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MICHIGAN’S SAND DUNES

Geological Survey DivisionPamplet 7

By Steven E. Wilson Lansing, Michigan

Copyright © 2001 by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological Survey Division (GSD).The DEQ GSD grants permission to publish or reproduce this document, all or in part, for non-profit purposes.The contents of this electronic document (whole or in part) can be used if, and only if, additional fees are notassociated with the use or distribution of this document and credit is given to the DEQ GSD and the author(s).This copyright statement must appear in any and all electronic or print documents using this file or any partthereof.

MI DEQ GSD - Michigan’s Sand Dunes - PA 07.PDF page 2 of 12

Geological Survey DivisionPamplet 7

AN MICHIGAN’S STUDY OF COASTALSAND DUNE MINING IN MICHIGAN

By Steven E. WilsonLansing, Michigan, 1979, 2000

Copyright © 2001 by the Michigan Department of EnvironmentalQuality (DEQ) Geological Survey Division (GSD). The DEQ GSDgrants permission to publish or reproduce this document, all or inpart, for non-profit purposes. The contents of this electronicdocument (whole or in part) can be used if, and only if, additionalfees are not associated with the use or distribution of thisdocument and credit is given to the DEQ GSD and the author(s).This copyright statement must appear in any and all electronicor print documents using this file or any part thereof.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION....................................................... 2WHAT IS SAND?...................................................... 2WHAT ARE SAND DUNES?.................................... 2HOW ARE SAND DUNES FORMED? ..................... 2WHERE DO WE FIND SAND DUNES? ................... 4WHY ARE SAND DUNES FOUND IN

MICHIGAN? ................................................. 6DUNE CYCLES......................................................... 7USES OF DUNE SAND ............................................ 8DUNE ENVIRONMENT............................................. 9SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY................................. 11OTHER THINGS TO LOOK FOR AT THE DUNES 12

INTRODUCTIONMore and more, "natural resource" is becoming ahousehold word. Increasingly, we have become awareof the importance of our natural resources and some ofthe problems relating to wise resource development,management and use. A major point to remember isthat some resources are non-renewable. That is, theycannot be replaced, replanted or regrown. InMichigan, one non-renewable resource is commonlyoverlooked - or even taken for granted. The resourceis sand. In particular, sand dune sand. Sand dunesare a natural wonder with beauty and majesty all theirown. However, when you know more about the dunes,they take on even greater significance. Once you learnabout the complex, dynamic dune ecosystem, you willappreciate dunes even more. Because of the highdemand for Michigan dune sand and its unique

character it is the subject of many in-depth technicalreports. This pamphlet is designed to introduceMichigan's Sand Dunes to you.

WHAT IS SAND? Before we try to describe a sand dune, we need toknow what sand is. This question does not have asimple answer. The designation "sand" does not referto how the material was formed or what it is made of.Sand can, and does, come from all three major rocktypes: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. Sandcan be primarily one mineral or material, or it can be amixture. However, in the most general sense sand isconsidered any loose, granular material having grainswhich are sand sized. Technically, sand is restricted toparticles ranging from 0.0625 to 2.0 millimeters indiameter. That is a vast range of sizes. Many peoplehave tried to define sand more precisely. It should bekept in mind that characteristics of sand may varygreatly within a deposit.

Additional confusion arises because the term sand isused to describe a deposit or area, regardless ofparticle size. To a geologist the term would beimproperly used if 50 percent or more of the grains arenot sand size. In summary, it should be pointed outthat there are more than 100 terms which apply tosand and sandstone (the major rock formed fromsand).

WHAT ARE SAND DUNES?Sand dunes are mounds of windblown sand which varygreatly in size, from less than one meter to tens ofmeters high. The size depends upon the supply ofsand. There is even greater variation in the areacovered by dunes. In Michigan, the smallestdimension is usually the distance from the shoreinland. Many of the more recognizable dune forms areridges or complexes of mounds or crescents. Theshape of individual dunes is equally variable. Shaperelates to the direction and strength of the wind formingit, as well as to the amount of sand available.

