Medical Science: History and Medical Science: History and PracticePracticeLesson 1:Lesson 1:The History of MedicineThe History of Medicine

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to …

Discuss the contributions of early medicine to healthcare.

Discuss medical contributors of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.

Identify and discuss the role women played in the history of medicine.

Discuss modern medicine and the future of medicine.

ShamansWitch doctorsSorcerers

Used by Babylonian physicians in 3000 BC

Named after Hammurabi, an early king of Babylon

Laws relate to the practice of medicine

If laws were broken, severe penalties were sustained

Egyptians:◦ Lists of remedies◦ Surgical treatments of wounds and injuries◦ Records for sanitation

Jewish Community:◦ Personal hygiene practices◦ Sanitation and other public health issues

Greeks:◦ Use of nonpoisonous snakes to treat wounds

Indian:◦ Herbal medical remedies as early as 800 BC

Chinese:◦ Writings about human blood pulses around 250

BC Japanese and Chinese:

◦ Practice of acupuncture

1. What medicinal remedies were developed in ancient civilizations and are still being used today?

Opium derivates used in medication Nitroglycerin to treat heart patients Digitalis from the foxglove plant to regulate

and strengthen the heartbeat Sulfur and cayenne pepper to stop bleeding Chamomile and licorice to aid digestion Cranberry to treat urinary tract infections

Medieval period Time of little or no progress in medical practices

Time of many epidemics Medical testing was mostly oral Surgeons only treated the wealthy; others were treated by the local barber

1. Compare and contrast the Classical version and the Modern version of the Hippocratic Oath.

2. Prepare to discuss and share

Part of the writings of Hippocrates Serves as a widely used ethical guide

for physicians Oath includes the physician’s pledge to:

◦work for the good of the patient◦do the patient no harm◦prescribe no deadly drugs◦give no advice that could cause death◦keep confidential medical information

regarding the patient

1. What advancements in medicine that impacted how patients were treated, occurred during the nineteenth century?

Improved knowledge of the human body through accurate documentation

Use of sophisticated microscopes Use of injection materials Use of instruments such as the

ophthalmoscope Discovery of the cell Discovery that certain diseases and

wound infections were caused by microorganisms

1. How has medicine advanced from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century?

Death rates from diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria dropped dramatically

Overall mortality rates decreased New emphasis placed on morbidity

rates Chemotherapy and the specialty of

oncology were developed Development of immunology Progress in endocrinology Advancements in nutrition

The introduction of antibiotics First example of using chemicals to treat

infections Discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in

1928 Fleming and two other scientists won the

Nobel Prize for their work with penicillin

Occurred due to the advancements in the study of immunology

Discovered in the 1950s Developed by:

◦ Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1996)◦ Dr. Albert Sabin (1906-1993)

First vaccines included:◦ Typhoid, tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, yellow

fever, influenza, and measles

1954 – First successful kidney transplant 1960 – Invention of the heart pump 1962 – Reattachment of limbs 1967 – First heart transplant 1978 – First test-tube baby 1984 – Discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS 1997 – Cloning of first sheep 2001 – Placement of an implantable heart 2001 – Completion of human genome project

Increased life expectancy rates Improved communication techniques

affecting the way patients will be treated Robotics used in surgery

Cure for AIDS Vaccine to prevent HIV Cloning organs to overcome shortage of

donors Better treatment and outcomes for mental

illness Cure for heart disease, cancer, and obesity Methods to slow aging Regeneration of brain and nerve cells to

overcome paralysis Development of antibiotics that do not allow

bacteria to develop a resistant strain

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to …

Describe the difference between an internship and a residency in the training of physicians.

State which type of medical practice is addressed under the medical and surgical specialties.

Discuss ten allied health fields and the educational requirements for each of them.

Discuss the current trends in health care that are driving changes in medical practice.

