Foundation

FoundationFoundation: The structure, that transmits the load of the building to the soil Choosing a kind of foundation depends on: the ground conditions the groundwater conditions the site, the environment (the buildings nearby) the structure of our building

TYPES OF FONDATIONSSHALLOW FOUNDATIONSWALL FOUNDATION (Strip footing)ISOLATED COLUMN FOUNDATION ( Spread footing)COMBINED FOUNDATIONMAT OR RAFT FOUNDATIONStrap Foundation 2. DEEP FONDATIONSPILE FOUNDATIONSUNDER-REAMED PILEWELL FOUNDATIONS

2Wall foundationFOUNDATION TRENCHSAND OR PEIECES OF BRICKS etc..,A strip footing is provided for a load bearing wall and also provided for a row of columns which are so closely spaced that their spread footings overlap or nearly touch rach other.

Isolated (Spread) footingA spread footing foundation, which is typical in residential building, has a wider bottom portion than the load-bearing foundation walls it supports. This wider part "spreads" the weight of the structure over more area for greater stability.The design and layout of spread footings is controlled by several factors, foremost of which is the weight (load) of the structure it will support.These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a basement, and in many commercial structures. But for high rise buildings they are not sufficient.P C CFOOTINGISOLATED COLUMN FOUNDATIONCOLUMN

Spread Footings: (a) Square, (b) Rectangular, (c) Wall (Strip) and (d) CircularA spread footing which changes elevation in several places in a series of vertical "steps" in order to follow the contours of a sloping site or accommodate changes in soil strata, is termed a stepped footing.

COMBINED FOOTINGCombined footingsTwo or more columns are supported on a reinforced concrete footing. They are often used where one of the columns is located along a property line and its not possible to extend the spread footing beyond the edge of the building. When the columns are very near to each other so that their footings overlap.When the bearing capacity of the soil is less, requiring more area under individual footing.When the end column is near a property line so that its footing canot spread in that direction.

R C C SLABccCOMBINED FOOTINGMAT FOUNDATIONIt is most suitable foundation when the soil at the site proposed for the construction of a structure is erratic, soft clay, made up ground or marshy land with low bearing capacity.Mat foundation is constructed of RCC slab covering the whole area of the bottom of the structure. The slab is provided with steel reinforcing bars in both directions. When column loads are heavy, the main beams and secondary beams are provided monolithically with raft slab.

Raft foundation

PCC BEDR C C SLABCCSECTION ALONG AAMAT FOUNDATIONCOLUMNAAMAIN BEAMSECONDARY BEAMMAIN BEAMStrap ( Cantilever footing)Two isolated footings connected with a structural strap or a lever

Grillage foundationA type of foundation often used at the base of a column. It consists of one, two or more tiers of steel beams superimposed on a layer of concrete, adjacent tiers being placed at right angles to each other, while all tiers are encased in concrete.This is dependable foundation and is used in those place where the load of the structure is pretty and bearing capacity of soil comparatively poor. The grillage foundation helps in distributing the load over a wider area of subsoil. The grillage foundation helps in avoiding deep excavations as the necessary base area is provided for the load of transmission.This type of foundation generally used for heavy structure columns piers and steel stanchions etc.

Grillage foundationMasonryMasonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are Brick Stone MarbleGranite LimestoneCast StoneConcrete BlockGlass block Stucco, and Tile.

Definitions of terms Used in masonry

1.Course:A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones.2.Bed:it is the surface of stone perpendicular to the line of pressure. It indicates the lower surface of bricks or stones in each course.3.Back: the inner surface of a wall which is not exposed is called the back. The material forming the back is known as backing.4.Face: The exterior of wall exposed to weather is known as face. The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.5.Hearting: It is the interior portion of a wall between the facing and backing.6.Side: it is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in a direction transverse to the face and bed.7.Joint: It is the junction of two or more bricks or stones. If the joint is parallel to the bed of bricks or stones in a course then it is termed as bed joint. The joint which are perpendicular to the bed joints are termed as vertical joints or side joints or simply joints.

8.Header: it is a brick or stone which lies with its greatest length at right angles to the face of the work.. in case of stone masonry header is sometimes known as through stone. The course of brick work in which all the bricks are laid as headers is known as header course.9.Stretcher: it is a brick or a stone which lies with its longest side parallel to the face of the work. The course of brick work in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers is known as stretcher course.10.Bond: This is the method of arranging bricks so that the individual units are tied together. Bonding is essential to eliminate continuous vertical joints both in body as well as on the face of wall.11.Spalls: these are the chips of stones used for filling the interstices in stone masonry.

