MEMORYCabdiqaadir omar abdilaahiMustafe abdi farahXafsa ali abdilaahiXamda aadan cilmiFarduusa yaasiin jamaGROUP 4MEMORYMemory is the process of maintaining information over time. Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present.Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.memoryMemory is essential to all out lives. Without a memory of the past !e cannot operate in the present or thin" about the future. We !ould not be able to remember !hat !e did yesterday !hat !e have done today or !hat !e plan to do tomorro!.Without memory !e could not learn anything.Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of information. #his information ta"es many different forms e.g. images sounds or meaning. For psychologists the term memory covers three important aspects of information processing$ Cont.Three stages of memory1. Encoding and Memory When information comes into our memory system %from sensory input& it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope !ith so that it can be stored.#here are three main !ays in !hich information can be encoded %changed&$ .. Visa! "#ictre$. %costic "sond$. &emantic "meaning$'. (torage and Memory)rocess of retaining information in memory*. +etrieval and Memory ,s the process of digging information out of memory Cont.-olds a large amount of perceptual input for a very brief time. #ypically less than . second&ensory memory&hort time memory' ho!ds information se(era! seconds&hort term memory has three )ey as#ects'1. limited capacity (only about 7 items can be stored at a time)2. limited duration (storage is very fragile and information can be lost with distraction or passage of time)3. encoding (primarily acoustic even translating visual information into sounds).&hort term memory*o+ mch information can stm ho!d/nce information is transferred to (#Mreheals and chun"ing are t!o important control processesChun"ing $combining separate items of information intoa large unit +ehearsal $ the process of repeating information over and over to retain it in (#M(ince (#M is the !or"ing memory!e loose (#M information because of interference,ong term memory +ehearsal is important in part because it provides us !ith an opportunity to move information into a third type of memory store %0#M&0M# holds a huge amount of information for a long time.0M# stores information that underlies the meaning pictures!ords and objects as !ell asmemories of everything done or learned.0#M differs from (#M in four !ays$a& -o! in information is recalled. .ho! information is inde1edbhe form in !hich information is stored .memory or semantic codesc& #he reasons that forgetting occurs . #he information in 0#Mis permanent d& #he physical location of these functions in the human brain)art t!oModa!ity -s#ecific memories' the m!timedia .rainModality 2 specific memory $ memory stores that retain input from a singlesensesuch as vision or auditionor from specific processing system such as language3pisodic$ memories of events that are associated !ith a particular conte1t4a time placeand circumstance.(emantic$ memoriesof meaning of a !ordsconceptsand general facts about a the !orld.)rocedural$ "no!ledge about performing motor s"ills or "no!ledge acquired through classical conditioning.5 declarative memory $ semantic and episodic memory are easily described in !ordsRetrie(a! of ,TM6ll rememberinginvolves tapping into the right fragments of information stored in a 0M#.We remember information in t!o !ays $6& recall$ is the intentional bringing to mind of e1plicit information orthe transfer of e1plicit information from 0M# to (#M./nce informationis in (#Myou are a!are of it and can communicate it.7&recognition$ is the matching of an encoded input to a storedrepresentation !hich allo!s you to "no! that it is familiarand that is occurred in a particular conte1tsuch on a listforgetting/orgetting' many +ays to !ose itForgetting$ is the loss of the ability to retrieve information either from the (#M or 0#M .Forgotten dies not necessarily mean gone forever.#here are three major theories e1plaining !hy !e for get. 8ecay $ fade a!ay 8ecay $ the fading a!ay of memories !ith because the relevant of connections bet!een neurons are lost Memory traces fade out as they are not use 5 this conception fits the common sense 5 the passage of time is a factor is both in (+ and (#M ,nterference theory$ tangled up in memory#he disruption of the ability to remember one piece of information bythe presence of other information.(imilar memories interfere !ith the retrieval of other memories of the same "ind 5 proactive interference4 interference that occurs !hen previous "no!ledge ma"es it difficult to learn something ne! 5retroactive interference4 interference that occurs!hen ne! learning impairs memory for something learned earlier.Moti(ated forgetting' re#ressed memories#endency to forger threatening and unpleasant information#hrough repression the conscious mind pushes the unpleasant information into the unconscious mind.%mnesia' not 0st forgetting to remem.er6mnesia 2loss of memory over an entire time span typically resulting from brain damage caused by accident infection stro"e or psychological stress +etrograde amnesia$ amnesia that disrupts previous memories.Most of us suffer a special form of retrograde amnesia called infantile amnesia or childhood amnesia6ntrograde amnesia$ that leaves consolidated memories intact but prevents ne! learning*o+ memory is organi1ed #he follo!ing are t!o different vie!s about ho! memory is organi9ed .& :et!or" theory$ states that related ideas are stored in separate categories called nodes; connection or associations lin" the many thousands of nodes that form gigantic interconnected net!or" 5nodes are memory areas thoughtto contain related information organi9ed around a specific topic or category'&schemas 5 schema$ is a mental model of a concept event or object that is based on previous e1perience 5schema 5concepts and objects script4events and actions #!o functions of schema 5 you recall previous information by restructuring schema %script& 5you can file and organi9e ne! information by fitting it into e1isting schemas and scripts Mnemonics$ memori9ation methods 5are very efficient methods of encoding to improve remembering and prevent forgetting4maintenance rehearsal$ repeating or releasing information in the short4term memory 5imagery rehearsal !hich involves associating ne! information !ith that you already "no! 5imagery rehearsal$ ma"ing associations !ith images %distinctive association&.5using acronyms and abbreviations 2m#ro(ing yor memory.& study repeatedly to boost long4term memory/ver learn to learn a namesay it to yourself after being introduced. '&(pend more time rehearsing or actively thin"ing about material 5speed reading %s"imming& comple1 material yields little attention.*&Ma"e the material personally meaningful . rehearsal and critical reflection yield more&Minimi9e interference?&(tudy before sleeping. don@t study in close pro1imity topics that are li"ely to interfere !ith each such as psychology and sociology.5test your o!n "no!ledge both to rehearse it and to help determine !hat you do not yet "no!.