HOW ARE SAND DUNES FORMED?Sand dunes can and do form in many areas. However,some requirements must be met. Required elementsare: I) a source of dry sand, 2) a means to sort andtransport the sand, and 3) a land area on which todeposit the sand. Recent studies indicate that a supplyof dry sand is the most important factor. The means oftransporting and sorting are not rare or out of theordinary. Running water and normal winds can do this.Strong winds or water action cannot initiate duneformation without a supply of sand. As mentioned, thesize and shape of a dune depend on the wind and


amount of sand available. The amount of sand beingequal, wind conditions have a strong influence on theshape of a dune field. Constant winds tend to formmore regularly shaped dunes or even long ridges.Irregular or changing wind directions result in irregular-shaped dunes.

The sand making up Michigan's dunes is almost allone mineral - quartz. However, there are duneselsewhere in the world which are made primarily ofother minerals, such as calcite or gypsum. Becausesand dunes are wind-laid deposits, they are formed inlayers (stratified). Furthermore, the general shape of a

Idealized parabolic dune

Dune platform

Overriding dunes

En echelon and overlapping dunes

Domal dunes

Association of various dune forms

dune results in two different sets of beds. There is agently sloping windward set of beds and a moresteeply sloping downwind set. At times, the dunesmove or migrate. This movement results in cross-bedding of the sand layers. The cross-bedding foundin sand dunes helps geologists to distinguish dunedeposits from other landforms.

Because quartz grains can form from a number ofdifferent rocks, the original source of the quartz dunesand cannot be singled out. It should be noted thatrelatively few bedrock outcrops occur in Michigan.Instead, glacial drift almost completely covers theState. Therefore, one can safely assume that sand forthe dunes comes from the drift. Yet, much of the sandfound in drift is mixed with a variety of other particles,


from clay to cobble size. The drift is eroded,transported, sorted and redeposited by water - therunning water of a river or the pounding surf of abeach. Water tends to concentrate sand-sizedparticles in particular areas.

Continued erosion and transportation of sandreplenishes the sand blown into the dune. As long asmore sand is supplied, the dunes will continue to grow.When the supply diminishes, the dunes are likely tostabilize, or at least stop growing. Places where sandaccumulates are numerous in near-shoreenvironments. You may have noticed this along manyof the lovely beaches. Sand, if available, accumulateson the beach as well as out into the lake to a varyingdegree.

The size range of sand grains that make up dunes isremarkably close. This is because grains that aresmaller-than-sand-size (silt or clays) are carried fartheraway by the action of wind and water. Grains orstones that are larger-than-sand-size (pebbles,cobbles, boulders, and the like) are left behind. Whenenough of the larger materials (usually small toconfused with tubes formed around the roots of plantsgrowing on the dunes. An easy test will distinguish afulgerite from a root cast. Place the specimen in acontainer of vinegar. If it fizzes and falls apart, it was aroot cast. The cementing material was dissolved bythe slightly acid vinegar. However, if the specimen is afulgerite, it will not be affected to any great extent bythe vinegar bath.

medium size stones, 10 mm or more) are left behind, arock pavement or lag gravel is formed. This caneffectively stop further erosion of sand. The larger,immobile stones cover the sand, preventing furthermovement.The dunes leave their inprint on the thingsaround them. One common artifact of the sand dunesis a windkanter or ventifact. Much of the sand movedby wind bounces along very close to the surface. Thisbouncing movement is called saltation or traction.Sand moving in this manner is very abrasive. Thewind carrying its load sandblasts the stones. Thisresults in the development of flattened to slightlyrounded, highly polished faces on the stones. One ormore faces can develop on a single ventifact. Studiesof the orientation of ventif act surfaces help to indicatethe prevailing wind directions in a dune field.