Designates a person who holds a doctoral degree

Physicians are MDs or DOs Practicing medicine requires a minimum of

9-10 years of education and training◦ Four-year college degree in premedical studies◦ Four years of medical school◦ 2-6 year internship depending on specialty area

Indicates who must be licensed to perform certain procedures

Establishes the requirements for licensure Denotes duties associated with the license Sets grounds on which a license can be

revoked Designates reports that must be made to

the government Specifies the penalties for practicing

without a valid license

Unprofessional conduct

Commission of a crime

Personal incapacity to perform one’s duties

Largest industry Provides about 12.9 million jobs Costs increasing faster than cost of living About 14% of gross national product spent on

health care Heath care costs per year equal to about 1.5

trillion dollars Costs of employer-sponsored health care

continues to increase Only nation that does not provide some

type of basic health care for all citizens

Expensive technological advances Physician specialization Breakdown of physician-patient

relationships leading to the increase of lawsuits

Higher costs of medications Older population needing more services Longer life expectancy Informed consumers demanding more

tests and options

More uninsured rely on the emergency room for primary care

Uninsured having less or no access to preventive care leading to the need for treating more advanced illnesses or ailments

Social conditions such as:◦ Homelessness◦ Substance abuse◦ Poverty◦ Child abuse

Allergy and immunology Anesthesiology Bariatrics Video on Bariatrics Cardiology Dermatology Endocrinology

Emergency Medicine Family Practice Gastroenterology Geriatric Medicine Hematology Oncology Primary Medicine (Internal Medicine) Neurology Nephrology

Obstetrician◦ Provides pre-natal care

up through the postpartum period

Gynecologist◦ Provides

medical/surgical treatment of diseases/disorders of the female reproductive system

Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otorhinolaryngology Terms:

◦ Otology – study of the ear◦ Rhinology – study of the nose◦ Laryngology – study of the throat

Pathology Pediatrics

Physical and/or rehabilitative medicine Sports medicine Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Urology Surgeons

Hospitals Outpatient surgical centers Urgent care centers Nursing homes Long-term-care institutions Hospice

Certification◦ Shows that an individual has met the

educational/experience standards in their profession Registration

◦ Indicates that an individual is registered with a specific organization that has determined the person is qualified to perform duties in their profession

Licensure◦ Provides proof that the individual has been

authorized by a government agency to perform work in their profession

1. Aide: On-the-job training, high school diploma

2. Assistant: Up to 1-year classroom and clinical preparation, diploma

3. Technician: 2-year community college or vocational program, Associate’s degree (AS)

4. Technologist: 4-year college program, Bachelor (BA, BS)

5. Professional: 4-year degree, advanced degree and clinical training, Bachelor (BA, BS), Master or Doctorate

Completed a training program and taken a state examination

Assists nurses in nursing homes, hospitals, and other health care facilities

Patient care includes bed baths, vital signs, feeding, and ambulation

Also called a nurse’s aid or orderly PCT - patient care technician, may have a CNA or

medical assisting background and can perform technical tasks (drawing blood, ECGs)

Performs some of the same, but not all, clinical nursing tasks of a registered nurse (No IVP or IVPB meds)

Must have graduated from a recognized one-year program (CTE or CC)

Must be licensed by the State Board (requires NCLEX LPN)

In some states, LPN is known as LVN (licensed vocational nurse)

Provide hands-on patient care Employed in hospitals, physicians’ offices,

industry, governmental agencies, ambulatory care units, emergency services, and schools

Work ranges from direct patient care, to teaching and supervising others, performing research, and managing agencies

Two-year or four-year program (ASN or BSN) Licensed after passing the National Council

Licensure Examination (NCLEX)

RN with additional training

Provide basic care including diagnosing and prescribing medications and treatments

Masters-degree, trained individual (Soon to change to Doctorate)

Field emerged in 1970s Assists the physician in the primary care

of patients (must work with a Doctor) Can prescribe medications in nearly all

states Two-years education after a bachelor’s

degree Work and/or internship experience Pass an accreditation examination

Government agency Division of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

Safeguard public health by preventing and controlling disease

Acts as a resource

http://www.cdc.gov/