in the south-western corner of the reserve.

2. Encourage the continued involvement of community groups, including Traditional Owners, in the management of the reserve.

4. Natural values and condition

4.1. Vegetation typesThere had been little vegetation assessment of Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve prior to a limited flora survey (not including the wetlands) in 2004-05 (Datson, 2005). Species- specific surveys for an endangered orchid (Summer, or Shelley, Leek-orchid) endemic to this reserve had also been undertaken by the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) and others.

The relatively flat, broad valley in the western portion of the reserve is predominantly occupied by riparian swamps and bogs. There is a diverse range of moisture loving plants present which includes low altitude wet heathland, wet grassland, sedge dominated bogs and a mix of the above with or without a woodland tree cover of Mountain Swamp Gum.

Below the entry of the creek near the quarry the reserve is characterized by riparian forest. This forest is dominated by Ribbon Gum, Blue Gum and Narrow-leaf Peppermint with Mountain Swamp Gum present in swampy parts; a well developed middle shrub layer of River and Woolly Tea tree and Sweet Bursaria cover the ground layer of Fishbone ferns and sedges.

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As the creek flows eastward it becomes more deeply dissected with relatively intact forested slopes that are drier and shrubbier nearer the higher boundaries of the reserve.

In December 2005 – January 2006 Ecology Australia (Geoff Carr) surveyed the vegetation on the reserve to assess its significance and identify potential management issues.

Carr (2006) identified 10 ecological vegetation classes (EVC’s), based on surveying the flora in 30 quadrats on the reserve, embracing shrublands, woodlands, forests, riparian swamp complexes and bog communities.

Table 1: EVC’s recorded in Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve (from Carr, 2006)

Ecological VegetationClass (EVC)

Bioregional ConservationStatus (Highlands - Northern Fall)

18 Riparian Forest LC21 Shrubby Dry Forest LC23 Herb-rich Foothill Forest LC40 Montane Riparian Woodland V41 Montane Riparian Thicket LC83 Swampy Riparian Woodland V126 Swampy Riparian Complex V249 Alpine Raised Bog V318 Montane Swamp E966 Montane Bog E

LC - least concern V - vulnerable E - endangered

Four of the EVC’s are vulnerable and two are endangered in the Highlands - Northern Fall bioregion (Carr, 2006).

The vegetation on this reserve is exceptionally diverse. Carr (2006) notes that the area is remarkable for the complex montane swamps, bogs and swampy riparian woodland at relatively low altitude in cold-air drainage lines. The Alpine Raised Bog with Alpine Bottlebrush scrub for example is exceptionally extensive and well developed; it may easily be the largest and best example of its kind in Victoria and/or Australia.

Carr (2006) states that the significance and quality of this suite of wetlands or moisture- dependant vegetation is unquestionably of national conservation significance.

Management Objectives:-3. Manage the vegetation communities to maintain the diversity and significance of the reserve, with particular attention to the broad valley in the western portion.

4. Encourage further investigation/research in order to guide best management practice, especially for the riparian swamp and bog communities.

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4.2. FloraThe range of native flora on this reserve is remarkably diverse and of outstanding scientific and conservation interest. Carr (2006) identified 381 plant taxa across the reserve of which 82% is indigenous. Of these at least 33 species (11% of the indigenous flora) are significant at the State and National level (refer to Appendix 3).

It should be noted that the timing of this survey (Dec 2005 - Jan 2006) would have precluded the detection of some seasonal plant species, namely orchids (Carr, 2006).

One undescribed species, Shelley Leek-orchid (Prasophyllum spp. aff. frenchii B) is unknown elsewhere and is critically endangered.

Management Objectives:-5. In conjunction with the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE), seek to implement the recovery plan for the Shelley Leek-orchid and encourage the preparation and implementation of recovery plans for other threatened plants, particularly those within the riparian swamp and bog communities

6. Encourage further flora surveys of the reserve, particularly in spring/summer in years of good rainfall.

4.3. FaunaThe relatively intact condition of the reserve and high habitat diversity signifies that wildlife in the reserve should be rich and diverse.

There have been 79 species of bird recorded on the reserve and 24 mammals, including 17 native species (refer to Appendix 4). Noteworthy were the extensive diggings by Long- nosed Bandicoots, particularly in and adjoining the denser shrubs and sedges of the riparian bog complex.

Little is known about the presence and diversity of reptiles, frogs or invertebrates in the reserve.

Management Objective:-7. Encourage further comprehensive fauna surveys of the reserve, particularly for reptiles, frogs and invertebrates.

4.4. Landscape featuresThe Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve is an important riparian remnant that, whilst surrounded by managed pine plantations, is an integral part of a corridor network of remnant vegetation along drainage lines and roadsides connecting Burrowa-Pine Mountain National Park in the east and Mount Lawson State Park to the west (refer to Appendix 2).