Also found in sand dunes are fulgerites. These aretubes of fused sand, formed when lightning hits thesand. The tremendous heat and energy releasedwhen lightning strikes the sand welds the grainstogether. (Temperature exceeds l,7000C.) Fulgeritesare rather fragile and hard to find. They are easily confused with tubes formed around the roots of plants growing on the dunes. An easy test will distinguish a fulgerite from a root cast. Place the specimen in a container of vinegar. If it fizzes and falls apart, it was a root cast. The cementing material was dissolved by the slightly acid vinegar.

WHERE DO WE FIND SAND DUNES?In Michigan, sand dunes are found along much of theshoreline of the Great Lakes. The best known andmost studied Michigan sand dune areas are alongLake Michigan. Here, the supply of dry sorted sandand a prevailing wind direction toward land lead todune development. However, close inspection showsthat some of the dunes or dune-like structures are notclose to today's lake shoreline. These inland dunesreflect previous dune-forming conditions. These dunesare a result of massive ice sheets which coveredMichigan, and much of North America, during whatgeologists call the Pleistocene Epoch, some 1,800,000years ago. Glaciers transported sand and othermaterials and deposited them as glacial drift. Largemasses of glacial ice gouged out the basins that nowconfine the Great Lakes.

However, the glaciers did not simply advance andretreat. Instead, a complex sequence of advances andretreats occurred. These fluctuations had great impacton the landforms. At times drift was deposited, formingbarriers which ponded meltwaters in large lakes.When the barriers were eroded or otherwise breached,lake levels changed. When the water level dropped,sand deposits could dry out and then be blown intodunes. Therefore, one can find dunes along theancient lake shores where sand accumulated. Yet, thesupply of sand, water and wind varied greatly fromarea to area. The distribution of dune landformsusually implies the existence of an old beach.However, the absence of dunes does not necessarilymean a beach did not exist.

In some places in Michigan, dunes formed on top ofthe glacial drift. These dunes are called percheddunes. As the water level changed and migrated, sodid the dunes. If the shoreline retreated, the duneswere more likely to stabilize. And, if conditions wereproper, new dunes formed along the new shoreline.The older dunes, formed at a higher lake level,remained on the glacial drift. If the shoreline lateradvanced with a rising lake level, the older stablebeach lines and bluffs were eroded. Through time,erosion might cut through a dune and the underlyingdrift. If you were there, you might see the cross-bedding which records migration of the dune, as wellas see the glacial drift which had not been sorted toprovide sand for even more or larger dunes. Ventifactsare common in eroded perched dune areas.


Unsorted sand and gravel as it was left by theglaciers almost I million years ago.

A ventifact showing sandblasted faces.

Grains of sand from a dune as seen by scanningelectron microscope.

Fulgerites form when lightning hits sand and fusesthe grains together.


WHY ARE SAND DUNES FOUND INMICHIGAN?

When you think of sand dunes, you commonlyassociate them with the desert. If Michigan is not adesert, then why do we find dunes here? The answerlies in the Great Lakes, primarily Lakes Michigan,Superior and Huron. All along the shores of thesebeautiful lakes, wave action sorts the sediments in thenear-shore area. As the waves pound the beach,much of the finer-than-sand-sized materials are carriedout into deeper water while the sand-sized grains andlarger particles and pebbles are moved nearer to thebeach. During storms, large quantities of sand aremoved past the beach. Eventually these piles dry out.Until the sand dries, water between the grains holdsthe sand together. The adhesive quality of the watermakes the sand temporarily immobile. The adhesiondoes not remain after the sand dries. The dry sandcan then be transported and winnowed by the wind.The wind carries the sand inland, where it is depositedas a dune.

A plant or some other object may deflect the wind. Thedeflection causes the wind velocity to decrease, andthe sand is dropped or deposited. This leads to theformation of a larger and larger mound that willeventually become a dune. In time the mound maybecome big enough to cover the object that started itsformation.

