microbiology of anaerobic sludge fermentation

5
APPLIED MICROBIoLoGY, Feb. 1967, p . 358-361 Copyright @ 1968 American Society f o r Microbiology Microbiology o f Anaerobic Sludge Fermentation' I . Enumeration o f t h e Nonmethanogenic Anaerobic Bacteria ROBERT A. MAH AND CAROL SUSSMAN Department of Environmental Sciences a n d Engineering, University o f North Carolina, Chiapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 Received f o r publication 8 November 1967 An anaerobic medium containing sludge supernatant fluid a n d glucose was used f o r enumeration o f bacteria from t h e sludge fermentation. Comparison of viable counts from several separate samples consistently showed 1 0 t o 10 0 times more anaerobic than aerobic bacteria. However, viable counts o f t he various samples differed b y a s much as 1 0 this probably a change i n th e natural environment o r sampling errors, or a combination o f the two. Direct m i - croscopic counts values o f about 10'0/ml. T h e between viable (108 t o 109/ml) a n d direct counts ma y b e due t o large numbers o f dead cells. Random isolates o f representative colonies from high dilutions exhibited the ability t o fer- ment sugars a n d a r e n o t likely t o be methane bacteria. Previous reports pertaining t o t h e enumeration o f bacteria i n t h e anaerobic sludge fermentation c an b e divided into t w o categories, those dealing with methanogenic bacteria an d those dealing with nonmethanogenic bacteria. Th e former group o f organisms, a ll strict anaerobes, was reportedly present a t concentrations a s high as 7 x109/g o f sludge solids a n d 1 . 6 x109/ml of sludge liquid (6). Smith (12) reported figures as high a s 108/ml. A l l o f these values a re higher than those given f o r nonmethanogenic bacteria. Hotchkiss ( 7 ) found a total count o f 8 . 5 x107/ml f o r nonmethanogenic bacteria i n sludge from an Imhoff tank. These results were obtained b y inoculation into various complex organic media, including nutrient agar, and incubation under aerobic conditions. I t was n o t surprising that such counts o f aerobic organisms were lower than the anaerobic methane producers, since the sludge environment h a s a measured E, a s l o w a s -530 mv (5). T h e presence o f higher numbers of obligately anaerobic bacteria rather than aerobic o r euryoxic bacteria might, i n fact, expected. However, i t w a s n o t known whether nonmethano- genic anaerobes were also present i n higher numbers than aerobes. Information concerning the nonmethanogenic anaerobes h a s been scarce. T h e numbers reported by Cookson a n d Burbank (4 ) were based o n direct counts o f normal sludge after acid-fast staining. Identification o f several morphologically nondistinctive bacteria w a s apparently made by direct microscopic observation; t h e highest I Department Publication N o . 175. value reported w a s 8 . 2 x107/ml for "Clostridium carnofoetidum." Viable counts o f cellulolytic sludge bacteria yielded values a s great a s 1 . 7 x 105/ml (11), b u t this figure w as unusually high; other counts o f cellulolytic bacteria were always i n t h e range o f 103/ml o r lower ( 8 , 11). Recent studies b y Torien (15) di d n o t include quantita- tive data. T h e methanogenic bacteria a re restricted t o t h e dissimilation o f certain organic acids a n d alcohols (1). T h e recent findings o f Bryant e t a l. (Bacteriol. Proc., p . 1 9 , 1967) o a n organism growing in close association with a n d accounting f o r t h e ability o f t h e ethyl alcohol-nonoxidizing Methanobacillus omelianskii t o oxidize ethyl a l - cohol may lead t o t h e disclosure of other bac- terial relationships which further reduce t h e range o f methanogenic substrates. Thus, t h e role o f nonmethanogenic sludge anaerobes becomes o f increasing importance because o f their greater physiological diversity. T h e initial substrates present i n sludge a r e complex organic compounds n ot known t o b e b y methane bac- teria. There i s apparently a dependency o f these latter organisms o n the fermentation products produced b y t h e dissimilation o f t h e initial sub- strates b y t he nonmethanogenic organisms. I t seems unlikely that t h e methane organisms with their narrow substrate specificity would b e t h e only predominant group o f anaerobes. MATERI4LS AND METHODS Sludge. A laboratory digester w a s inoculated with sludge from t he primary digester o f the Third Fork sewage plant a t Durham, N.C.; this plant treats 358 Vol. 1 6 , No . 2 Printed i n U.S.A.

