Matter and EnergyObjectives:

Distinguish between a mixture and a pure substance

Describe four common states of matter and how particles behave in each state

Building Blocks of Matter•Atom – smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. Neutral charge

•Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

•Compound – a substance that is made of the atoms from two or more elements that are chemically combined

Classification of MatterPure substance – composed of one kind of atom or molecule

•has a fixed composition•has the same physical and chemical properties throughout

Mixture – a blend of two or more kinds of matter

•Can be physically separated. Methods include: centrifugation, distillation,

filtration, and magnets.

Heterogeneous – NOT uniform throughout and will show Tyndall Effect (scattering of light due to particles in a solution)

oSuspension - Particles are suspended in a fluid that will settle out

Homogeneous – uniform in composition throughout

oSolution - one or more substances (the solutes) dissolved in another substance (the solvent)oColloid - Particles suspended in a liquid that do not settle out. Can also exhibit Tyndall Effect

Mixtures

States of Matter

SolidHave a definite shape and volumeParticles have strong attractive force, but still vibrateTwo types Crystalline – orderly

arrangement of atoms Amorphous – no particular order

or arrangement of atoms

LiquidHave a definite volume but not a definite shapeParticles move fast enough to overcome forces of attractionSurface tension – force between particles at the surface that cause spherical shapes

Gas

Does NOT have definite volume or shapeParticles moves fast enough to break away from each other

Plasma

Does NOT have a definite shape or volumeParticle are broken apart (electrons have been stripped off)Conduct electric currentExamples?

Energy & Change of State

Depo

sition

Changes of StateMelting point – Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquidFreezing point – Temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid

Boiling point – Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gasCondensation point – Temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid

Same Temp.

Same Temp.

Phase TransitionsMelting: change of a solid to a liquid.Freezing: change a liquid to a solid.Vaporization: change of a liquid to a gas. Condensation: change of a gas to a liquid. Sublimation : Change of solid to gasDeposition: Change of a gas to a solid.

H2O(s) H2O(l)

H2O(l) H2O(s)

H2O(l) H2O(g)

H2O(g) H2O(l)

H2O(s) H2O(g)

H2O(g) H2O(s)

Phase changes by Name

Energy & Change of State

Reactions/Changes can be: Endothermic – requires energy orExothermic – produces energy

Water phase changes

Temperature remains constant during a phase change.

Energy

Which of the following is a physical change?

burning gaso

line

cookin

g an egg

decomposin

g meat

evaporating w

ater

rusti

ng iron

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. burning gasoline2. cooking an egg3. decomposing meat4. evaporating water5. rusting iron

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Which of these is an element?

Water

Nitric

acid W

ood Si

lver Brass

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Water2. Nitric acid3. Wood4. Silver5. Brass

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Which of the following is an incorrect description?

A homogeneous m

ixture.

A heterogeneous c

omp...

A solid

element.

A mixt

ure of solid

s.

A solution of g

ases.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. A homogeneous mixture.2. A heterogeneous

compound.3. A solid element.4. A mixture of solids.5. A solution of gases.

This is the process shown by the arrow.

Melting

Freezi

ng

Evaporation

Condensation

Sublim

ation

Deposition

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. Melting2. Freezing3. Evaporation4. Condensation5. Sublimation6. Deposition

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This is the process shown by the arrow.

Melting

Freezi

ng

Evaporation

Condensation

Sublim

ation

Deposition

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. Melting2. Freezing3. Evaporation4. Condensation5. Sublimation6. Deposition

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This is the classification of glass.

Homogeneous mixture

Heteroge

neous mixt

ure

Element

Pure substa

nce

Colloid

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Homogeneous mixture2. Heterogeneous mixture3. Element4. Pure substance5. Colloid

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