mdg report 2010 goal8

8/6/2019 MDG Report 2010 Goal8

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Aid continues to rise despite the fnancialcrisis, but A rica is short-changed

In 2009, net disbursements o o fcial development assistance(ODA) amounted to $119.6 billion, or 0.31 per cent o thecombined national income o developed countries. In realterms, this is a slight increase (o 0.7 per cent) compared to2008 even though, measured in current US dollars, ODA ellby over 2 per cent rom $122.3 billion in 2008.

I debt relie is excluded, the increase in ODA in real termsrom 2008 to 2009 was 6.8 per cent. I humanitarian aid is

also excluded, bilateral aid rose by 8.5 per cent in real terms,as donors continued to scale up their core developmentprojects and programmes. Most o the increase was in newlending (20.6 per cent), but grants also rose (by 4.6 per cent,excluding debt relie ).

At the Gleneagles Group o Eight (G-8) Summit and the UNWorld Summit in 2005, donors committed to increasing theiraid. Many o these pledges were made in terms o a share ogross national income (GNI). Based on expectations o utureGNI, these pledges, combined with other commitments,would have li ted total ODA rom $80 billion in 2004 to$130 billion in 2010 (at constant 2004 prices). However, theslowdown in economic growth since 2008 has reduced thepreviously expected level o GNI in the developed countriesand the dollar value o the commitments or 2010 to around

Goal 8Developa globalpartnershipfor development

Ofcial development assistance (ODA) from developedcountries, 2000-2009 (Constant 2008 United Statesdollars and current United States dollars)

0

20

40

6 0

80

100

120

140

200920082007200 6200520042003200220012000

Net debt forgiveness grantsHumanitarian aidMultilateral ODABilateral development projects,programmes and technical cooperationTotal net ODA in currentUS dollars

(preliminary)


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THE MILLEN NIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT 2010

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Only fve donor countries have reachedthe UN target or o fcial aid

Aid remains well below the United Nations target o 0.7 percent o gross national income or most donors. In 2009, theonly countries to reach or exceed the target were Denmark,Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Thelargest donors by volume in 2009 were the United States,

ollowed by France, Germany, the United Kingdom andJapan.

This year is a milestone or European Union members o theDevelopment Assistance Committee o the Organisation orEconomic Co-operation and Development. In 2005, DAC-EU member states agreed to reach a collective total o 0.56per cent o GNI in net ODA in 2010, with a minimum countrytarget o 0.51 per cent.

Some countries will achieve or even surpass that goal:Sweden, with the worlds highest ODA as a percentage oGNI (1.01 per cent), is ollowed by Luxembourg (1 per cent),Denmark (0.83 per cent), the Netherlands (0.8 per cent),Belgium (0.7 per cent), the United Kingdom (0.6 per cent),

$126 billion (at constant 2004 prices).Moreover, the economic slowdown has putpressure on government budgets in thedeveloped countries. While the majority othe initial commitments remain in orce, somelarge donors have reduced or postponed thepledges they made or 2010. On the basiso current 2010 budget proposals, as well asthe lower GNI orecasts, total ODA or 2010 isprojected to be $108 billion (at 2004 prices).

The short all in aid a ects A rica in particular. At the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, G-8members projected that their commitments,combined with those o other donors, woulddouble ODA to A rica by 2010. Preliminarydata or 2009 show that bilateral ODA to

A rica as a whole rose by 3 per cent in realterms. For sub-Saharan A rica, bilateral aidincreased by 5.1 per cent in real terms over2008. It is estimated that A rica will receiveonly about $11 billion out o the $25 billionincrease envisaged at Gleneagles, due mainlyto the underper ormance o some Europeandonors who earmark large shares o their aidto A rica.

TARGET

Address the special needs o the least developedcountries, landlocked countries and small islanddeveloping states

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

2009(preliminary)

2008200620042002200019981996199419921990

Net ofcial development assistance from OECD-DACcountries as a proportion of donors gross national income,1990-2009 (Percentage)

Total ODAODA to LDCs


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Finland (0.56 per cent), Ireland (0.52 per cent)and Spain (0.51 per cent).