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Page 1: Microbiology of Anaerobic Sludge Fermentation

8/6/2019 Microbiology of Anaerobic Sludge Fermentation

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/microbiology-of-anaerobic-sludge-fermentation 1/4

A P P L I E D M I C R O B I o L o G Y , F e b . 1 9 6 7 , p . 3 5 8 - 3 6 1

C o p y r i g h t @ 1 9 6 8 A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y

M i c r o b i o l o g y o f A n a e r o b i c S l u d g e F e r m e n t a t i o n '

I. E n u m e r a t i o n o f t h e N o n m e t h a n o g e n i c A n a e r o b i c B a c t e r i a

ROBERT A . MAH AND CAROL SUSSMAN

D e p a r t m e n t of E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e s a n d E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a , C h i a p e l H i l l ,N o r t h C a r o l i n a 2 7 5 1 4

R e c e i v e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n 8 N o v e m b e r 1 9 6 7

An a n a e r o b i c medium c o n t a i n i n g s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t f l u i d a n d g l u c o s e was u s e d

f o r e n u m e r a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a f r o m t h e s l u d g e f e r m e n t a t i o n . C o m p a r i s o n o f v i a b l ec o u n t s f r o m s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e s a m p l e s c o n s i s t e n t l y s h o w e d 1 0 t o 1 0 0 t i m e s more

a n a e r o b i c t h a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a . H o w e v e r , v i a b l e c o u n t s o f t h e v a r i o u s s a m p l e s

d i f f e r e d b y as much as 1 0 t i m e s ; t h i s v a r i a t i o n p r o b a b l y r e f l e c t s a c h a n g e i n t h e

n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t or s a m p l i n g e r r o r s , or a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e t w o . D i r e c t m i -c r o s c o p i c c o u n t s y i e l d e d v a l u e s o f a b o u t 1 0 ' 0 / m l . T h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n v i a b l e( 1 0 8 t o 1 0 9 / m l ) a n d d i r e c t c o u n t s may b e d u e t o l a r g e n u m b e r s o f d e a d c e l l s . Randomi s o l a t e s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c o l o n i e s f r o m h i g h d i l u t i o n s e x h i b i t e d t h e a b i l i t y t o f e r -ment sugars a n d are n o t l i k e l y t o b e m e t h a n e b a c t e r i a .

P r e v i o u s r e p o r t s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e e n u m e r a t i o n

o f b a c t e r i a i n t h e a n a e r o b i c s l u d g e f e r m e n t a t i o nc a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o two c a t e g o r i e s , t h o s e d e a l i n gw i t h m e t h a n o g e n i c b a c t e r i a a n d t h o s e d e a l i n gw i t h n o n m e t h a n o g e n i c b a c t e r i a . T h e f o r m e rg r o u p o f o r g a n i s m s , a l l s t r i c t a n a e r o b e s , was

r e p o r t e d l y p r e s e n t a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s as h i g h as

7 x1 0 9 / g o f s l u d g e s o l i d s a n d 1 . 6 x1 0 9 / m l o f

s l u d g e l i q u i d ( 6 ) . S m i t h ( 1 2 ) r e p o r t e d f i g u r e s as

h i g h as 1 0 8 / m l . A l l o f t h e s e v a l u e s are h i g h e rt h a n t h o s e g i v e n f o r n o n m e t h a n o g e n i c b a c t e r i a .H o t c h k i s s ( 7 ) f o u n d a t o t a l c o u n t o f 8 . 5 x1 0 7 / m l

f o r n o n m e t h a n o g e n i c b a c t e r i a i n s l u d g e f r o m an

I m h o f f t a n k . T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d b yi n o c u l a t i o n i n t o v a r i o u s c o m p l e x o r g a n i c m e d i a ,

i n c l u d i n g n u t r i e n t a g a r , a n d i n c u b a t i o n u n d e r

a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s . I t w a s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a ts u c h c o u n t s o f a e r o b i c o r g a n i s m s w e r e l o w e r t h a n

t h e a n a e r o b i c m e t h a n e p r o d u c e r s , s i n c e t h e s l u d g ee n v i r o n m e n t h a s a m e a s u r e d E , as l o w as - 5 3 0mv ( 5 ) . T h e presence o f h i g h e r n u m b e r s o f

o b l i g a t e l y a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a r a t h e r t h a n a e r o b i c

or e u r y o x i c b a c t e r i a m i g h t , i n f a c t , b e e x p e c t e d .H o w e v e r , i t w a s n o t known w h e t h e r n o n m e t h a n o -g e n i c a n a e r o b e s w e r e a l s o p r e s e n t i n h i g h e rn u m b e r s t h a n a e r o b e s .

I n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e n o n m e t h a n o g e n i c

a n a e r o b e s h a s b e e ns c a r c e .

T h e n u m b e r s r e p o r t e db y C o o k s o n a n d B u r b a n k ( 4 ) w e r e b a s e d on

d i r e c t c o u n t s o f n o r m a l s l u d g e a f t e r a c i d - f a s ts t a i n i n g . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s e v e r a l m o r p h o l o g i c a l l yn o n d i s t i n c t i v e b a c t e r i a w a s a p p a r e n t l y made

b y d i r e c t m i c r o s c o p i c o b s e r v a t i o n ; t h e h i g h e s t

I D e p a r t m e n t P u b l i c a t i o n N o . 1 7 5 .

v a l u e r e p o r t e d w a s 8 . 2 x1 0 7 / m l f o r " C l o s t r i d i u mc a r n o f o e t i d u m . " V i a b l e c o u n t s o f c e l l u l o l y t i cs l u d g e b a c t e r i a y i e l d e d v a l u e s a s g r e a t as 1 . 7 x1 0 5 / m l ( 1 1 ) , b u t t h i s f i g u r e w a s unusually h i g h ;o t h e r c o u n t s o f c e l l u l o l y t i c b a c t e r i a w e r e a l w a y s

i n t h e range o f 1 0 3 / m l or l o w e r ( 8 , 1 1 ) . R e c e n ts t u d i e s b y T o r i e n ( 1 5 ) d i d n o t i n c l u d e q u a n t i t a -t i v e d a t a .