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This connectivity is likely to be very important to the long term viability of some wildlife populations in these parks as it allows for dispersal between these large natural habitats.

In some cases there are small breaks (30-100m) in the tree canopies linking Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve with other remnant linear corridors.

Management Objective:-8. Encourage the protection, enhancement and effective management of connecting remnant vegetation corridors throughout the adjoining pine plantations to maintain, and where possible, enhance their value for wildlife.

5. Environmental risks

5.1. Pest plantsWeed invasion poses the greatest risk to the flora of Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve. There have been 59 introduced species recorded on the reserve of which 27 are of some concern (Carr, 2006).

Some work controlling weeds such as Blackberry, Sweet Briar, St Johns Wort, English Broom, Pattersons Curse and Radiata Pine has already taken place and should continue.

Many of the infestations of these weeds occur along roadsides, in particular the Shelley and Old Shelley-Walwa Roads, and within the adjoining pine plantations. The establishment of a weed “free” buffer zone outside the reserve boundary would help reduce the ongoing occurrence of this problem.

Blackberry and Sweet Briar are scattered across the reserve being most common in the wetter parts. These weeds are also common within several of the remnant riparian corridors throughout the adjoining pine plantation and control of these would reduce the weed loads in the reserve.

Scattered infestations of English Broom occur within the reserve, mainly south of the quarry and infestations are also known to occur within the adjoining pine plantation south of the Old Shelley-Walwa Road. English Broom has a high potential to expand and needs to be eradicated from the reserve and the adjoining plantation. As its seed can remain viable in the soil for decades, ongoing monitoring of previously infested areas and control of new seedlings will be required.

Radiata Pine is a constant invader into the reserve from the surrounding plantations and will need on-going maintenance control of new wildings.

Other woody weeds of concern include Grey Sallow and Basket Willow and the native shrub Burgan, which is not indigenous to the reserve. Willows are present around Pikes Dam and are evident in drainage lines downstream. An individual Burgan was found along the Old Shelley-Walwa Road and has the capacity to be invasive (Carr, 2006).

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The widespread and seemingly intractable herbaceous and grassy weeds like Ribwort, Pennyroyal, Yorkshire Fog Grass and Sweet Vernal Grass require closer investigation to determine their impacts, especially on the native riparian bog flora.

Management Objectives:-9. Maintain, and where possible increase, annual weed control for Blackberry, Sweet Briar, St Johns Wort, English Broom, Pattersons Curse and Radiata Pine within the reserve. Concentrate control efforts in areas of known significant plant species.

10. Liaise with neighbouring land managers to encourage a weed “free” buffer zone outside of the reserve boundary, especially along roadsides and within adjoining plantations and connecting riparian corridors.

11. Remove Burgan and willows from the reserve.

12. Encourage investigation of the impact of herbaceous and grassy weeds on sensitive riparian swamp and bog flora, especially the Shelley Leek-orchid, and other threatened plants within the reserve.

5.2. Pest animalsIntroduced animals recorded within Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve include rabbits, pigs, deer (Fallow and Sambar), fox, feral cats and wild dogs.

Rabbits, pigs and deer exert grazing pressure on palatable native species. Rabbits will also selectively target native legumes reducing their regeneration. The apparent recent decline in efficacy of Calici Virus in controlling rabbit populations may lead to increased rabbit numbers in the reserve and greater grazing pressure on palatable species.

Pigs are of a particular concern to the riparian bog flora because they root amongst the moist soils for tubers and other food items. This has been reported periodically near a site where the Shelley Leek-orchid grows. Damage to young woody vegetation due to deer rubbing has been observed within the reserve.

The fox, feral cat and wild dog have all been observed in the reserve and are likely to exert high predatory pressure on native wildlife. Small and medium sized mammals are particularly susceptible to predation by cats and foxes. Of particular concern is the population of Long-nosed Bandicoots living in the reserve and the surrounding riparian corridors where sedge and heath cover is sufficient.

Due to the small size of the reserve, effective pest animal control will generally require the cooperation of adjoining land managers.

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Management Objectives:-13. As appropriate undertake control of pest animals, particularly feral pigs, within the reserve in order to reduce impacts on native flora and fauna. Liaise with adjoining land managers to encourage coordinated control programs within adjoining plantations and connecting riparian corridors.

14. Encourage investigation of the impacts of introduced herbivores on sensitive riparian swamp and bog flora, particularly the Shelley Leek-orchid, and on other threatened plants within the reserve.

5.3 Other threatsBoundaries to the reserve are generally defined by roads, watercourses and cleared breaks beside pine plantations but are indistinct in places. Fencing is generally non-existent. A working gravel pit is almost entirely encompassed by the reserve.

