mas rep mas.pptx

7/29/2019 MAS REP MAS.pptx

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Microscopic Structures of

Reproductive System

dr. Yan Effendi Hasjim, DAHK.

Departement of HistologySriwijaya University Faculty of Medicine

2013

The Male Reproductive System,


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Microscopic Structure

of The Male Reproductive System

2 testes

Genital duct systemGlands

Penis


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Competencies:

1. Understand how the cells of the male reproductive system interact to

produce sperm.

2. Recall which cells in the male reproductive system are responsible for the

production of androgens and explain what those androgens do.

3. Compare and contrast how the cells, tissues and organs in the male

reproductive system are organized to be able to transmit sperm to the

female reproductive tract.


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Function of Male Reproductive System

1. Formation of the spermatozoa (testes)

2. Synthesis, storage, and release of the, testosterone (testes)

3. Form the noncellular portion ofsemen (seminal vesicles, prostate gland,

bulbourethral glands)


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TESTES

in the scrotum, are paired organs,

produce spermatozoa andtestosterone

Embryogenesis,

develop retroperitoneally

descend into the scrotum, they carry

with them a portion of theperitoneum.tunica vaginalis

Formation of the spermatozoa


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Capsule

Tunica Albugeniadense irregularcollagenous tissue (non-elastic)

Tunica Vasculosa, highly vascularizedloose connective tissue, the vascularcapsule of the testis

Septa 250 Lobuli Testis (1-4Seminiferous Tubules)

MediastinumTestis (posterior aspectthickened)

Seminiferous Tubules Tubuli RectiRete Testis,Ductuli EfferentesEpididymis.

General Structure of TESTES


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structure

Highly convoluted tubules, 30 - 70cm long,150 - 250 m diameter, surrounded byextensive capillary beds. About 1000 in twotestes, total length of nearly 0.5 km (0.3mile),

Production of spermatozoa.

The wall : TUNICA PROPRIA (a slender connective

tissue layer),

thick SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM

separated by a well-developed BASAL

LAMINAtunica vasculosa (TV)

blood vessels (BV)

septa (S),

seminiferous tubules (ST)

seminiferous epithelium (SE)


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Sz : spermatozoa (Sz).

Ad : dark spermatogonia A

Ap : pale spermatogonia A

B : spermatogonia B

SC : Sertoli cell

Seminiferous tubule .

Germinal epithelium thick :

1. Spermatogenic cells

various stages of maturation)

2. Sertoli Cells


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Spermatogenesis,

(process of cell maturation)

1). Spermatocytogenesis

Differentiation ofspermatogonia

(diploid cells), moreprimaryspermatocytes (diploid), migrate to

adluminal

2). Meiosis: Reduction division, :

- diploid primary spermatocytes,

reduce chromosome to haploid

secondary spermatocytes

-haploid cells spermatids

3). Spermiogenesis:

Transformation spermatids

spermatozoa (haploid)


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1. Spermatogonia

small, diploid germ cells

basally, lie on the basal lamina

puberty, become influenced bytestosterone to enter the cell cycle.


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Dark type A Spermatogonia

Small, dome-shaped cells.

flattened, oval nuclei, abundant

heterochromatin, darkreserve cells(notentered the cell cycle)

Once mitosis, form Pale Type Aspermatogonia.

Pale type A Spermatogonia

= dark type, except ; nuclei abundant

euchromatin, pale.

induced by testosterone toproliferate

(mitosis) to additional pale type A

spermatogonia, and to type B

Type B Spermatogonia

resemble pale type , but nuclei are round

divide mitotically to primaryspermatocytes


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2. Primary spermatocytes

As soon as formed, into the adluminal

migrate between Sertoli cells, form zonulae

occludentes maintain the integrity ofblood-testis barrier.

largest cells

3. Secondary spermatocytes

relatively small cells,

short-lived, not readily seen in theseminiferous epithelium.

contain 2n DNA, do not replicate theirchromosomes; quickly enter thesecond meiotic division, formingtwo haploid (1n DNA) spermatids.