T h e m e t h a n o g e n i c b a c t e r i a are r e s t r i c t e d t o

t h e d i s s i m i l a t i o n o f c e r t a i n o r g a n i c a c i d s a n da l c o h o l s ( 1 ) . T h e r e c e n t f i n d i n g s o f B r y a n t e t a l .( B a c t e r i o l . P r o c . , p . 1 9 , 1 9 6 7 ) o f a n o r g a n i s m

g r o w i n g i n c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h a n d a c c o u n t i n g

f o r t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e e t h y l a l c o h o l - n o n o x i d i z i n g

M e t h a n o b a c i l l u s o m e l i a n s k i i t o o x i d i z e e t h y l a l -c o h o l may l e a d t o t h e d i s c l o s u r e o f o t h e r b a c -

t e r i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h i c h f u r t h e r r e d u c e t h erange o f m e t h a n o g e n i c s u b s t r a t e s . T h u s , t h e r o l eo f n o n m e t h a n o g e n i c s l u d g e a n a e r o b e s b e c o m e s

o f i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e b e c a u s e o f t h e i r g r e a t e rp h y s i o l o g i c a l d i v e r s i t y . T h e i n i t i a l s u b s t r a t e sp r e s e n t i n s l u d g e are c o m p l e x o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d sn o t known t o b e m e t a b o l i z e d b y m e t h a n e b a c -

t e r i a . T h e r e i s a p p a r e n t l y a d e p e n d e n c y o f t h e s e

l a t t e r o r g a n i s m s on t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n p r o d u c t s

p r o d u c e d b y t h e d i s s i m i l a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l s u b -

s t r a t e s b y t h e n o n m e t h a n o g e n i c o r g a n i s m s . I t

s e e m s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e m e t h a n e o r g a n i s m sw i t h

t h e i r p r e s u m e d narrow s u b s t r a t e s p e c i f i c i t y w o u l d

b e t h e o n l y p r e d o m i n a n t group o f a n a e r o b e s .

M A T E R I 4 L S AND METHODS

S l u d g e . A l a b o r a t o r y d i g e s t e r w a s i n o c u l a t e d w i t h

s l u d g e f r o m t h e p r i m a r y d i g e s t e r o f t h e T h i r d Fork

s e w age p l a n t a t D u r h a m , N . C . ; t h i s p l a n t t r e a t s

358

V o l . 1 6 , N o . 2

P r i n t e d i n U . S . A .

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8/6/2019 Microbiology of Anaerobic Sludge Fermentation

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ANAEROBIC SLUDGE FERMENTATION

s e w a g e p r i m a r i l y o f d o m e s t i c o r i g i n . An 8 - l i t e r b o t t l ew i t h g a s , s a m p l e , a n d f e e d p o r t s s e r v e d a s t h e r e -

c e p t a c l e ; i t was f i t t e d w i t h an a i r t i g h t s e a l t h r o u g h

w h i c h a s t a i n l e s s - s t e e l s h a f t a n d p r o p e l l e r w e r e i n -s e r t e d . T h e s h a f t was c o n n e c t e d t o a 116 h p motor,

a n d t h e s l u d g e w a s s t i r r e d a t h o u r l y i n t e r v a l s f o r 5

m i n a t a t i m e . Gas was p r o d u c e d a t t h e r a t e o f ap-

p r o x i m a t e l y 3 . 5 l i t e r s pe r d a y and c o n t a i n e d a b o u t

65% m e t h a n e . A l l o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s were t h e same as

p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d b y S m i t h a n d Ma h ( 1 4 ) .M e d i a . Rumen f l u i d was t e s t e d b e c a u s e i t c o n t a i n s

f a t t y a c i d s a n d u n i d e n t i f i e d g r o w t h f a c t o r s necessary

f o r c u l t u r i n g f a s t i d i o u s a n a e r o b e s ( 1 0 ) . T h e i n o r g a n i c

s a l t s s o l u t i o n was t h a t r e p o r t e d b y S m i t h ( 1 3 ) . I t

w a s u s e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g m e d i a :

rumen supematant f r a c t i o n , s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t

f r a c t i o n , a n d t h e a n a e r o b i c s y n t h e t i c m e d i u m ( S M )

o f C a l d w e l l a n d B r y a n t ( 3 ) . A 1 . 5 % agar medium

c o n t a i n i n g 33% ( v / v ) c l a r i f i e drumen

f l u i d i n i n o r g a n i cs a l t s s o l u t i o n w a s l a t e r s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h 0 . 0 1 %g l u c o s e ( 2 ) . P r i o r t o u s e , t h e rumen f l u i d w a s cen-

t r i f u g e d f o r 2 0 m i n a t 3 6 , 4 0 0 X g . T h e gas a t m o s p h e r ew a s 70% N2-30% C O 2 , a n d t h e medium was b u f f e r e dw i t h 0 . 4 % NaHCO3 a t a b o u t pH 6 . 8 t o 7 . 0 ; 3 . 0 X