In Michigan the supply of sand is not constant. So, intime, the dunes become covered with grasses andother forms of vegetation - even trees. In fact, some ofMichigan's sand dunes look more like "tree dunes".The climate encourages this vegetative cover. Thepresence of ground water near the surface furtherpromotes vegetation. When vegetative cover preventsthe wind from moving the sand, the dunes arestabilized.

However, if the protective vegetation is removed, or ifthere are exceptionally high winds or the groundwaterlevel drops, the sand is exposed to wind erosion, andmovement or migration begins again. The area wheremigration begins is called a blowout. Renewed dunemovement can bury anything in its path, even theforests which once may have stabilized the dune. Anexample of a buried forest can be seen at SleepingBear Dunes National Park.

Michigan area 16,000 years ago






Michigan area 4,500 to 3,500 years ago

DUNE CYCLESAside from human impact, many natural occurrencesalter dune environmental balances. The peaks andlows of the phenomena are cyclic. These cycles areseasonal, annual and multiple-year in duration. Thechanges are seen directly as fluctuations in the level ofthe Great Lakes and indirectly in the level of the watertable (the depth to which the underground is saturatedwith water). Both of these changes affect thevegetation that stabilizes the dunes.

Yearly fluctuations in the Great Lakes average aboutone-half meter. Maximum lake level occurs in July,and minimum in f December. The annual fluctuation oflake level has little impact on the near-shore sandsupply. This is because the extremes usually occur inmid season. As a result the influence of storms isminimal. Storms which occur at these times areusually not too severe nor do they last long. Theprincipal activity during annual lake level fluctuation issorting and accumulation of sand. Only limited erosionoccurs.

Fluctuations in lake level of more than one-half meteroccur over a longer period. This period is roughly 10years and reflects differences of as much as 2 meters.High levels result in increased wave activity over awider area. Increased wave action has significantimpact on the dunes. The overall effect is an.alternation of erosion and deposition along thebeaches. During high water levels the average beachline is eroded. During low water periods depositionoccurs, possibly even creating an extension of thebeach into the lake. In some areas this difference inbeach levels is as much as 50 meters or more. Whenthe water level is high, at times even previouslyunexposed glacial deposits or older sand dunes maybe eroded.

When the water level drops, the shoreline retreats andthe water table drops, too. This exposes a new supplyof dry sand to the wind. New dunes may result, and insome cases older stabilized dunes may become activeonce again. When the water table rises, much of thesand supply is covered, and a blowout in an older dunemay become partially stabilized. At this timevegetation may re-establish relative stability to theblowout area. Fluctuations in the water table mirror thecycles seen in water levels of the Great Lakes.


Dunes like these near Houghton Lake can be foundfar from current Great Lake beaches.

The changing of the seasons only add to thebeauty of the sand dunes.

USES OF DUNE SANDDune sand has a number of uses. The size,uniformity, chemical purity and nature of dune sandmake it a singular resource. The demand for thisresource is increasing, because of an increase in thenumber of products using dune sand and becauseother new uses have been developed.

The major use of dune sand is in foundries. The sandis used to make molds and cores. The molds are usedto form metal into a variety of shapes. Core sand fillsthe spaces where metal is not needed or wanted. Therequirements are very demanding. Dune sand isparticularly suited to foundry use because I) it canwithstand the high temperatures (from 1,3000C tol,7000C) of the molten metal, 2) it can withstandassociated pressure, 3) gasses can escape throughthe sand, and 4) the sand has the proper texture andcomposition to make a smooth casting and does notreact with the metal. Sand properties are checkedregularly in most foundries. At best, the sand can berecycled only about twice before it can no longer beused and becomes a waste product. With treatment,these sands can be used as landfill in some cases.

Silica (quartz) sand is also used in glass manufacture.Quartz comprises 50 to 65 percent of the mix used tomake glass. The high purity of dune sand makes itespecially useful in some glass manufacturing.

