Metropolitan United States1)Three major types of employment:• Primary: farming, fishing, forestry, mining

• Secondary (manufacturing): cars, furniture, computers

• Tertiary (services): hair cut, car repair, teaching

Metropolitan United StatesChanging Employment Sectors

agriculture

33% services

25%

industry 42%

Three main types of service sector jobs today:1. transformational, involves physical activity, e.g., construction2. transactional, routine work in call centers, banks, stores3. interactional, relying on knowledge, expertise, e.g., management

Metropolitan United StatesChanging Employment Sectors

3.3 million USA jobs (500,000 of them in IT) will move abroad by 2015.In 1979-99, 69% of people who lost jobs

as a result of cheap imports found new work. 55% of those who found new jobs did so at lower pay, and

25% took pay cuts of 30% or more. In 2005, 12,000 legal jobs moved off-shore; in 2010, 35,000.

Every dollar of costs that companies move offshore brings them a net benefit of $1.12 - $1.14 (The Economist, 13 Dec. 2003)

College majors and occupation groups:http://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem-html/

Metropolitan United States2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:

• European settlers and African slaves• 1870-1919: net immigration 50% of US pop

west east(initial settlement)1789-

1890national

CharacteristicsSpatial patternEraStage 1

Metropolitan United States2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:

Stage 2 Era Spatial pattern Characteristics

regional 1890-1945

rural urban(urbanization)

• mechanization of agriculture• population shifts within regions

farms

Chicago

Metropolitan United States2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:

Stage 3 Era Spatial pattern Characteristics

metro 1945-1970

inner city -> suburbs • residential and later job shifts

suburbs

inner city

Excel graph: metro population change 1990-2000

Metropolitan United States2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:

Stage 4 Era Spatial patterns Characteristics

regional & metro

1970-2016?

1) North

South2) Gentrification3) Edge Cities

• work shifts: Rust Belt Sun Belthttp://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/024/ • inner city investments in offices and upscale residential units• upscale suburban office, shopping, and residential

inner city

edge cities

suburbs

2000 Census: over 50% of U.S. pop. lived in suburban communities

Where do the most educated people live?

Metropolitan United StatesEuropean migrations: Old and New

ImmigrationsOld Immigration

New Immigration

Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 established annual quotas based on the national origin of people already in the U.S.The ceiling was set at 2 percent of the number of each U.S. origin group. But instead of using the 1920 Census, Congress used the 1890 Census, which favored Western European over Eastern and Southern Europeans.Instead of allowing 4 million Italians, 2 million Eastern Europeans (including Jews), and 1.5 million Roman Catholics, the 1924 law allowed 34,007 immigrants from Great Britain, but fewer than 4,000 Italians, barely 2,000 Russians, and less than 500 Hungarians!

People with money can now buy USA visas through the Immigrant Investor Programme and the proposed Visit USA Act -- $500,000 will usually do the trick.Also go to http://www.vox.com/2016/1/4/10709366/immigration-america-200-years

Metropolitan United StatesEuropean migrations: Old and New

ImmigrationsOld Immigration

New Immigration33 % of U.S. physics Nobel price winners in last seven years were born abroad.40 % of science & engineering PhDs working in the USA are immigrants.33 % of Silicon Valley companies were started by Indians and Chinese.100,000s of legal and illegal immigrants work in agriculture, construction, hotels, restaurants, gardens, and health care.

19th century European immigrants could expect to double their income.Today, immigrants can expect to see their incomes rise 5 fold or more!

1924 Immigration

Act

Metropolitan United States3) City building era

Metropolitan United States Why are cities large and small?

Why are cities close and far apart?

Metropolitan United States4) City functions:

• provide services to surrounding farmers and rural people• facilitate interaction, circulation of people, goods, capital• collect, process, and distribute• cities specialize: resource-based, manufacturing, services

5) Urban patterns: size and spacing of cities (service functions)Central Place Theory by Walter ChristallerTwo basic concepts:a) Threshold: minimum market (price x quantity) needed to bring a firm or city selling goods and services into existence and to keep it going

b) Range: average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services from a firm or city

• Low-order goods and services: e.g., milk and bread; short distances• High-order goods and services: e.g., cars and mink coats; long distances

Metropolitan United StatesSpatial consequences of these two concepts

Draw circles around the point for threshold and range.

threshold range

Metropolitan United StatesInsufficient threshold -- what happens? no cities; no economic activities?

1

2

3 4

5

6

7

threshold range

Many examples of insufficient thresholds: past and present and poor and rich countries.

Metropolitan United StatesThreshold and range vary for each good and service in each technological era.• If population density and purchasing power are evenly distributed across space, the firms and central places (cities) will spring up evenly spaced

• Ranges as circles: overlap or incomplete coverage

Metropolitan United StatesWhat shape covers all of an area

without overlap?