1 0 - 5 % r e s a z u r i n s e r v e d as o x i d a t i o n - r e d u c t i o n i n -d i c a t o r a n d 0 . 0 5 % c y s t e i n e a n d 0 . 0 2 5 % N a 2 S as

r e d u c i n g a g e n t s . C y s t e i n e w a s a d d e d d u r i n g t h e

p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e m e d i u m ; N a 2 S w a s a d d e d j u s tb e f o r e i n o c u l a t i o n . I n t h e h a b i t a t - s i m u l a t i n g m e d i u m ,s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t f l u i d w a s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e

r u m e n f l u i d ; o t h e r c o n s t i t u e n t s w e r e t h e s a m e . S l u d g e

s u p e r n a t a n t b r o t h w a s s i m i l a r e x c e p t f o r o m i s s i o n o fagar. The s y n t h e t i c m e d i u m o f C a l d w e l l a n d B r y a n t

( 3 ) w a s m o d i f i e d b y t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f t h e i n o r g a n i c

s a l t s u s e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s two m e d i a . N u t r i e n t agar

a n d E M B ( D i f c o ) w e r e a l s o e x a m i n e d u n d e r an-

a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s .

C u l t u r e m e t h o d . Th e a n a e r o b i c p r o c e d u r e u s e d was

t h e r o l l - t u b e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d b y H u n g a t e ( 8 ) .P r i o r t o i n o c u l a t i o n , t h e s l u d g e w a s m i x e d v i g o r o u s l y

f o r 1 m i n u n d e r a n a e r o b i c c o n c i i t i o n s b y u se o f a

b l e n d o r . A 1 - m l i n o c u l u m was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o 9 m lo f s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t b r o t h a n d a d e c i m a l d i l u t i o nw a s m a d e . M e d i a t o b e t e s t e d w e r e i n o c u l a t e d w i t h

0 . 5 m l o f b r o t h f r o m t h e same t u b e a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e

d i l u t i o n s . B e c a u s e o f t h e s l o w g r o w t h r a t e s e x h i b i t e db y t h e s l u d g e o r g a n i s m s , i t was necessary t o i n c u b a t e

f o r e x t e n d e d t i m e p e r i o d s ( u p t o 6 w e e k s ) . F o r a e r o b i cc o u n t s , p l a t e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d i n a h u m i d c h a m b e r ;

t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f i n c u b a t i o n was 3 5 C .

D i r e c t c o u n t s . T o t a l c o u n t s w e r e made b y u s e o f a

P e t r o f f - H a u s e r c o u n t i n g c h a m b e r a n d a Z e i s s p h a s e -

c o n t r a s t m i c r o s c o p e a t 6 0 0 a n d 1 , 2 0 0 X. T h e s a m p l e s

w e r e d i l u t e d i n p h y s i o l o g i c a l s a l i n e a n d b l e n d e d f o r 1

m i n prior t o c o u n t i n g .

R E S U L T S

N u m b e r s o f a n a e r o b i c s l u d g e b a c t e r i a were

e s t i m a t e d b y d e c i m a l d i l u t i o n i n b r o t h f o l l ow e d

b y i n o c u l a t i o n i n t o v a r i o u s agar m e d i a . C o l o n yc o u n t s w e r e made on a l l a n a e r o b i c c u l t u r e s a f t e ri n c u b a t i o n f o r 5 t o 7 d a y s a n d a g a i n a f t e r 4 t o 5

w e e k s . D u p l i c a t e t u b e s c o n t a i n i n g b e t w e e n 3 0

a n d 3 0 0 c o l o n i e s w e r e c o u n t e d . T h e d i f f e r e n c ei n c o u n t s b e t w e e n s u c c e s s i v e t u b e s i n t h e same

d e c i m a l d i l u t i o n s e r i e s w a s a l w a y s 1 0 - f o l d a t t h eh i g h e r d i l u t i o n s . T a b l e 1 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f

c o u n t s o b t a i n e d i n rumen f l u i d , t h e SM m e d i u m ,a n d v a r y i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t

f l u i d . A l l m e d i a i n e a c h gro up r e c e i v e d t h e s a m e

i n o c u l u m . I n g r o u p 1 , t h e m e d i a w e r e t e s t e di n t h e presence a n d a b s e nc e o f l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n so f g l u c o s e . D i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m e d i a w i t h a n dw i t h o u t g l u c o s e w e r e n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 - f o l d .H o w e v e r , s i n c e g l u c o s e s u p p o r t e d a more r a p i d

d e v e l o p m e n t o f c o l o n i e s , i t was s u b s e q u e n t l y

e m p l o y e d i n o t h e r m e d i a . A c o m p a r i s o n o f 1 5 ,3 3 , a n d 50% s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n si n t h e m e d i a y i e l d e d s i m i l a r c o u n t s . T h e d i f f e r -