12.Quoins: these are the stones used for the corners ofwallsof a structure.13.Bat: it is the portion of brick cut across the width.( Three quarter bat, Bevelled bat)14.Closer: it is the portion of the brick cut length wise in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut.15.Queencloser: It is the portion of brick obtained by cutting a brick length wise into two portions.16.KingCloser: these are the portions of a brick obtained by cutting off the triangular piece between the center of one end and the center of one side.17.BevelledCloser: it is that portion of a brick in which the whole length of the brick is beveled for maintaining half width at one end and full width art the other.18.Frog: it is an indentation or depression on the top face of a brick made with the object of forming a key for the mortars. This reduces the weight of the brick also.19.Plinth: it is the horizontal course of stone or brick provided at the base of the wall above ground level. It indicates the height of the ground level above the natural ground level. It protects the building from dampness.

20.Plinth Course:It is the top most course of the plinth masonry.21.String Course:It is a horizontal projecting course of masonry projecting out of the face of the wall for shedding rain water off the face. It imparts an aesthetic appearance to the structure and is generally provided at every floor level.22.Sill:it is a horizontal member of stone, concreteorwood, employed for the purpose of shedding off rain water from the face of wall immediately below the window opening. It gives support to the vertical members of a wooden window frame.23.Lintel:it is a horizontal member of stone, brick, wood, iron or RCC used to support the masonry or load above an opening.24.Jambs:these are the vertical sides of an opening for doors and windows. These may be plain or splayed or may be provided with recesses to receive the frames of doors and windows.

25.Reveals:These are exposed vertical surfaces left on the sides of an opening after the door or window frame had been fitted in position26.Cornice:It is a projecting ornamental course near the top of a building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.27.Blocking Course:It is atop most course of stone masonry provided immediately above the cornice to prevent the tendency of the cornice to overturn. It also adds to the aesthetics of the cornice.28.Coping:It is a course placed upon the exposed top of an external wall to prevent the seepage of water.29.Corbel: It is the extension of one or more course of stone or brick from the face of a wall to serve as a support for wall plates.30.Template:Pieces of stones placed under the end of a beam to distribute the load over a greater area.

STONE MASONRYWhat is stone masonry?Stone masonry is made of stone units bonded together with mortar.

Classification of stone masonryRandom rubble masonryThe blocks of stones that are used are either undressed or comparatively roughly dressed. The masonry has wide joints, since stones of irregular sizes are used. Coursed

In coursed random rubble masonry, the masonry work is carried out in courses such that the stones in a particular course are of equal height.

uncoursed

In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry.In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the courses are not maintained regularly. The larger stones are laid first and the spaces between them are then filled up by means of spalls.

Square rubble masonryCoursed

In this type of masonry, stones having straight bed and sides are used. The stones are usually squared and brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish.In the coursed square rubble masonry, the work is carried out in courses of varying depth.uncoursed

In the uncoursed square rubble masonry, the different sizes of stones having straight edges and sides are arranged on face in several irregular patterns.Polygonal rubble masonry

In this type of rubble masonry, the stones are hammer dressed. The stones used for face work are dressed in an irregular polygonal shape. Thus the face joints are seen running in an irregular fashion in all directions.Flint rubble masonry

In this type of masonry, stone used are flints or cobbles. These are irregularly shaped nodules of silica. The stones are extremely hard. But they are brittle and therefore they break easily.Rectangular paving stones with curved topDry rubble masonry

In this type of masonry, mortar is not used in the joints. This type of construction is the cheapest and requires more skill in construction. This may be used for non-load bearing walls such as compound walls, etcASHLAR MASONRY1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRY

In this type Ashlar masonry, each stone is cut to uniform size and shape with all sides rectangular, so that the stone gives perfectly horizontal and vertical joints with adjoining stone. This type of Ashlar masonry is very costly.Ashlar rough tooled masonry

In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides are finely chisel-dressed. But the face is made rough by means of tools. A strip, about 25mm wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone.Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry

In this type of ashlar masonry, a strip about 25mm wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of every stone as in case of rough-tooled ashlar masonry. The projections on the exposed face exceeding 80mm in height are removed by light hammering.Ashlar chamfered masonry