But others are unlikely to reach the target:ODA as a percentage o GNI is estimated atbetween 0.44 and 0.48 per cent or France,0.40 or Germany, 0.37 or Austria, 0.34 orPortugal, 0.21 or Greece, and 0.20 or Italy.

This year is also special or DAC-EU donorsbecause it represents the midpoint betweentheir 2005 commitments and the 2015 targetdate or meeting the 0.7 per cent GNI target.

Aid concentrates increasingly on the poorestcountries, with the least developed countries(LDCs) receiving about a third o donors totalaid ows. In 2007-2008, out o an averagetotal o $71.6 billion o bilateral ODA thatwas allocated or specifc purposes, $15.2billion ocused on achievement o MDG3the promotion o gender equality and theempowerment o women.

Developing countries gain greater accessto the markets o developed countries

Over the last decade, developing countries and LDCs havegained greater access to the markets o developed countries.The proportion o imports (excluding arms and oil) bydeveloped countries rom all developing countries admitted

ree o duty reached almost 80 per cent in 2008up rom 54per cent in 1998. For the LDCs, this proportion increased onlymarginally rom 78 per cent in 1998 to almost 81 per cent in2008.

For the developing countries as a whole, increased marketaccess is attributable mainly to the elimination o tari s undermost avoured nation (MFN) treatment, notably be ore 2004.Since then, no signifcant tari reduction has been made bydeveloped countries in terms o MFN treatment.

TARGET

Develop urther an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and fnancial system

0

10

20

30

40

50

6 0

70

80

90

2008200620042002200019981996

Proportion of developed country imports fromdeveloping countries and from the least developedcountries (LDCs) admitted free of duty and admittedfree of duty while their competitors' products weresubject to a tariff under MFN (preferential duty freeaccess), 1996-2008 (Percentage)

39

Total duty free access, LDCsTotal duty free access, all developing countriesPreferential duty free access, LDCsPreferential duty free access, all developing countries


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Least developed countries beneft mostrom tari reductions, especially on their

agricultural products

Despite pre erences, developed countries tari s on importso agricultural products, textiles and clothing rom developingcountries remained between 5 per cent and 8 per cent in2008 and were only 2 to 3 percentage points lower than in1998. However, least developed countries continue to beneft

rom larger tari reductions, especially or their agriculturalproducts. Pre erential tari s on agricultural imports rom

LDCs are 1.6 per cent (versus 8 per cent orother developing countries), though tari s onclothing and textiles rom LDCs are only 2to 3 percentage points lower than those ordeveloping countries as a group.

Developed countries' average tariffs on imports on keyproducts from developing countries, 1996-2008(Percentage)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2008200 62004200220001998199 6

Agricultural goodsClothingTextiles

Agricultural goodsClothingTextiles

Developed countries' average tariffs on imports on keyproducts from least developed countries (LDCs),1996-2008 (Percentage)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2008200 62004200220001998199 6


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TARGET

In cooperation with the private sector, make available thebenefts o new technologies, especially in ormation andcommunications

Demand grows or in ormation andcommunications technology

Forty countries are eligible or debt relie under the HeavilyIndebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. O these, 35countries have reached the decision point stage in theprocess and have had uture debt payments reduced by$57 billion; 28 countries that have reached their completion

0

10

20

30

40

50

6 0

70

80

2009*200 62004200220001998199 6199419921990

Number of xed telephone lines, mobile cellular subscriptionsand Internet users per 100 population, world, 1990-2009

Fixed telephone linesMobile cellular subscriptionsInternet users

Note: * Data for 2009 are estimates.

point have received additional assistance o$25 billion under the Multilateral Debt RelieInitiative. The debt burdens o countriesincluded in HIPC initiative are below theaverage or all least developed countries.

Despite the recent economic downturn, use oin ormation and communications technology(ICT) continues to grow worldwide. By theend o 2009, global subscriptions to mobilecellular services had ballooned to an estimated4.6 billionequivalent to one mobile cellularsubscription or 67 out o every 100 people.Growth in mobile telephony remains strongestin the developing world, where, by end-2009,mobile penetration had passed the 50 per centmark.