The reserve is almost entirely surrounded by, and down slope of, extensive radiata pine plantations. It is unknown what impact the plantations may be having, particularly on the significant riparian bog communities, through interception of groundwater seepage and other modifications to local catchment hydrology and micro-climate. There is also potential for sediment run-off into the reserve following soil disturbance, especially during harvesting and road maintenance.

Phytophthora fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) is a potential threat to vegetation within the reserve but is not currently known to occur.

Unplanned fire, particularly the associated suppression activity, has the potential to impact on the reserves biodiversity values.

A number of road material dump sites located beside the Shelley Road, and adjacent to the reserve, had the potential to introduce a weed source. These have recently been closed and partially re-habilitated.

Some human activities, including illegal off-road vehicle use and firewood collection, have the potential to disturb threatened vegetation communities.

Management Objectives:-15. Ensure the boundaries of the reserve are clearly defined in order to prevent disturbance, encroachment or other impacts.

16. Continue to liaise with adjoining land managers in order to minimize impacts on the reserve from adjoining pine plantation and road maintenance activities.

17. Ensure fire management planning and suppression activities consider and recognize the reserve’s environmental values.

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18. Continue to liaise with the road management authority to complete rehabilitation of the Shelley Road dump sites.

19. Continue to manage illegal human activities in accordance with relevant legislation.

6. Heritage values, condition and riskThere are no recorded places of heritage value and there is no known evidence of heritage places within the reserve.

Management Objective:-20. If sites of heritage value are identified, assess their significance and condition and establish management objectives.

7. Indigenous values, condition and riskThere are no recorded archaeological sites and no known sites within the reserve. The potential for Aboriginal places and objects is considered to be low, and the reserve is a low priority for survey.

Management objective:-21. If Aboriginal places or objects are identified; seek guidance from the relevant Registered Aboriginal Party on their future management.

8. Visitor services, condition and riskWhilst there is no data available, visitor numbers to Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve are likely to be low (0-5,000 p.a.). Most visitation occurs in the vicinity of Pikes Dam, which is used as a local swimming hole.

Some dispersed camping occurs at times, generally in open grassland areas near Pikes Dam. This has the potential to disturb nearby threatened riparian swamp and bog communities.

Access to the reserve is via several roads which border parts of the reserve perimeter (refer to Appendix 1). A number of minor public and management roads transect the reserve.

A hard surfaced parking and turnaround area at Pikes Dam enables access by fire tankers to the water supply. Vehicle access across the dam wall, however, is causing potholing and erosion.

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Reserve boundary signage exists at major entrance points.

Management Objectives:-22. Retain basic levels of visitor service. The existing area at Pikes Dam should be the focus for visitation.

23. Discourage dispersed camping, especially in areas near the riparian swamp and bog communities.

24. Consider opportunities to rationalise internal roads in order to reduce reserve fragmentation.

25. Maintain vehicle access to Pikes Dam as a fire suppression water supply but restrict vehicle access across the dam wall.

26. Maintain reserve boundary and management signage as appropriate. Consider developing interpretive signage for the reserve that highlights its natural features and how to protect them.

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9. References.Carr, Geoff (2006) Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve: vegetation, significance and management issues (Draft). Ecology Australia Pty Ltd., Fairfield (unpublished).

Datson, Glenda (2005) Pheasant Creek Reserve Flora List. (unpublished)

DSE Atlas of Victorian Wildlife. Database accessed 2007.

Korodaj, Terrence (2005/6) Pheasant Creek Reserve Bird Diversity. (unpublished).

LCC (1986) North-Eastern Area (Benalla-Upper Murray) Review, Final Recommendations.Land Conservation Council, East Melbourne.

Parks Victoria (2003) Conservation Reserves Management Strategy. Parks Victoria, Melbourne.

Personal communication

Davidson, Ian (2006) Regeneration Solutions Pty. Ltd.

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Appendix 1: Feature map

Grants Tk.

Appendix

Rem

nant vegetation

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Pheasant Creek Flora Reserve Remnant vegetation

corridors Showing 2.5km buffer

Pheasant Creek Flora

Reserve Road 600 0 600 1200Remnant Native

Vegetation Reserve Metres

Mapping by Red-Gum Environmental Consulting Pty Ltd, 2007 - www.red-gum.com.au

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Appendix 3: Rare and threatened plant speciesRecords from Carr (2006).