Railroads use large amounts of sand to improvetraction on wet or slippery rails. Sand is used insandblasting. The floors of some large open hearthfurnaces are lined with silica sand. Sand is anexcellent filter for removing sediment and bacteria fromwater.

One area of increased use of sand is in fiberglassmanufacturing. Fiberglass is used to reinforce manyplastic products. These products are enjoyingincreased use in processes where lightweightcorrosion-resistant materials are desirable. Boats, carsand airplanes are some of the products findingincreased uses for fiberglass.

The petroleum industry also uses sand. Underpressure, sand is injected into an oil well. The sandgoes into the cracks and crevices where the oil istrapped. When the pressure is released, the sandhelps hold the cracks open. When this process works,oil production can be increased greatly. The process iscalled sand-fracturing.

The chemical purity of sand also makes it useful as amaterial to alloy with various metals. These hybridmetals are in wide use today with possibilities for evenmore uses in the future. All of the uses relate to theunique properties of the quartz-pure dune sand.

These numerous demands for sand require mining ofour dunes and other sand resources. Michigan is one


of the largest producers of dune sand in the UnitedStates. Demand appears to be increasing. Yet, thesupply is nonrenewable and decreasing. What is theanswer? There is no simple, easy answer. However,the solution will involve 1) wise management and useof existing supply, 2) development of techniques whichcan use other materials, and 3) recycling materialsmade from dune sand. By application of these ideasthe resource will serve more people longer.

Water level fluctuations recorded for LakeMichigan from 1940 to 1970

Record high and low water levels month by monthfor Lake Michigan through 1970.

DUNE ENVIRONMENTMany people think of dunes as a kind of desert, anddunes do form in desert areas. However, Michigan'sGreat Lakes shoreline is not even remotely related to adesert environment. 'In fact, the shoreline receiveslarge amounts of rainfall. The rainfall and relativelyhigh water table help to stabilize the dunes. Someplants common in dunes may be rare or absentelsewhere, particularly in dryer upland areas.Furthermore, there is a great diversity of animal life inthe dune ecology. Every major type of land-dwellinganimal in Michigan can be found in the dune areas.The dunes are special and one of a kind in manyrespects. One unique feature is that they arecommonly part of the migratory flyway for many birds.When you can take the time to look and be patient, youwill be astonished by the diversity of the dune ecology.

Sand dunes are unique. They are a limited, non-renewable resource. The dune ecosystem is not static;it is dynamic, and many factors can readily changeexisting balances. The impacts of human activitiesshould be such that they do not eliminate the dunes.Dune sand is a unique resource base for manyindustries. The dunes are lovely to visit or a nice placeto live in. Our recreation and lifestyle have to adapt tothe dunes. The dunes cannot adapt to us, particularlyto any misuse by us. If we treat them with respect,there is hope for the dunes.

Metal parts (engine crankshafts) made from dunesand molds


Who is responsible for sand dunes? We all are. We allhave to protect this dynamic environment. It must bemanaged and developed responsibly. Man can live inharmony with the environment. Balance must bestruck among industry, recreation, urbanization andwilderness.

On July 30, 1976, Governor William G. Milliken signedinto law the Sand Dune Protection and ManagementAct (Act Number I 222, Public Acts of 1976; MichiganCompiled Laws 281.651-281.664). This legislation isdirected toward management of the mining of sandfrom dune areas. The statute gives the DNR authorityto assure the wise management of this non-renewableresource. All new mining in sand dune areas will bereviewed and the potential impacts on the environmentwill be evaluated. Miners are required to reclaim thesite when mining is completed. Severalcomprehensive studies are required by this law to helpensure that proper decisions are made. The DNR isresponsible for making the rules necessary to carry outthe law. Central to the process is designating a sanddune area. The law defines a sand dune area as “anarea which includes those geomorphic featurescomposed primarily of sand, whether windblown or ofother origin and which lie within two miles of the

ordinary high water mark of a Great Lake." Such abroad definition is open to many interpretations. TheGeological Survey has guidelines as well as apublication (Buckler, 1979) that help give moredefinition to these terms.