Mobile telephony is o ering new and criticalcommunications opportunities to regions thatused to be without access to ICT. In sub-Saharan A rica, or example, a region wherefxed telephone line penetration remains ataround 1 per cent, mobile penetration haswell exceeded 30 per cent. Mobile technologyis also increasingly being used or non-voiceapplications, including text messaging,m-banking and disaster management, and itsrole as a development tool is widely recognized.


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Access to the World Wide Webis still closed to the majority o the worlds people

Internet use has also continued to expand,albeit at a slower pace over the last year. Bythe end o 2008, 23 per cent o the worldspopulation (or 1.6 billion people) were usingthe Internet. In the developed regions, thepercentage remains much higher than in thedeveloping world, where only 1 in 6 peopleare online.

A large gap separates those with high-speed Internet connections, mostly indeveloped nations, and dial-up users

A challenge in bringing more people online in developingcountries is the limited availability o broadband networks.Many o the most e ective development applications oICT, such as telemedicine, e-commerce, e-banking ande-government, are only available through a high-speedInternet connection. But a signifcant divide exists betweenthose who enjoy ast access to an online world increasinglyrich in multimedia content and those still struggling with slow,shared dial-up links.

By the end o 2008, fxed broadband penetration in thedeveloping world averaged less than 3 per cent and washeavily concentrated in a ew countries. Chinathe largestfxed broadband market in the worldaccounts or abouthal o the 200 million fxed broadband subscriptions. In mostleast developed countries, the number o fxed broadbandsubscriptions is still negligible; service remains prohibitivelyexpensive and inaccessible to most people. However, theintroduction o high-speed wireless broadband networksis expected to increase the number o Internet users indeveloping countries in the near uture.

0 10 20 30 40 50 6 0 70 80

World

Developed regions

Developing regions

Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe

Latin America & the Caribbean

CIS, Europe

Eastern Asia

Western Asia

Northern Africa

South-Eastern Asia

CIS, Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Oceania

Southern Asia

Number of Internet users per 100 population, 2003 and 2008

2

1

2

6

46

6

12

514

419

932

824

925

7

12

27

29

49

5

68

15

1223

20032008

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2009*20082007200620052004200320022001200019991998

Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 population,1998-2009, and mobile broadband subscriptionsper 100 population, 2000-2009

39

Developed regionsDeveloping regions

Developed regionsDeveloping regions

Fixed broadband

Mobile broadband

Note: * Data for 2009 are estimates.


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A note to the readerMeasuring progress towards the MDGs Progress towards the eight Millennium Development Goalsis measured through 21 targets and 60 o fcial indicators. 1 This report presents an accounting to date o how ar theworld has come in meeting the goals using data available aso May 2010. 2

Most o the MDG targets have a deadline o 2015, and 1990is the baseline against which progress is gauged. Whenrelevant and available, data or 2000 are also presented,to describe changes since the Millennium Declaration wassigned. Country data are aggregated at the subregionaland regional levels to show overall advances over time.

Although the aggregate fgures are a convenient way to trackprogress, the situation o individual countries within a givenregion may vary signifcantly rom regional averages. Data

or individual countries, along with the composition o allregions and subregions, are available at http://mdgs.un.org.

1 The complete list o goals, targets and indicators is available at mdgs.un.org2 Given the time lag between collecting data and analysing them, ewindicators can be compiled or the current year. Most o them are based on data

rom earlier yearsgenerally up to 2008 or 2009.

Improving monitoring systems Improved data and monitoring tools are crucial or devisingappropriate policies and interventions needed to achievethe MDGs. Although some progress is being made, reliablestatistics or monitoring development remain inadequate inmany poor countries, and the challenge o building in-countrycapacity to produce better policy-relevant data is enormous.Since periodic assessment o the MDGs began almostten years ago, activities have been under way to improvedata availability in countries and reporting mechanisms tointernational organizations. As a result, data production incountries is increasingly aligned with internationally agreed-

upon recommendations and standards. Moreover, internationalagencies have developed a better understanding o countriesdata availability and o how to work with national experts toproduce and estimate indicators.