T A B L E 1 . A n a e r o b i c v i a b l e c o u n t s f r o m l a b o r a t o r y d i g e s t e r i n o c u l u m

N o . o f c e l l s / m l

M e d i u m 5 - 7 d a y s 4 - 5 w e e k s

No g l u c o s e 0 . 0 1 % G l u c o s e No g l u c o s e 0 . 0 1 % G l u c o s e

G r o u p 1

1 5 % S S a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5 X 1 0 8 2 . 0 X 1 0 8 1 . 9 X 1 0 9 2 . 0 X 1 0 93 3 % S S .................... 1 . 3 X 1 0 8 1 . 9 X 1 0 8 1 . 6 X 1 0 9 1 . 6 X 1 0 95 0 % S S .................... 5 4 X 1 0 7 1 . 8 X 1 0 8 1 . 6 X 1 0 9 1 . 5 X 1 0 9

3 3 % r u m e n f l u i d ........... 1 . 4 X 1 0 8 1 . 5 X 1 0 8 1 . 4 X 1 0 9 1 . 0 x 1 0 9

Group 2

SMb.............

1 . 2 X 1 0 8 2 . 3 X 1 0 833% S S 9 . 9 X 1 0 7 1 . 8 X 1 0 8G r o u p 3SM 1 . 6 X 1 0 8 1 . 0 x 1 0 93 3 % S S.................... 1 . 3 X 1 0 8 4 . 6 X 1 0 8

a S S = s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t m e d i u m .b SM s y n t h e t i c m e d i u m .

V O L . 1 6 , 1 9 6 8 3 5 9

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MAH AND SUSSMAN

e n c e s o b s e r v e d w e r e s m a l l e n o u g h t h a t d a t a f r o m

l a r g e r n u m b e r s o f s a m p l e s w o u l d h a v e t o b e

s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n a l y z e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e y

w e r e a c t u a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e c o u n t s o b t a i n e d

w i t h 3 3 % r u m e n f l u i d w e r e a l s o i n t h e s a m e r a n g e .

I g n o r i n g t h e s e s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s , t h e 33% s l u d g es u p e r n a t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s s e l e c t e d f o r c o m -p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r m e d i a . I n t w o o t h e r e x p e r i -m e n t s ( T a b l e 1 ) , c o u n t s o n 33% s l u d g e s u p e r n a -

t a n t f l u i d w e r e c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d o n

SM m e d i u m . T h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d n o g r o s sd i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o m e d i a .

T a b l e 2 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f e x p e r i m e n t s i nw h i c h t h e s a m e i n o c u l u m w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n t oa n a e r o b i c a s w e l l a s a e r o b i c m e d i a . I n g r o u p 1 ,s l u d g e m e d i u m w a s c o m p a r e d w i t h n u t r i e n t a g a r

a n d E M B u n d e r a n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s . T h e

s l u d g e m e d i u m w a s a l s o t e s t e d u n d e r a e r o b i cc o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e s a m e m e d i a w e r e c o m p a r e dw i t h a s e c o n d i n o c u l u m ( g r o u p 2 ) ; i n a d d i t i o n ,a e r o b i c c o u n t s w e r e m a d e o n b o t h s l u d g e s u p e r n a -

t a n t m e d i u m a n d n u t r i e n t a g a r . I n b o t h g r o u p s ,t h e a n a e r o b i c c o u n t s o n n u t r i e n t a g a r w e r e

s u r p r i s i n g l y h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o n s l u d g e m e d i a

a f t e r 5 d a y s o f i n c u b a t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e t e r m i n a lc o u n t s a f t e r 5 w e e k s o f i n c u b a t i o n s h o w e d e q u i v a -l e n t o r b e t t e r g r o w t h o n s l u d g e m e d i a . T h e

a n a e r o b i c E M B c o u n t s w e r e a b o u t 1 0 t i m e s

l o w e r . A l l c o u n t s o b t a i n e d u n d e r a e r o b i c c o n d i -

T A B L E 2 . C o m p a r i s o n o f a n a e r o b i c a n i d a e r o b i c

v i a b l e c o u n t s o f l a b o r a t o r y d i g e s t e r i n o c u l u m

M e d i a

Group 1

33% S S G a .N u t r i e n t a g a r .

E M B . . . . . . . .

33% SSG.Group 2

33% SSG.N u t r i e n t a g a r .EM B . . . . . . .

3 3 % 0 S S G . . . . .N u t r i e n t a g a r .

Group 333% SSG.

33% SSG.E M B . . . . . . . .

Group 4

33% SSG..N u t r i e n t a g a r .E M B . . . . . . . .