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The six stages of spermatogenesis in the human seminiferous tubule. The

cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man.

4. Spermatids

small, round haploid cells

All the spermatids that are the progeny of a

single pale type A spermatogonium areconnected to one another by cytoplasmicbridges. form small clusters,

5. Spermatozoa

head, housing the nucleus, and a tail

(four regions: neck, middle piece,

principal piece, and end piece).

produced by spermatogenesis, are long

cells (65 m).


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Spermiogenesis and a mature spermatozoon

C.Spermiogenesis: Transformation of

spermatids spermatozoa

discard much of their cytoplasm,

rearrange their organelles, and

form a flagellum to become

transformed into spermatozoa


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Tall, columnar, lateral cellmembranes possess complexinfoldings

Apical membranes are highly foldedand project into the lumina.

Basally located, clear, oval nucleuswith a large, centrally positionednucleolus

The cytoplasm: crystalloids ofCharcot-Bttcher (composition andfunction are not known).

Sertoli Cells


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Sertoli cells functions:

1. Physical and nutritional support of the developing germ cells2. Secretion ofa fructose-rich medium that nourishes and facilitates the

transport of spermatozoa to the genital ducts

3. Phagocytosis of cytoplasm eliminated during spermiogenesis

4. Synthesis and release ofandrogen-binding protein (ABP),

SUPPORTLEYDIG CELLS

5. Synthesis and secretion ofinhibin, inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

6. Synthesis and secretion of testicular transferrin, an apoprotein that

accepts iron from serum transferrin and conveys it to maturing gametes


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Luteinizing hormone LEYDIG cells (LH Recptors)

activating adenylate cyclase to form cyclicadenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

induces inactive cholesterol esterases active andcleave INTRACELLULAR LIPIDfree cholesterol

activates cholesterol desmolase,convertsfree cholesterolinto pregnenolone.testosterone,

ABP binds testosterone , preventing the hormone from

leaving the seminiferous tubule elevating the testosterone

levels in the local environment sufficiently to sustain

spermatogenesis.

FSH SERTOLI cells (induces)synthesize and release androgen-binding protein (ABP)

bloodtestosterone levels are notsufficient to initiate and maintainspermatogenesis,


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LEYDIG CELLS

because testosterone is probably released as soon as itssynthesis is complete no secretory vesicles

The cytoplasm also contains crystallized proteins, the crystals

of Reinke, a characteristic of human interstitial cells.


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ST

Between the tubules, within the interstitial tissue lieLEYDIG CELLS (black arrow).

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

Interstitial Cells of Leydigdispersed throughoutt.vasculosa

no secretory vesicles(testosterone is probablyreleased as soon as its

synthesis is complete).


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GENITAL DUCT SYTEM


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Genital duct system

INTRATESTICULAR (within the testes)1. TUBULI RECTI

2. RETE TESTIS

3. DUCTULI EFFERENTES

EXTRATESTICULAR (external to the testes)

1. EPIDIDYMIS

2. DUCTUS DEFERENS

3. EJACULATORY DUCT


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TUBULUS REKTUS

TRANSITION FROM TUB

SEMINIFERUS, COLLUMNAR

CERTOLI CELLS

BASAL TIGHT JUNCTION

COLLUMNAR SERTOLI CELL ,

CHANGE TO APICAL TIGHT

JUNCTION CUBOIDAL

SERTOLI CELLS


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Simple cuboidalepithelium

Single flagellum

within denseconnective tissue of themediastinum

RETE TESTIS


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ED

E

Function

Transmit sperm, carry non-motile

sperm to the epididymis.

Remove fluid

variable hight epithelium ht(simple columnar topseudostratified ciliated) Theluminal border of the epitheliumis irregular,characteristic

Structure different: Epididymis (E),& Efferent Ductules (ED),

SM

ed

EFFERENT DUCTULES


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Structure

Ciliated collumnar cells sweep sperm toward

epididymis,

Non-ciliated cuboidal cells areabsorptive.