Scientific name Common name Conservationstatus

Agrostis parviflora s.s. Hair Bent kAustrofestuca eriopoda Snow Fescue rBaumea planifolia Rough Twig-sedge kBillardiera scandens Velvet Apple-berry rBulbine sp.aff. bulbosa (Montane Swamps) Bulbine Lily kCaladenia ? alata Caladenia kCallitriche palustris Swamp Water-starwort kCarex raleighii Raleigh Sedge rChiloglottis x pescottiana Bronze Bird Orchid rDianella sp. aff. longifolia (Benambra) Arching Flax-lily vDianella sp. aff. revoluta (Cobberas) Snow-gum Flax-lily rDiuris monticola Highland Golden Moths kEriocaulon scariosum Common Pipewort rHypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata Yellow Star kIsolepis gaudichaudiana Benambra Club-sedge vJuncus phaeanthus Dark-flower Rush rLeptorhynchos elongatus Lanky Buttons eMyriophyllum lophatum Crested Water-milfoil kNymphoides montana Entire Marshwort rOxalis sp. aff. thompsoniae Fluffy-fruit Wood-sorrel kPimelea treyvaudii Grey Rice-flower vPoa labillardieri var. acris Common Tussock-grass vPrasophyllum sp. aff. frenchii B Summer (Shelley) Leek-orchid EePultenaea acerosa Bristly Bush-pea vPultenaea polifolia Dusky Bush-pea rRanunculus eichleranus Eichlers Buttercup rRanunculus gunnianus Gunns Mountain Buttercup rRanunculus millanii Dwarf Buttercup rScleranthus fasciculatus Spreading Knawel rSenecio diaschides Shingle Fireweed rSenecio microbasis Alpine Fireweed rSenecio psilocarpus Swamp Fireweed VvStylidium montanum Montane Swamp Triggerplant r

Ee – endangered in Australia (upper case) or Victoria (lower case); Kk – poorly known in Australia (upper case) or Victoria (lower case); Rr – rare in Australia (upper case) or Victoria (lower case);Vv – vulnerable Australia (upper case) or Victoria (lower case)

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Appendix 4: Bird and mammal speciesRecords from Korodaj (2005/6), Davidson pers. comm and DSE Atlas of Victorian Wildlife (2007).

BirdsCommon Name Scientific NameAustralian Hobby Falco longipennisAustralian King Parrot Alisterus scapularisAustralian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicenAustralian Raven Corvus coronoidesAustralian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubattaBlack-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularisBlack-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiaeBrown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatusBrown Thornbill Acanthiza pusillaBrown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostrisClamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreusCommon Blackbird Turdus merulaCommon Bronzewing Phaps chalcopteraCrescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhopteraCrested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatusCrimson Rosella Platycercus elegansDollarbird Eurystomus orientalisEastern Rosella Platycercus eximiusEastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostrisEastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceusEastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australisEurasian Coot Fulica atraFan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformisFlame Robin Petroica phoeniceaFuscous Honeyeater Lichenostomus fuscusGang-Gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatumGolden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralisGreat Cormorant Phalacrocorax carboGrey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatusGrey Currawong Strepera versicolorGrey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosaGrey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonicaGrey Teal Anas gracilisHorsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalisLathams Snipe Gallinago hardwickiiLaughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineaeLeaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubeculaLittle Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucosLittle Raven Corvus melloriMagpie-lark Grallina cyanoleucaMasked Lapwing Vanellus milesMistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceumNankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroidesNoisy Friarbird Philemon corniculatusOlive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatusPacific Black Duck Anas superciliosaPied Currawong Strepera graculinaRed Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata

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Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventrisSatin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceusSatin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleucaScarlet Robin Petroica multicolorShining Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidusSilvereye Zosterops lateralisSpotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatusSpotted Quail-thrush Cinclosoma punctatumStriated Pardalote Pardalotus striatusStriated Thornbill Acanthiza lineataSulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galeritaSuperb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneusSuperb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiaeTawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoidesTree Martin Hirundo nigricansWeebill Smicrornis brevirostrisWedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audaxWelcome Swallow Hirundo neoxenaWhite-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalisWhite-eared Honeyeater Lichenostomus leucotisWhite-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatusWhite-necked Heron Ardea pacificaWhite-throated Gerygone Gerygone olivaceaWhite-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudatusWhite-throated Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaeusWhite-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphosWillie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrysVaried Sittella Daphoenositta chrysopteraYellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysopsYellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereusYellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana

MammalsCommon Name Scientific NameAgile Antechinus Antechinus agilisBlack Wallaby Wallabia bicolorBush Rat Rattus fuscipesCat (feral) * Felis catusCommon Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinusCommon Wombat Vombatus ursinusDog (feral) * Canis familiarisEastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteusEuropean Rabbit * Oryctolagus cuniculusFallow Deer * Cervus damaFeathertail Glider Acrobates pygmaeusGould’s Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldiiGreater Glider Petauroides volansLarge Forest Bat Vespadelus darlingtoniLesser Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyiLittle Forest Bat Vespadelus vulturnusLong-nosed Bandicoot Perameles nasutaMountain Brushtail Possum Trichosurus caninusPig (feral) * Sus scrofaRed Fox * Canis vulpes

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Sambar Deer * Cervus unicolorShort beaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatusSouthern Forest Bat Vespadelus regulusWhite-striped Freetail Bat Tadarida australis

* - introduced