N o . o f c e l l s / m l

A n a e r o b i c

5 - 7 d a y s 4 - 5 w e e k s

8 . 3 X 1 0 71 . 2 X 1 0 82 . 1 X 1 0 7

9 . 6 X 1 0 72 . 0 X 1 0 89 . 0 X 1 0 7

1 . 3 X 1 0 93 . 8 X 1 0 88 . 0 X 1 0 7

6 . 5 X 1 0 86 . 5 X 1 0 89 . 3 X 1 0 7

5 . 5 X 1 0 7 7 . 8 X 1 0 8

1 . 4 X 1 0 8 I 1 . 0 X 1 0 9

a SSG =s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t g l u c o s e .

A e r o b i c

5 - 1 1 d a y s

2 . 0 X 1 0 5

T A B L E 3 . V i a b l e c o u n t s o f a n a e r o b i c a n d a e r o b i c

o r g a n i s m s f r o m t r e a t m e n t p l a n t i n o c u l u m

N o . o f c e l l s / m l

M e d i a A n a e r o b i c A e r o b i c

1 w e e k 6 w e e k s 6 w e e k s

Group 1

3 3 % SSGa. 3 . 3 X 1 0 7 1 . 2 X 1 0 83 3 % r u m e n

f l u i d . . . . . . . . 4 . 0 X 1 0 7 1 . 3 X 1 0 8SMb . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 2 X 1 0 7 1 . 4 X 1 0 8 2 . 3 X 1 0 6N u t r i e n t a g a r . 4 . 0 X 1 0 7 9 . 2 X 1 0 7 1 . 2 X 1 0 7

a SSG = s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t g l u c o s e .b SM = s y n t h e t i c m e d i u m .

t i o n s w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n t h o s e o b s e r v e d

u n d e r a n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s . A c o m p a r i s o n o f

a e r o b i c c o u n t s w a s m a d e o n E M B a n d s l u d g em e d i u m i n t h e g r o u p 3 i n o c u l u m , a n d o n n u t r i e n ta g a r a n d E M B i n t h e g r o u p 4 i n oc u l u m. S l u d g e

m e d i u m i n o c u l a t e d u n d e r a n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n ss e r v e d a s t h e c o n t r o l i n b o t h s a m p l e s . T h e r e s u l t ss h o w e d t h a t E MB s u p p o r t e d b e t t e r g r o w t h t h a n

s l u d g e u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , b u t t h a t n u t r i e n ta g a r a n d E M B w e r e a b o u t t h e s a m e . A n a e r o b i c

c o u n t s w e r e a g a i n 1 0 t o 1 0 0 t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n

a e r o b i c c o u n t s .T a b l e 3 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f a d i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n

o f a n a e r o b i c c o u n t s f r o m a s i n g l e i n o c u l u m t a k e n

f r o m t h e p r i m a r y d i g e s t e r o f t h e T h i r d F o r k

s e w a g e p l a n t a t D u r h a m , N . C . T h e f o l l o w i n gm e d i a w e r e i n o c u l a t e d : s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t f r a c -t i o n , r u m e n f l u i d , n u t r i e n t a g a r , a n d SM m e d i u m .A e r o b i c p l a t e c o u n t s w e r e a l s o m a d e o n n u t r i e n ta g a r a n d SM m e d i u m . A n a e r o b i c c o u n t s o n a l lf o u r m e d i a w e r e n e a r l y t h e s a m e , e x c e p t f o rn u t r i e n t a g a r w h i c h may b e s l i g h t l y l o w e r . T h e

a e r o b i c c o u n t s o n n u t r i e n t a g a r w e r e 1 0 t i m e sl o w e r t h a n t h e a n a e r o b i c c o u n t s . T h e SM m e d i u md i d n o t s u p p o r t a e r o b i c g r o w t h e q u i v a l e n t t on u t r i e n t a g a r .

D I S C U S S I O N

T h e s e l e c t i o n o f E M B a n d n u t r i e n t a g a r f o rv i a b l e c o u n t s w a s b a s e d o n p a s t r e p o r t s o f t h e

1 . 2 X 1 0 5 p r e s e n c e o f c o l i f o r m a n d a e r o b i c o r e u r y o x i c3 . 8 X 1 0 6 o r g a n i s m s . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e p r e s e n t f i n d i n g s

o n E M B , i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t c o l i f o r m s a r en o t t h e m o s t n u m e r o u s o r g a n i s m s i n t h i s h a b i t a t ,

2 6 X 1 0 7 a l t h o u g h t h e y a r e c e r t a i n l y e a s i l y d e m o n s t r a t e d .9 . 2 X 1 0 ~ O f a l l t h e m e d i a t e s t e d u n d e r a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s ,n u t r i e n t a g a r y i e l d e d t h e h i g h e s t n u m b e r o f

2 . 4 X 1 0 6 c o l o n i e s . C o u n t s o f n u t r i e n t a g a r p o u r p l a t e s2 . 1 X 1 0 6 s h o w e d t h a t t h e a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a were n o t t h e

m o s t n u m e r o u s o r g a n i s m s p r e s e n t i n t h e s l u d g ee n v i r o n m e n t .