If you have any questions about the sand dunemanagement program or other resource managementprograms, contact your local Department of NaturalResources office. There are a number of publicationsabout DNR programs. Publications of the DNR areavailable from Information Services Center, MichiganDepartment of Natural Resources, -Box 30028,Lansing, Michigan 48909.

This pamphlet has only touched on some of the basicgeologic principles relating to sand dunes. Severalmore specific reports have been written, and moreresearch needs to be done. This report has not dealtwith the plant and animal communities that thrive in thedune ecosystem; it is only a simple introduction to thetip of a complex, beautiful, unique iceberg. Don't stophere. Visit a dune, experience it first-hand, becomeinvolved with your environment.

Cross section of a typical Michigan dune field


SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following titles are suggested for further reference.It should be kept in mind that publications cited heremay be out-of-print. Please refer to the current List ofAvailable Geological Survey Publications beforeordering. For those not found in the publication list,may we suggest you secure loan of the referencethrough your library or purchase references citedthrough a local bookstore.

Ayres, etal., 1978 AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF COASTALSAND DUNE MINING IN MICHIGAN, MichiganGeological Survey Report of Investigation 20.

Buckler, W. R., 1979, DUNE TYPE INVENTORY ANDBARRIER DUNE CLASSIFICATION STUDY OFMICHIGAN'S LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE, MichiganGeological Survey Report of Investigation 23.

Carlisle, N., 1960, MICHIGAN'S MARCHING DUNES,Coronet Magazine, June 1960, p. 159-162.

Davies, J. L, 1973, GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS INCOASTAL DEVELOPMENT, New York, New York:Hafner Publishing Co., p. 146-161.

Dorr, J. A., Jr. and D. F. Eschman, 1970, GEOLOGY OFMICHIGAN, The University of Michigan Press: AnnArbor, Michigan.

Gates, F. C., 1950, THE DISAPPEARING SLEEPING BEARDUNES, Ecology v. 31, no. 3, p. 386-392.

Gere, M. A., Jr., 1979, MICHIGAN MINERAL PRODUCERS,1978, Michigan Geological Survey, Annual Directory12.

Gifford, A. R. and C. R. Humphrys, 1966, LAKE SHORECLASSIFICATION -SOUTHERN PENINSULA OFMICHIGAN, Department of Resource Development,Michigan State University.

Gillis, W. T. and K. I. Bakeman, 1963, THE DISAPPEARINGSLEEPING BEAR SAND DUNES, The MichiganBotanist v. 2, no. I, p. 45-54.

Hands, E. B., 1970, A GEOMORPHIC MAP OF LAKEMICHIGAN SHORELINE, International Association forGreat Lakes Research, Proceedings of the ThirteenthConference on Great Lakes Research: Ann Arbor,Michigan, p. 250-265.

Hartz, M. K. and J. Kane, 1976, ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OFTHE SILVER LAKE SAND MINING SITE, MuskegonCommunity College for Hart Packing Company.

Heinrich, E. Win., 1979, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF SANDAND SANDSTONE RESOURCES OF MICHIGAN,Michigan Geological Survey Report of Investigation21.

Kadlec, J. A., 1962, PLANTS IN THE SAND, MichiganConservation v. 31, no. 4, p. 33-37.

Kelley, R. W., and W. R. Farrand, 1967, THE GLACIALLAKES AROUND MICHIGAN, Michigan GeologicalSurvey Bulletin 4.

Lewis, J. D., 197), MICHIGAN'S INDUSTRIAL SANDRESOURCES, Michigan Geological Survey DivisionCircular II.

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1978,PROPOSED DESIGNATED DUNE AREAS: SERIESI, Michigan Geological Survey Division.

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1979, SANDDUNE MINING GENERIC ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT STATEMENT, Michigan Geological Surveyand Environmental Enforcement Division.

