metabolisme mikroba mikroorganisme
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Metabolisme mikroba mikroorganismeTRANSCRIPT
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METABOLISME MIKROBA
Mengenal Diversitas Metabolisme Pada Mikroorganisme
By: KUSNADI,MSI.
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Metabolisme Semua reaksi kimia dan bioogi
yang terjadi dalam sel
Mteabolisme pada semua organisme pada prinsipnya
memiliki kesamaan (Unity in biochemeistry) namun
ada beberapa perbedaan tergantung pada jenis
organismenya.
Metabolisme mikroba: meliputi semua reaksi biokimia
yang terjadi dalam sel mikroba yang berperan penting
dalam regenerasi energi dan metabolit
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Catabolism : degradasi/proses penguraian = mengubah
molekul besar menjadi moekul kecil dengan
menghasilkan energi
Anabolism: sintesis molekul dan komponen sel yang
biasanya membutuhkan energi
Metabolit : Suatu senyawa yang dihasilkan dari rekasi
metabolsime
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KONSEP DASAR METABOLISME
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ANABOLISME DAN KATABOLISME
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KATABOLISME
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METABOLISME PADA MIKROORGANISME
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Chemoheterotrophs
•Carbon source: from organic compounds made by other
organisms
•Energy source: from oxidation of organic compounds
•Examples: most bacteria, protozoa, all fungi and animals
Chemoautotrophs
•Carbon source: CO2
•Energy source: oxidize inorganic compounds which are used
to fix CO2
•Examples: nitrifying, hydrogen, sulfur and iron-utilizing
bacteria. Archaea which live among hydrothermal ocean vents
Photoheterotrophs
•Carbon source: from organic compounds made by other
organisms
•Energy source: light
•Examples: green and purple nonsulfur bacteria
Photoautotrophs
•Carbon source: CO2
•Energy source: light
•Examples: cyanobacteria, green and purple sulfur bacteria,
algae, plants.
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RESPIRASI PADA
MIKROORGANISME
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PERBEDAAN PRINSIP TIPE RESPIRASI
PADA MIKROORGANISME
Akseptor
electron
Reduksi dan
produkProses metabolsime organisme
O2 H2O Respirasi aerobik Escherichia,
Streptomyces
NO3 NO2, NH3 or N2
Respirasi anaerobik :
denitrifikasi
Bacillus,
Pseudomonas
SO4 S or H2SRespirasi anaerobik : reduksi
sulfatDesulfovibrio
fumarate succinate
Respirasi anaerobik :
Menggunakan akseptor
elektron organik
Escherichia
CO2 CH4 methanogenesis Methanococcus
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JALUR METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT
PADA MIKROBA
1. Jalur EMP (Embden-Meyerhof Parnas Pathway) atau glikolisis, ditemukan pada fungi,kebanyakan bakteri dan manusia
2. Jalur Entner-Doudoroff (ED): hanya ditemukan pada beberapa bakteri spt. Zymomonas, Pseudomonas
3. Jalur Heksosa Monofosfat (HMF) atau jalur pentosa fosfat ditemukan pada berbagai mikroba spt. Leuconostoc
4. Jalur fosfoketolase (FK) ditemukan pada bakteri laktobasili heterofermentatif spt. Lactobacillus
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Jalur EMP
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Jalur EMP
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Jalur entner-Doudoroff (ED)
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Jalur Entner-Doudoroff
Glucose
phosphoenolpyruvate
Glyceraldehyde- -phosphate
-keto- -deoxy- -
phosphogluconate
-phosphogluconateGlucose- -phosphate
Pyruvate
ATP ADP
NADH + H
NADPH + HNADP
NAD
ATPADPATP ADP
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Jalur Heksosa Monofosfat (HMF)/Pentosa fosfat
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Jalur Pentose Phosphat atau
HMF
Glucose
Xylulose- -phosphate
-phosphogluconate
-
phosphogluconolactone
Glucose- -phosphate
Ribulose- -phosphate
ATP ADP NADPH + H
NADP
NADP
NADPH + H
Ribose- -phosphate
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Pentose phosphate pathway
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Fermentasi
• Fermentasi berasal dari kata “fervere” artinya mendidih, pertama kali dicetuskan oleh Louis Pasteur; mengamati buah anggur yang berubah menjadi anggur (wine).
