meteorology lecture 1 weather and climate review
TRANSCRIPT
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Meteorology Lecture 1
Weather and Climate Review
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What drives our weather?
• The sun
• Insolation – solar energy reaching the Earth
• Remember the sun’s output can vary, which impacts weather on Earth– e.g. The Little Ice Age
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Folklore: Sirius – The Dog Star
• Thought to produce heat at the end of summer
• Worshipped by numerous civilizations
• The “Dog Days of Summer”
Sirius
Sun
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What about the Moon?
• Does it warm the Earth?
• Why does it glow?Albedo – % of insolation an object reflects
High – light surfacesLow – dark surfaces
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Solar Radiation and Earth’s Surface
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Why do we have seasons?
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Sun conditions at the Solstices and Equinoxes
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Solar declination: latitudinal change ofatitudinal change of subsolar pointssubsolar points
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Energy Pathways
Figure 4.1
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Heat Transfer
• Heat – energy produced by the motion of molecules and atoms in a substance
• 4 ways to transfer heat:
1. Radiation – electromagnetic waves (sunlight)
2. Conduction – energy moved from high to low
3. Convection – vertical movement of energy
4. Advection – horizontal movement of energy
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Earth’s Modern Atmosphere
• The atmosphere is absolutely essential for life on Earth
• Earth’s atmosphere exists in a series of spheres or layers that grade into one another
• Layers: Composition, temperature, and function
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Protective Atmosphere
Figure 3.6
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Energy Balance in the Troposphere • Greenhouse Effect – where gases
(carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, and CFCs) absorb insolation and reradiate it back to Earth in longer wavelengths thereby warming the lower troposphere
• The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming– Atmosphere absorbs heat energy– Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from
Earth into space
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Local Factors Influencing Air Temperature
• Urban Effect– Urban Heat Island
• Darker surfaces – less reflection• Less forest cover• Less water on surface• Heat from human energy use
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The Urban Environment
Figure 4.21
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Urban Heat Island
Figure 4.22
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Global NET R
• Surfaces lose heat in one of 3 ways:– Latent heat of evaporation – energy released
as water changes state; can’t feel it– Sensible heat – heat you can feel and
measure; convection and conduction– Ground heating and cooling – energy stored
during warm periods and released during cool periods
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Radiation Budgets
Figure 4.20
El Mirage, CA
Pitt Meadows,BC
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Principal Temperature Controls
• Latitude
• Altitude
• Cloud Cover
• Land-Water Heating Differences
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Latitude and Temperature
Figure 5.4
• Latitude – Affects insolation– Sun angles– Daylength
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Altitude
Figure 5.5
• Altitude – High altitude has greater daily range– High altitude has lower annual average
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Cloud Cover
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Land–Water Heating Differences
• Evaporation (= latent heat)
• Transparency (= penetration of insolation)
• Specific heat (differs among objects)
• Movement (= vertical mixing)
• Ocean currents and sea surface temperatures(= spread of energy spatially)
All this leads to this important concept:Marine vs. continental effects
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Land–Water Heating Differences
Figure 5.7
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Global Temperature Ranges
Figure 5.17
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Atmospheric Pressure Systems
High-pressure system-also called anticyclone-circulating body of air-descending air-clockwise circulation innorthern hemisphere
Low-pressure system-also called cyclone-circulating body of air-rising air-counterclockwise circ. in northern hemisphere
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Atmospheric Pressure Map
Isobars – lines of equal air pressure on a map
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Wind DirectionWinds are named according to the direction FROM which they are blowing
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Direction of Air Flow• Unequal heating of land surfaces
• Pressure gradient force – air flows from high to low
• Coriolis force – deflection or change in direction caused by Earth’s rotation
• Frictional forces – places a drag on that air flow
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Pressure Gradient Force
Fluctuations in the Pressure Gradient
High pressure to low pressure, perpendicular to isobars
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Coriolis Force•Due to Earth’s rotation
•Pulls wind to right in northern hemisphere
•Pulls wind to left in southern hemisphere
•Strongest at poles
•None at equatorCoriolis Force
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Frictional Forces
• Near surface, friction (f) works against pressure gradient force (pgf), so resulting wind direction is between pressure gradient force and coriolis force (cf)
pgf
f
cf – northern hemisphere
WIND
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Three Forces Combined
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Rossby Waves
Figure 6.17
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Strong boundaries often
occur between warm and cold
air. In the mid-latitudes, the
polar front marks this thermal
discontinuity at the surface.
The Polar Front and Jet Streams
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Relative Humidity• Relative humidity is the indication of how
close the air is to saturation and when condensation will begin
• Dew-point temperature not really a temperature, but a measure of moisture content
• When air temperature tries to decrease below the dew point, surplus water vapor is removed from the air by condensation
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Relative Humidity
Figure 7.8
Cooling
Warming
Actualwater vapor
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Hydrologic Cycle