Michigan Legislature, 1976, SAND DUNE PROTECTIONAND MANAGEMENT ACT, Public Act No. 222, 1976.

National Park Service, 1961, SLEEPING BEAR NATIONALSEASHORE - A PROPOSAL, United StatesDepartment of the Interior: Washington, D.C.

Olson, J. 5., 1958, LAKE MICHIGAN DUNEDEVELOPMENT, Journal of Geology v. 66, no. 3, p.254-262, op. cit. v. 66, no. 4, p. 345-351, op. cit. v. 66,no. 5, p. 473-483.

Powers, W. E., 1958, GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE LAKEMICHIGAN SHORELINE, Geography Branch, EarthScience Division, Office of Naval Research, UnitedStates Department of the Navy Final Report ofContract No. Nonr-1 228(07), Project No. NR 387-015.

Price, W. A., 1950, SAND DUNES OF LAKE MICHIGANAND DUNE TERMINOLOGY, Geographical Review v.40, no. 3, p. 470-472.

Smith, H. T. U., 1954, COASTAL DUNES, Office of NavalResearch, Geography Program First CoastalGeography Conference, p. 51-56.

Smith, H. T. U., 1960, PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PHOTO-INTERPRETATION OF COASTAL SAND DUNES,Office of Naval Research, Geography Branch, FinalReport of Contract no. Nonr-2242(00).

Squire, G. R., 1972, A FIELD GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGYOF SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN, Western MichiganUniversity, Department of Geology Publication ES-I:Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Terwilliger, F. W., 1954, THE GLACIAL GEOLOGY ANDGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF VAN BURENCOUNTY, MICHIGAN, Michigan Geological SurveyPublication 48, Pt. 1, 95 p.

Thompson, P. W., 1967, VEGETATION AND COMMONPLANTS OF SLEEPING BEAR, Cranbrook Institute ofScience Bulletin no. 52, 47 p.

Urban and Environmental Studies Institute, 1977, KITCHELDUNE PRESERVE-FEASIBILITY STUDY, GrandValley State College, Allendale, Michigan, 67 p.

Copyright © 2001 by the Michigan Department ofEnvironmental Quality (DEQ) Geological SurveyDivision (GSD). The DEQ GSD grants permission topublish or reproduce this document, all or in part, fornon-profit purposes. The contents of this electronicdocument (whole or in part) can be used if, and only if,additional fees are not associated with the use ordistribution of this document and credit is given tothe DEQ GSD and the author(s). This copyrightstatement must appear in any and all electronic orprint documents using this file or any part thereof.


OTHER THINGS TO LOOK FOR AT THE DUNES

Geology is only one grain in a dune field. There are many other things to see and appreciate when you visit thedunes. To help introduce some of these to you we have included a generalized checklist of animals you might findin the dune environment. For more detailed information about this and other aspects of the dune environment seethe reference list, particularly Hartz and Kane, 1976, Michigan DNR, 1979, and Thompson, 1967.

AMPHIBIANS: (4)

FrogNewtSalamanderToad

REPTILES: (2)

SnakeTurtle

FISH: (17)

AlewifeBassBluegillCarpCatfishGarGoldfishLampreyMinnowPerchPikeSalmonShinerSmeltSuckerSunfishTrout

BIRDS: (48)

BitternBlue JayBobolinkBuntingCardinalCedar WaxwingChickadeeCraneCrowDoveDuckEagleEgretFinchGooseGrackleGrosbeakGullHawkHeronHummingbirdJuncoKilldeerKingfisherLarkLoonMeadowlarkNuthatchOrioleOspreyOwlPheasantRavenRed-winged BlackbirdRobin

SandpiperSparrowStarlingSwallowSwanTernThrushTurkeyVultureWhip-poor-willWoodcockWoodpeckerWren

MAMMALS: (19)

BatChipmunkDeerFoxLemmingMinkMoleMouseMuskratOpossumRabbitRaccoonRatShrewSkunkSquirrelVoleWeaselWoodchuck

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