Thin layer ofsmooth muscle(SM).

patches ofnonciliated cuboidalcells, alternating with ciliatedcolumnar cells.

EFFERENT DUCTULES

Cuboidal cells (nonciliated)richly lysosomes

apical invaginations endocytosis.

resorb most of the luminal fluidelaborated by the Sertoli cells

Ciliated collumnar cells

Ciliamove thespermatozoa toward theepididymis.


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Function

Remove fluid

Facilitate maturation of spermatozoa can fertilize ovum (capacitation)

Develop motility in the body of the Epididymis

Traverse the epididymis in one week gain that capacity.

Peristaltic contractions conduct spermatozoa to the ductus deferens.

highly convoluted tubule : 1) head (union of10-20 DE) 2) body, highly coiled. 3) tail, losesits convolutions (store spermatozoa)

EPIDIDYMIS

EPIDIDYMIS


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EPIDIDYMIS

CC

BCS

Sperm

SM

STRUCTURE

pseudostratified :(Basal & Principal)

Thin layer of circularly smooth muscle

cells

Peristaltic contractions

Basal cells

Short, pyramidal topolyhedral.

function as stem cells

Principal cells

Tall, irregular

Stereocilia , long, branched, resorb the luminalfluid

phagocytose remnants of cytoplasm (notremoved by Sertoli cells).

glycerophosphocholine , inhibits

spermatozoon capacitation,


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DUCTUS DEFERENS (Vas Deferens/Spermatic cord)

a muscular tube that conveys spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis

to the ejaculatory duct (transmits sperm).

ampulla

The dilated terminus

approaches the prostate gland,joined by the seminal vesicle.

The continuation of the junction of theampulla with the seminal vesicle iscalled the ejaculatory duct.


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ILL

MCL

OLL

Epithelium = epididymis

Stereociliated pseudostratified Tallcolumnar epithelium

Lamina Propria, loose fibroelasticconnective tissue, has numerousfolds, lumen appear irregular.

BC

CC

thick-walled muscular tube, small

irregular lumenthree layers: (inner-outer longitudinallayers, middle circular layer).


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Ejaculatory Duct

The ampulla ductus

deferens joins the

seminal vesicleto form

the ejaculatory duct,

short, straight tubule

Structure

Wall is folded,

Simple Collumnar Epithelium

The subepithelial connective tissue is folded, irregular appearance of itslumen.

no smooth muscle in its wall.


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ACCESSORY MALE GENITAL GLANDS


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1. Seminal vesicles (paired)

2. Prostate gland (single)

3. Bulbourethral glands

(paired)

1 S i l i l


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1. Seminal vesicle

secrete a viscous fluid that constitutes about70% of theejaculate.

highly coiled tubular (15cm long).

a long sac that is folded

Produce fructose-rich seminal fluid,

energy source for sperm

The secretory epithelium (arrow) of thecomplex folds, pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium: short basal cellsand low columnar cells

abundant smooth muscle (SM)


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2. Prostate Gland

the largest of the accessory glands, is pierced by the urethra and the

ejaculatory ducts surrounding a portion of the urethra,

Prostate producesA serous secretion, white, acidic, rich in

Lipids

Proteolytic enzymes, amylase

Acid phosphatase

Fibrinolysin, role liquefaction of semen

Citric acid, zinc

Specific antigen

Formation, synthesis, release, are regulated by dihydrotestosterone(active form oftestosterone).androgen dependent


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Capsule: a richly vascularized, dense,

irregular collagenous connective tissueinterspersed with smooth muscle cells.

Stroma : derived from the capsule,

also enriched by smooth muscle fibers

three discrete, concentric layers:

The mucosal glands are closest to the

urethra

The submucosal glands are peripheral

to the mucosal glands The main glands, largest, which

compose the bulk of the prostate.