3 6 0 A P P L . M I C R O B I O L .

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ANAEROBIC SLUDGE FERMENTATION

T h e u s e o f h a b i t a t - s i m u l a t i n g m e d i a f o re n u m e r a t i o n o f o r g a n i s m s h a s t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e

o f v a r i a b i l i t y f r o m o n e b a t c h t o a n o t h e r . How-

e v e r , u n t i l a m o r e p r e c i s e c o m p a r i s o n w i t h

s y n t h e t i c m e d i a c a n b e m a d e , s u c h m e d i a a r e

c h o s e n b e c a u s e o f t h e p r o b a b l e p r e s e n c e o f u n -known g r o w t h r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s i na n a e r o b i c v i a b l e c o u n t s o n s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t

f l u i d , r u m e n f l u i d , a n d SM m e d i a a r e n o t d e c i m a l

d i f f e r e n c e s , a n d t h e c o u n t s o b t a i n e d p r o b a b l y

r e f l e c t a f a i r l y a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e o f t h e a c t u a ln u m b e r s . A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e m o s t - p r o b a b l e -

n u m b e r m e t h o d o f u s i n g s l u d g e s u p e r n a t a n t

b r o t h t o e s t i m a t e n u m b e r s o f a n a e r o b i c o r g a n i s m s

y i e l d e d r e s u l t s i n t h e s a m e r a n g e ( 1 0 9 / r n l ) a s t h ec o l o n y c o u n t s . None o f t h e s e m e d i a w a s p u r -

p o s e l y s e l e c t i v e o f s p e c i f i c p h y s i o l o g i c a l t y p e s .A c c u r a t e , d i r e c t m i c r o s c o p i c c o u n t s a r e d i f f i -c u l t t o make i n a h e t e r o g e n e o u s s a m p l e s u c h a ss l u d g e . E s t i m a t e s f r o m s e v e r a l s a m p l e s y i e l d e dv a l u e s a t t h e l e v e l o f 1 0 1 0 / m l . T h e d i s c r e p a n c yb e t w e e n t h e d i r e c t a n d c u l t u r e ( 1 0 8 t o 1 0 9 / m l )c o u n t s may b e d u e t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f l a r g en u m b e r s o f d e a d c e l l s . Y e t , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o fi n a d e q u a t e c u l t u r e m e d i a o r t e c h n i q u e s c a n n o t

b e e x c l u d e d . S u c h a d i s c r e p a n c y a l s o e x i s t s f o rt h e b e t t e r - s t u d i e d r u m e n h a b i t a t ( 9 ) .

D e c i m a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n v i a b l e c o u n t s e x i s tamong t h e v a r i o u s s a m p l e s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h ei n o c u l u m s o u r c e , a l t h o u g h c o u n t s f r o m s a m p l e s

o f t h e l a b o r a t o r y d i g e s t e r m i g h t b e s i g n i f i c a n t l yh i g h e r t h a n t h o s e f r o m t h e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t .T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s p r o b a b l y r e f l e c t c h a n g e s d u e t o

a c t u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n c e l l n u m b e r s i n t h e n a t u r a le n v i r o n m e n t o r t o s a m p l i n g e r r o r s . S u c h f l u c t u a -t i o n s a r e n o t u n e x p e c t e d i n a h e t e r o g e n e o u s

s y s t e m o f t h i s t y p e . M o r e i m p o r t a n t , t h e r e s u l t sc o n s i s t e n t l y s h o w e d a n a n a e r o b i c v i a b l e c o u n t

1 0 t o 1 0 0 t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e a e r o b i c c o u n t ,

r e g a r d l e s s o f s a m p l e s . T h i s f i n d i n g s u p p o r t s t h eh y p o t h e s i s t h a t a n a e r o b i c o r g a n i s m s a r e p r e s e n ta t h i g h e r n u m b e r s . No a t t e m p t w a s made t o

d i s c r i m i n a t e b e t w e e n m e t h a n o g e n i c a n d n o n -

m e t h a n o g e n i c c o l o n i e s . H o w e v e r , r a n d o m i s o l a t e so f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c o l o n i e s f r o m h i g h d i l u t i o n se x h i b i t e d t h e a b i l i t y t o f e r m e n t s u g a r s ; t h i s

p r o p e r t y i s n o t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f m e t h a n e o r g a n -

i s m s . C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e s e i s o l a t e s i s i np r o g r e s s .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h e s u g g e s t i o n s a n d c r i t i c i s m s o f P a u l H . S m i t h a r eg r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d . W e w i s h t o t h a n k M r .

C l e m m o n s f o r h i s g e n e r o u s c o o p e r a t i o n .

T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s s u p p o r t e d b y P u b l i c H e a l t h

S e r v i c e g r a n t W P - 0 0 9 2 1 - 0 1 .

L I TE R A T U R E C I T E D

1 . B A R K E R , H . A . 1 9 5 6 . B a c t e r i a l f e r m e n t a t i o n s .J o h n W i l e y & S o n s , I n c . , Ne w Y o r k .