More data are now available in the international series or theassessment o trends or all MDGs. In 2009, 118 countrieshad data or at least two points in time or 16-22 indicatorsas compared to 2003, when only our countries had thesame data coverage. This is the result o increased nationalcapacity to venture into new data collection initiatives as wellas to increase the requency o data collection. For instance,the number o countries with two or more data points oncontraceptive prevalence increased rom 50 in the period1986-1994 to 94 in 1995-2004. At the same time, the numbero countries with no data on this indicator decreased rom 106to 63. The production o quality data is also expanding in other

areas, such as monitoring the spread o HIV, leading to a betterunderstanding o the epidemic. Between 2003 and 2008, 87developing countries had conducted nationally representativesurveys that collected data on comprehensive and correctknowledge o HIV among young women, compared to 48countries in 1998-2002 and only fve prior to 1998. Even inareas with less well-established data collection tools, likethe environment, major improvements have been made inobtaining data rom national and regional authorities. Forexample, the number o sites included in the World Databaseon Protected Areas has increased rom just over 1,000 in 1962to more than 102,000 in 2003 and 134,000 in 2009.

The basis or this analysisRegional and subregional fgures presented in this report arecompiled by members o the United Nations Inter-Agency andExpert Group on MDG Indicators (IAEG). In general, the fguresare weighted averages o country data, using the population ore erence as a weight. For each indicator, individual agencieswere designated as o fcial providers o data and as leaders indeveloping methodologies or data collection and analysis (seeinside ront cover or a list o contributing organizations).

Data are typically drawn rom o fcial statistics provided bygovernments. This is accomplished through periodic datacollection by ministries and national statistical o fces aroundthe world. To fll data gaps, which occur requently, many o

the indicators are supplemented by or derived exclusively romdata collected through surveys sponsored and carried outby international agencies. These include many o the healthindicators, which are compiled, or the most part, rom MultipleIndicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and HealthSurveys (DHS).

In some cases, countries may have more recent data that havenot yet become available to the relevant specialized agency.In other cases, the responsible international agencies mustestimate missing values or make adjustments to national datato ensure international comparability. Data rom internationalsources, there ore, o ten di er rom those available withincountries.

The United Nations Statistics Division maintains the o fcialwebsite o the IAEG and its database (http://mdgs.un.org). In

an e ort to improve transparency, the country data series inthe database are given colour codes to indicate whether thefgures are estimated or provided by national agencies; theyare also accompanied by metadata with a detailed descriptiono how the indicators are produced and o the methodologiesused or regional aggregations.

Reconciling national and international data Reliable, timely and internationally comparable data onthe MDG indicators are crucial or holding the internationalcommunity to account. They are also important in encouragingpublic support and unding or development, allocating aide ectively, and comparing progress among regions and acrosscountries. Discrepancies among sources and gaps in nationaldata have raised concerns in the statistical community andtroubled country data producers who fnd themselves dealingwith di erent fgures or the same indicator.

A number o initiatives have been launched to reconcilenational and international monitoring and to resolve di erencesin methods and defnitions used. These e orts are beginningto yield results. The IAEG has promoted a dialogue betweennational and international agencies to improve the coherenceo national and international data and to ensure the quality andtransparency o methodologies and data produced. The IAEG

has also provided training on the production o indicators tonational statistics experts in more than 40 countries.


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Regional groupings

This report presents data on progress towards the Millennium DevelopmentGoals or the world as a whole and or various country groupings. Theseare classifed as developing regions, the transition economies o theCommonwealth o Independent States (CIS) in Asia and Europe, and thedeveloped regions. 1 The developing regions are urther broken down intothe subregions shown on the map above. These regional groupings arebased on United Nations geographical divisions, with some modifcationsnecessary to create, to the extent possible, groups o countries or which ameaning ul analysis can be carried out. A complete list o countries includedin each region and subregion is available at mdgs.un.org.

1 Since there is no established convention for the designation of developed and developing

countries or areas in the United Nations system, this distinction is made for the purposes of

statistical analysis only.

The designations employed and the presentation o the material in the present publication do not

imply the expression o any opinion whatsoever on the part o the Secretariat o the United Nations

concerning the legal status o any country, territory, city or area o its authorities, or concerning the

delimitation o its rontiers or boundaries.

Developed regions

Countries of the Commonwealthof Independent States (CIS)

Northern Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

South-Eastern Asia

Oceania

Eastern Asia

Southern Asia

Western Asia

Latin America & the Caribbean

mdg report 2010 goal8

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