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Structure

30 to 50 individual compound tubuloalveolarglands, its own duct into the prostatic

urethra).simple to pseudostratified columnarepithelium, numerous secretory granules, andmany lysosomes.

connective tissue with abundant smoothmuscle. (arrow)

prostatic concretion (arrows).

Characteristic: particularly in older(numbers increase with a age).round/oval prostatic concretions(corpora amylaceae), Calcifiedglycoproteins in the lumen.,


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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

enlarged prostate partially strangulates the lumen of the urethra,

difficulties with urination.

Hypertrophy of the mucosal and submucosal glands and the stroma

surrounding them.

Occurs in 40% of men over 50

Occurs in 95% of men over 80

Prostatic Carcinoma (Adenocarcinoma)

Occurs in the main glands

The second most common form of cancer in men (30% of men over 75

years of age).Can metastasize to other other organs particularly bone.(frequentlycancer cells enter the circulatory system

A simple blood test: prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) early detection ofprostatic adenocarcinoma.


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CLINICAL CORRELATIONS

Hyperthermia a factor in male infertility,

work with laptop for 1 hour of continuous increase in scrotal

temperature by as much as 2.8 C.

Heat Exchange System

temperature of the testes a few degrees lower than the body. (95 F /35C), spermatozoa develop normally/optimally

pampiniform plexus of veins, are wrapped around the testicular artery,is cooler than the testicular artery,reduce the temperature of thearterial blood, forming a countercurrent heat exchange system.

A cooler temperature in the scrotum, aiding the cooling effect of thepampiniform plexus of veins.

The vascular supply

abdominal aorta testicular artery several branches capsule of thetestisintratesticular vascular elements.

The capillary beds are collected into several veins, thepampiniform plexusof veins, (are wrapped around the testicular artery).


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3. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's glands)

The paired glands, located at the root of the penis,secrete a slipperylubricating solution directly into the

urethra.

Structure

fibroelastic capsule : smooth muscle cells and also skeletal muscle fibers(derived from the muscles of the urogenital diaphragm).

Septa from the capsule divide each gland into several lobules.

tubuloalveolar glands, simple cuboidal to simple columnar.

Secretion: thick, slippery fluid containing galactose and sialic acidlubricating the lumen of the urethra. During the process of ejaculation,precedes the remainder of the semen.


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Histophysiology of the Accessory Genital Glands

The bulbourethral glands, first of the glandular secretions releasedlubricates the lining of the urethra.

The prostate gland, Just before ejaculation, secretions are discharged intothe urethra, as are the spermatozoa from the ampulla of the ductus

deferens.help the spermatozoa achieve motility.The final secretions arise from the seminal vesicles, which are responsiblefor a significant increase in the volume of the semen. Their fructose-richfluid is used by the spermatozoa for energy.

The ejaculate, (semen), is about 3 ml, consists of secretions from the

accessory glands and 200 to 300 million spermatozoa.


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CLINICAL CORRELATIONS

Impotence : inability to achieve erection.

Temporary erectile dysfunction:

psychological factors or drugs (e.g., alcohol);Permanent impotence

lesions in certain regions of the brain, hypothalamus, spinalcord injuries,

autonomic innervation malfunction,

stroke, Parkinson's disease,

diabetes,

multiple sclerosis,

psychological disorders.

Sterile: sperm count is less than 20 million spermatozoa per milliliter of

ejaculate (normally contains 50 to 100 million/ milliliter).


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Microscopic Structures of

Reproductive System

dr. Yan Effendi Hasjim, DAHK.

Departement of HistologySriwijaya University Faculty of Medicine

2011

TheFertilisation and Inplantation,


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A large number of spermatozoa are trying to make their way through the cells of the

corona radiata, only a single spermatozoon will be able to fertilize

Fertilisation & Inplantation

Scanning electron

micrograph of

fertilization (5700).


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OVULATION

The process of releasing the secondary oocyte from the graafian follicle is

known as ovulation.