• Fermentasi adalah proses perombakan senyawa organik dalam kondisi anaerob menghasilkan produk berupa asam-asam organik, alkohol dan gas
• Berperan penting dalam identifikasi mikroba secara biokimia
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Respirasi Vs fermentasi
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TIPE FERMENTASI
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Fermentasi
• Contoh tipe fermentasi
– Fermentasi asam Lactat
• Ditemukan pada bakteri;
contoh: Streptococcus cremoris, Lactobacillus acidophilus
– Fermentasi campuran (Mixed acid fermentation)
• Contoh: Escherichia coli
• Dasara dari uji methyl red
– Fermentasi 2,3-Butanediol
• Contoh: Enterobacter aerogenes
• Dasar dari Uji reaksi Voges-Proskauer
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Tipe Fermentasi
PATHWAY END PRODUCTS EXAMPLES
Lactic acid
(Homolactic)lactic acid (2 molecules)
Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus spp.
Pathway can result in food spoilage
Heterolactic lactic acid, ethanol and CO2
Leuconostoc
Used in sauerkraut production
Alcohol ethanol and CO2
Saccharomyces (yeast)
Important in production of alcoholic beverages, bread and
gasohol
Proprionic acid proprionic acid and CO2
Proprionibacterium acnes: metabolizes fatty acids in oil glands
to proprionic acid
Proprionibacterium freudenreichii gives flavor to and produces
holes in Swiss cheese
Butyric acidButyric acid, butanol, acetone,
isopropyl alcohol and CO2
Clostridium spp. produce butyric acid that causes butter and
cheese spoilage
Butanol and acetone are important organic solvents
Butanediol Butanediol and CO2
Butanediol produced by Enterobacter, Serratia, Erwinia and
Klebsiella.
The intermediate, acetoin, is detected by the VP test. This test
is used together with the MR test often to distinguish
Enterobacter from Escherichia coli (VP-). E.coli is an important
indicator organism of fecal contamination.
Mixed acid
ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid,
succinic acid, formic acid and
CO2
Variety of acid products. Typically carried out by members of
the Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli, Salmonella and
Shigella pathogens. Products detected by reaction with
methyl red pH indicator.
Methanogenesis methane and CO2
certain Archaea.
majority of earth's methane production
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Mikroorganisme dan Produk fermentasi
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FERMENTASI ASAM LAKTAT
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FERMENTASI ALKOHOL
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RESPIRASI AEROB
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Oxidative
Phosphorylation
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TRANSFER ELEKTRON
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• Terjadi pada algae,
tumbuhan dan bbrp
procaryotes
• Terdiri atas 2 reaksi
utama:
photophosphorylation
reaksi terang) dan
fiksasi Carbon dioksida
reaksi gelap)
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Photosynthesis
• Pada kelompok bakteri dapat dibedakan atas : anoxygenic dan
oxygenic photosynthesis
• Anoxygenic photosynthesis : proses fotosintesis yang tidak
menghasilkan O2 dan H2S berperan sebagai donor elektron.