Metropolitan United StatesHierarchy of central places are

nested within ever larger hexagons

23

4

Metropolitan United StatesHierarchy of central places and services

23

4Many low order places; few high order places

places

services

Few low order services; many high order services

few many

fewmany

Metropolitan United States6) Three principles affect the spatial arrangement

of cities:

1) Market principle: evenly spaced cities (already discussed above)2) Transportation principle: cities located along routes (water, road, rail)

impact of water, road, railroad on the location of towns

actual townspotential towns

market principle townstransportation-based towns

Metropolitan United States3) Political principle: laws prevent or allow

services: casino gambling, state lotteries, alcohol consumption – e.g., I80 in Utah to Nevada

The top 6 lottery stores in Missouri and Oklahoma are located near the Arkansas line because Arkansas does not have a state lottery.

Oklahoma alone makes about $10 million a year from Arkansas residents.

The border city of Bangkang in Myanmar has casinos for Chinese tourists who are banned from legally gambling in China.

Metropolitan United States7) Size of cities or urban hierarchySeven basic levels or orders of central places1) National metropolises -- New York City (world city)

go to http://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/036/2) Regional metropolises -- Chicago3) Metropolitan centers -- Minneapolis-St. Paul

4) Cities -- sporting goods store, hospital, dentist, regional high school5) Towns -- department and jewelry store, family doctor6) Villages -- elementary school, car dealer7) Hamlets -- tavern, gas station, church, grocery store

Top 10 USA business destinations:Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, San Francisco, Washington, DCWorld’s busiest airports (total passengers, 2015):Atlanta, (Beijing, Tokyo), Los Angeles, (Hong Kong), Chicago, Dallas/Ft, Worth, Paris, (Singapore, Istanbul, Seoul), Frankfurt, Denver, New York, AmsterdamWorld’s busiest airports (total aircraft, 2014): Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Los Angeles, Beijing, Denver, Charlotte, Las Vegas, Houston, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Istanbul

Metropolitan United StatesExamples of High Order Cities & Regions

Metropolitan United StatesExamples of High Order Cities &

Regions

World Examples of High Order Cities: Firms & Pop

This is an updated table as of 2014-2015.

Metropolitan United StatesExamples of High Order Cities & Regions

POP = internet infrastructure

1997

1999

2000

Wal-Mart supercenters provide low-order urban functions and so the distribution of these centers is evenly (relative to population densities) and widely scattered.

Age-Group Net Migration among U.S. City Sizes

David Plan and Jason R. Jurjevich, “Ties that no longer bind? The Patterns and Repercussions of Age-Articulated Migration,” The Professional Geographer, 61 (1), 4-20.

Urban hierarchy

Age-Group Net Migration among U.S. City Sizes

David Plan and Jason R. Jurjevich, “Ties that no longer bind? The Patterns and Repercussions of Age-Articulated Migration,” The Professional Geographer, 61 (1), 4-20.

Metropolitan United States

http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.html (be patient!)

Metropolitan United States

http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.htmlView each county to see the urban hierarchy, go to

Metropolitan United StatesRegions within countries vary in per capita income because of their economy and metro size.United Kingdom: largest gap between the richest and poorest regionsUnited States: District of Columbia is 5 times as rich as MississippiGermany: even here, the most affluent regions are 3 times richer than the poorest

Regional inequality has changed: worsened in U.S. and Britain; improved in Germany.

Over a quarter of regions in Britain and Italy and one-tenth of those in Germany have a lower GDP per head than Shanghai. All the U.S. states remain richer, but Shanghai overtake Mississippi by 2015; within ten years half of all the states, including Florida, Michigan and Ohio, could have a GDP per head lower than Shanghai and Beijing.

Metropolitan United StatesHigh Order Nodal Regions of the USA

Second order

First order

Metropolitan United States

8) Why are large areas of the U.S. without second, and especially, third order cities?

Region Population Purchasing powerSouth High Low

(slaves; later poor Blacks)

West Low High(mining, logging, ranching)

Metropolitan United States9) Historical developments of High Order Central Places in the U.S. -- also available on the Geography 111 web

Metropolitan United StatesCritical City Location in the “Land” Era, pre-1820

1

2

3

4

Atlantic Ocean

North America

Metropolitan United StatesEvolution of the U.S. Urban System

123

4

4

4

3

12

34

4

4

2 2

2

23

34

3

3

4

4

11

11 12

The growth in the number of huge metropolitan centers around the world will increase dramatically in the next decades, especially in the Majority/Third World.

In 2007, half the world’s population already lived in cities, but that will not change the ranking of the world-wide urban hierarchy of cities.