Always on the 14th day before the beginning of menstruation.


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Structure Graafian Follicle

secondary oocyte:second meiotic division and is arrested in metaphase.

Zona Pellucida: glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3, (secreted by the oocyte)

Granulosa Cells: continued formation of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid

Follicular Cells: Filopodia invade the zonula pellucida, contact with theoocyte plasmalemma, form gap junctions communicate with the

oocyte throughout follicular development. (necessary for the oocyte to be

able to progress through meiosis).


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Fimbriated end of the oviduct, whisks the secondary oocyte and follicular

cells into the infundibulum into the ampulla,oocyte may be fertilized, If not fertilized within approximately 24 hours,

secondary oocyte degenerates and is phagocytosed.

Oocyte + follicular cells are transported by the beating of the cilia (Ciliated

Cells) and by rhythmic contractions (smooth muscle of the oviduct) (Fig.

20-14).

The nutrient-rich fluid (Peg Cells) nourishes the oocyte on its way to the

uterus.


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FERTILISATION AND

INPLATATION


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Fertilization, the fusion of the sperm and the scundary oocyte,

Spermatozoa, introduced into the vagina during sexual intercourse, pass

through the cervix, the uterine lumen, and up the oviduct to the ampulla

to encounter the secondary oocyte.

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla. At this time, the cells of the

corona radiata still surround the zona pellucida and the secondary

oocyte.

Fertilisation


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ZP3 of the zona pellucida have two regions: (1) the sperm receptor (recognizes integral proteins of the sperm

plasmalemma)

(2) region that binds to receptor proteins in the head of the sperm,triggering the acrosome reaction.

Acrosome reaction release acrosomal enzymes into the zona pellucida. acrosomal membrane-bound enzyme acrosin digest zona pellucida, flagellar movement of the spermatozoa to propel the sperm toward theoocyte.

Once the spermatozoon penetrates the zona pellucida, enters theperivitelline space, (located between the zona pellucida and the oocytecell membrane) can reach the oocyte.

Implantation


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zygote continues mitotic divisions, morulatransformed into the blastocyst

enters the uterine cavity (4 - 6 days after

fertilization),

lumen contains a viscous fluid and a few

cells at one pole.

The peripheral cells are trophoblasts, and

inside are the embryoblasts.

Implantation:(6th or 7th day)

The trophoblasts stimulate the

transformation of the star-shaped stromalcells endometriumpale-stainingdecidual cells, (stored glycogen provides

nourishment for the developing embryo).

The embryoblasts develop into the

embryo,

Implantationthe process that as the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterineendometrium.

Process of fertilization, zygote

formation, morula and blastocyst

development, and implantation.

F tili ti th f i f th d th d t


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zygote

morula

blastocyst

trophoblasts (peripheral),embryonic portion of the placenta.

Embryoblasts (inside)

cytotrophoblasts

Inner are mitotically activesyncytiotrophoblasts

a thicker outer do not undergo mitosis, .

Fertilization, the fusion of the sperm and the scundary oocyte,

usually occurs in the ampulla

the cells of the corona radiata still surround the zona pellucidaand the secondary oocyte.

Implantation is the process that occurs as the blastocystbecomes embedded in the uterine endometrium.


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PLACENTA


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1. CLOSE SIRCULATION

exchange nutritious substances, waste, and gases are between

maternal and fetal blood, throught SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAS

2. ENDOCRINE ORGAN

HORMONEMAINTENANCE OF PREGNACY

SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAS : hCG, chorionic thyrotropin, progesterone ,

estrogen, chorionic somatomammotropin (a growth-promoting and

lactogenic hormone). DECIDUAL CELLS (Stromal connective tissue cells of decidua)

synthesize prolactin and prostaglandins.