• Anoxygenic photosynthesis
– Ditemukan pada:
• Green sulfur bacteria (e.g. Chlorobium)
• Green nonsulfur bacteria (e.g. Chloroflexus)
• Purple sulfur bacteria (e.g. Chromatium)
• Purple nonsulfur bacteria (e.g. Rhodobacter)
• Oxygenic photosynthesis
– Ditemukan pada Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) dan organisme
eukaryotic yang memiliki chloroplast
– Donor electron adalah H2O: teroksidasi membentuk O2
– Melalui 2 photosystems: PSI dan PSII
– Fungsi umum menghasilkan NADPH dan ATP untuk fiksasi karbon
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Photosynthesis
• Anoxygenic photosynthesis
– Donor Electron bervariasi:
• H2S atau So pada green dan purple sulfur bacteria
• H2 atau senyawa organik pada green and purple nonsulfur
bacteria
– Hanya memiliki ssatu photosystem
• Pada green bacteria, photosystem sama dengan PSI
• Pada purple bacteria, photosystem sama dengan PSII
– Fungsi utama adalah menghasilkan ATP melalui
cyclic photophosphorylation
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• Chlorophylls are photosynthetic pigments in
phototrophic eucaryotes and cyanobacteria
• Macam Klorofil pada eukaryot dan prokaryot
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Chlorophyll a Bacteriochlorophyll a
• bacteriochlorophylls adalah pigmen fotosintesis yang
ditemukan pada bakteri
• Panjang gelombang berkisar dari - nm
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Schematic of
a Photosystem
The Light Reactions
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Photosystem in bacteria
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MOLECULES
OF
MOLECULES
OF
MOLECULES
OF
MOLECULES
OF
MOLECULES
OF
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PERBEDAAN FOTOSINTESIS PADA TUMBUHAN DAN
BAKTERI
Kriteria pembedaplant photosynthesis
bacterial
photosynthesis
organisms plants, algae, cyanobacteriapurple and green
bacteria
type of chlorophyllchlorophyll a
absorbs 650-750nm
bacteriochlorophyll
absorbs 800-1000nm
Photosystem I
(cyclic
photophosphorylation)
present present
Photosystem I
(noncyclic
photophosphorylation)
present absent
Produces O2 yes no
Photosynthetic electron
donorH2O
H2S, other sulfur
compounds or
certain organic
compounds
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Perbedaan fotosintesis pada prokariot dan eukariot
Photosynthesis as we know it on Earth
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cyanobacteria Purple
bacteria
Green bacteria
Electron
donors
H2O H2O, some use
H2S
H2S, S0, H2,
S2O3, organic
compounds
H2S, S0, H2,
S2O3, organic
compounds
Site of
photosynthesis
Thylakoids Thylakoids Cell membrane Cytochromes
Oxygenic Yes Yes No No
Chlorophyll
type
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a Bacteria-
chlorophyll a
and b
Bacteria-
chlorophyll a
and c, d, or e
Photosystem I Present Present Present Present
Photosystem II Present Present Absent Absent
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BIOSINTESIS
KOMPONEN SEL
BAKTERI
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Chemolithotrophy• Gambaran metabolisme Chemolithotrophy
– Electron dipindahkan dari suatu donor elektron yang tereduksi
– Elektron melewati membran terikat transpor elektron berhubungan dengan sistesis ATP dan NADH
– ATP dan NADH digunakan untuk mengubah CO2 menjadi karbohydrat
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Chemolithotrophy
• Contoh donor elektron– Ammonia (NH4
+) Nitrite (NO2-)
in Nitrosomonas
– Nitrite (NO2-) Nitrate (NO3
2-)in Nitrobacter
– Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Sulfur (So)in Thiobacillus and Beggiatoa
– Sulfur (So) Sulfate (SO42-)
in Thiobacillus
– Hydrogen (H2) Water (H2O)in Alcaligenes
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Chemolithotrophy
• Contoh akseptor electron
– Oxygen (O2) air (H2O)
pada kebanyakan organisme
– Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)
pada methanogenic bacteria
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Chemolithotrophy
Physiological groups of lithotrophs
physiological
groupenergy source
oxidized end
productorganism
hydrogen bacteria H2 H2OAlcaligenes,
Pseudomonas
methanogens H2 H2O Methanobacterium
carboxydobacteria CO CO2
Rhodospirillum,
Azotobacter
nitrifying bacteria* NH3 NO2 Nitrosomonas
nitrifying bacteria* NO2 NO3 Nitrobacter
sulfur oxidizers H2S or S SO4 Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus
iron bacteria Fe ++ Fe+++ Gallionella, Thiobacillus
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