In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is provided as below. But it is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45 degrees by means of chisel for a depth of about 25mm.Ashlar back in course masonry

This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. In this type of masonry, the face work is provided with rough tooled or hammer dresses stones and backing of the wall may be made in rubble masonry.Brick Masonry

brickmortar41BrickBrick is a basic building unit which is in the form of rectangular block in which length to breadth ratio is 2 but height can be different.Traditional size 9''4" 3"Modular size 20cm*10cm*10cm

43Bonds In BricksThe arrangement of bricks in brick work so that the vertical joints do not come over each other.Bonds in brick work is provided to achieve a united mass as soon as practicable to suit the length, height and thickness of brick work and stresses to which it is subjectedTo break the continuity of vertical joints and to provide proper bond in brick masonry portion of brick (closers or bats) are provided in alternative courses.

BRICKS BONDING Stretcher BondHeader BondEnglish BondFlemish BondRaking BondEnglish Garden Wall BondCommon / American BondFlemish Garden Wall BondRunning BondHerringbone Bond Header A brick which is laid in a way that only the short end is visible in the wall

Stretcher A brick which is laid in a way that allows only the longer side of the brick to be exposed.

Brick Bonds:Stretcher BondHeader BondEnglish BondFlemish Bond

47Stretcher BondStretcher/Common BondOnly used for walls of half brick thickness(partition wall) , this is the only practical bond which can be used on a half thickness wall such as those used as partition walls.

48Header Bond

Header Bond also known as Spanish bond) was a very common bond for bearing walls. It is composed of header bricks, set in rows that are offset of a brick as a quoin brick in alternating courses, which produces a solid easy to lay bond.

49English BondThe strongest bondThis bond maximizes the strength of wallPattern on the face of the wall shows distinctive courses of headers & stretchers.

50Flemish BondNot such a strong as English bondDecorative pattern on face of the wall shows alternate headers & stretchers in each with the headers centered under and over stretchers in adjacent courses.

51In this bond a queen closer is provided after every queen header in the alternate courses to break the continuity of vertical joints.Brick bats are to be used for forming this bond when thickness of wall is multiple of half brick.

52

53Raking Bond Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be effective within an exposed framed construction, or contained within restraining brick courses.

English Garden Wall Bond An alternative version of English bond with header courses being inserted at every fourth or sixth course. This is a correspondingly weaker bond. Suitable for free standing wall.

Common/ American Bond A brickwork pattern in which all rows are stretchers, except an eighth row of headers

Flemish Garden Wall Bond In this variant of Flemish bond, one header is placed at every third stretcher

Running Bond Consist of all stretchers no header used in this bond so metal ties are used Cavity wall construction & veneered walls of brick.

Herringbone BondIt is a purely decorative bond. It is used in floor and wall panels.

WallStrength and stabilityWeather resistanceDurabilityFire resistancethermal insulationSound insulationTypes of wallsLoad bearing walls solid masonry wallsCavity walls FACED WALLSVENEERED WALLS

Non- Load bearing wallsPartition walls/ divide walls

Solid Walls Masonry units laid close together with all joints filled solidly with mortar. Solid walls are structurally bonded by metal ties, masonry headers or by joint reinforcement. Where solid masonry walls are used, insulation and mechanical equipment are often installed within a furred space on the interior side of the wall. Below grade, insulation is often placed on the exterior side of the wall.

Veneered WallsMasonry is used as a facing material. In this case, the masonry does not act structurally. It serves to perform as a weather barrier and as a finish material. Insulation and mechanical equipment is normally located between studs.

Reinforced Masonry WallsSimilar to a reinforced concrete wall, a reinforced masonry wall incorporates steel to provide resistance to tension, shear, and compression forces. Reinforcing bars are placed vertically in walls and tied to horizontal bars. Insulation and mechanical equipment is placed similar to that in a solid wallCavity Walls A cavity wall is composed of two wythes of either solid or hollow masonry separated by a continuous air space, and bonded together with metal ties or joint reinforcement. The cavity offers important advantages in areas of severe exposure: Cavity Walls The continuous air space provides insulation value and a place where additional insulation may be installed. The continuous air space acts as a barrier to moisture penetration. In cavity walls, insulation and mechanical equipment are often installed within the cavity, or within a furred space on the interior of the wall.

Brick house

Brick Positions:

StretcherHeaderSoldierShinerRowlockSailor