2 . B R Y A N T , M. P . , AND I . M. R O B I N S O N . 1 9 6 1 . An

i m p r o v e d n o n s e l e c t i v e c u l t u r e medium f o rr u m i n a l b a c t e r i a a n d i t s u s e i n d e t e r m i n i n g

d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n i n n u m b e r s o f b a c t e r i a i n t h e

r u m e n . J . D a i r y S c i . 4 4 : 1 4 4 6 - 1 4 5 6 .

3 . C A L D W E L L , D . R . , AND M. P . B R Y A N T . 1 9 6 6 .Medium w i t h o u t r u m e n f l u i d f o r n o n s e l e c t i v ee n u m e r a t i o n a n d i s o l a t i o n o f r u m e n b a c t e r i a .A p p l . M i c r o b i o l . 1 4 : 7 9 4 - 8 0 1 .

4 . C O O K S O N , J . T . , AND N . C . B U R B A N K . 1 9 6 5 . I s o l a -t i o n a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a n a e r o b i c a n d f a c u l t a -t i v e b a c t e r i a p r e s e n t i n t h e d i g e s t i o n p r o c e s s .

J . W a t e r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l F e d e r a t i o n 3 7 :8 2 2 - 8 4 1 .

5 . D I R A S I A N , H . A . , A . H . M O L O F , AND J . A .

B O R C H A R D T . 1 9 6 3 . E l e c t r o d e p o t e n t i a l s d e -v e l o p e d d u r i n g s l u d g e d i g e s t i o n . J . W a t e rP o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l F e d e r a t i o n 3 5 : 4 2 4 - 4 3 9 .

6 . H E U K E L E K I A N , H . , AND B . H E I N E M A N . 1 9 3 9 .S t u d i e s o n m e t h a n e p r o d u c i n g b a c t e r i a . I I .E n u m e r a t i o n i n d i g e s t i n g s e w a g e s o l i d s . S e w a g eWorks J . 1 1 : 4 3 6 - 4 4 4 .

7 . H O T C H K I S S , M . 1 9 2 5 . F a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h eb a c t e r i a l f l o r a o f a n I m h o f f t a n k . J . Am. P u b l i c

H e a l t h A s s o c . 1 5 : 7 0 2 - 7 0 4 .

8 . H U N G A T E , R . E . 1 9 5 0 . T h e a n a e r o b i c m e s o p h i l i cc e l l u l o l y t i c b a c t e r i a . B a c t e r i o l . R e v . 1 4 : 1 - 4 9 .

9 . H U N G A T E , R . E . 1 9 6 0 . S y m p o s i u m : S e l e c t e dt o p i c s i n m i c r o b i a l e c o l o g y . I . M i c r o b i a l

e c o l o g y o f t h e r u m e n . B a c t e r i o l . R e v . 2 4 : 3 5 3 -

3 6 4 .1 0 . H U N G A T E , R . E . 1 9 6 6 . T h e rumen a n d i t s m i -

c r o b e s . A c a d e m i c P r e s s , I n c . , Ne w Y o r k .

1 1 . M A K I , L . R . 1 9 5 4 . E x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e m i c r o -

b i o l o g y o f c e l l u l o s e d e c o m p o s i t i o n i n a m u n i c i -

p a l s e w a g e p l a n t . A n t o n i e v a n L e e u w e n h o e k J .M i c r o b i o l . S e r o l . 2 0 : 1 8 5 - 2 0 0 .

1 2 . S M I T H , P . H . 1 9 6 6 . T h e m i c r o b i a l e c o l o g y o fs l u d g e m e t h a n o g e n e s i s , p . 1 5 6 - 1 6 1 . I n P u b l i c a -t i o n o f S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l M i c r o b i o l o g y ,D e v e l o p m e n t s i n i n d u s t r i a l m i c r o b i o l o g y .A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s ,W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

1 3 . S M I T H , P . H . 1 9 6 5 . P u r e c u l t u r e s t u d i e s o f m e t h -

a n o g e n i c b a c t e r i a . P r o c . I n d . W a s t e C o n f . ,2 0 t h , P u r d u e U n i v . , L a f a y e t t e , I n d . 2 0 : 5 8 3 - 5 8 8 .

1 4 . S M I T H , P . H . , AND R . A . MAH. 1 9 6 6 . K i n e t i c s o fa c e t a t e m e t a b o l i s m d u r i n g s l u d g e d i g e s t i o n .A p p l . M i c r o b i o l . 1 4 : 3 6 8 - 3 7 1 .

1 5 . T O R I E N , D . F . 1 9 6 7 . D i r e c t - i s o l a t i o n s t u d i e s on

t h e a e r o b i c a n d f a c u l t a t i v e a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a lf l o r a o f a n a e r o b i c d i g e s t e r s r e c e i v i n g r a w

s e w a g e s l u d g e . W a t e r R e s . 1 : 5 5 - 5 9 .

V O L . 1 6 , 1 9 6 8 3 6 1