Histophysiology

PLACENTA


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PLACENTA

Umbilical vessels in cord

Umbilical vessels in

chorionic plate

Fetal vessels in villiUterine vessels

emptying into

intervillous space


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Composed of fetal tissue:

trophoblast cells

villiComposed of maternal tissue:

decidua tissue (functional layer of

endometrium)

blood-filledregions (intervillous

spaces)

maternal blood does NOT mix with fetal

blood.

Exchange occurs across a barrier of fetaltissue

i t ill


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intervillous space

synctiotrophoblast

cytotrophoblast

fetal vessels

CERVIX


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CERVIX

Collagen

Pl t ( illi)


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cross sections of the chorionic

villi of the placenta (270).

IS, intervillous space;

SK, syncytial knot.

Ca, capillary;

syncytiotrophoblasts

cytotrophoblasts

Placenta (villi)

Hi t h i l


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1. CLOSE SIRCULATION

exchange nutritious substances, waste, and gases are between maternal

and fetal blood, THROUGHT SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAS

Pasive diffusion : O2, CO2, Fatty acid, Steroid, Electrolite

Active diffusion : Glucose, Amino acide, ECT (rapid carrier molekule)

Eksikel Transportation membrane of Syncytio have receptor for Insulin,

Transferins, Imunoglobulin, throught epithel

Histophysiology

2 ENDOCRINE ORGAN HORMONE


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2. ENDOCRINE ORGAN HORMONEMAINTENANCE OF PREGNACY

SYNCYTIOTHROPHOBLAST :

hCG, chorionic thyrotropin, progesterone , estrogen, chorionicsomatomammotropin (a growth-promoting and lactogenic hormone).

DECIDUAL CELLS (Stromal connective tissue cells of decidua)

synthesize prolactin and prostaglandins.

HCG : derivate of Luteinizing H (same structure and funtion)

Maintenance CORPUS LUTEUM GRAVIDARUM

Stimulating secretion of PROGESTERONE

ESTROGENE & PROGESTERONE

Limphocyt stimulate proliferation & deferensation of Decidua Cells environment of Fetus development

PROGESTERONE

release in mather blood (5 X Luteal phase of normal cycle

Binding receptor of myometrium smooth muscle no contraction duringpregmamce inhibite eject reaction by Limphocyte T


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The blastocyst usually implants into the upper one third

1 out of 200 pregnancies, implantation occurs lower down in the uterus,near the cervix, where the endometrium is much thinner and the

connective tissue stroma is much denser.

Clinical corelation

PLACENTA PREVIA


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MAMMARY GLANDS


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MAMMARY GLANDS

increase in connective tissue and adipose tissue within the stroma,causing the gland to enlarge.

Full development at about 20 years of age,

minor cyclic changes during each menstrual period

major changes occur during pregnancy and in lactation.

After age 40 or so, the secretory portions, some of the ducts andconnective tissue elements begin to atrophy,

lactiferous ducts (near

opening at nipple) stratified Structure


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Comparison differences between an inactive

and a lactating breast.

Alveoli

simple columnar.

opening at nipple) stratified

squamous (keratinized)

lactiferous sinus

stratified cuboidal

connective tissue, adiposetissue, stroma,

compound tubuloalveolar

glands, (15 to 20 lobes)

separated by adipose andcollagenous connective tissue.

Each lobe is drained by its ownlactiferous duct leading

directly to the nipple, where itopens onto its surface.

Before reaching the nipple, eachof the ducts is dilated to form alactiferous sinus for milkstorage and then narrows

before passing through thenipple.

Microscopic structure


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crowded alveoli (Al),

various regions indifferent stages of thesecretory process.

CT, connective tissue.

resting/nonpregnant (nonsecreting) :Alveoli are not developed.

Lactating (active):

same basic architecture

Except bigger and withdeveloped alveoli,

alveoli : a simple columnar.lactiferous ducts (near opening atnipple): a stratified squamous(keratinized) epithelium.

lactiferous sinus: a stratified

cuboidal epitheliumStellate myoepithelial cells locatedbetween the epithelium and thebasal lamina, become functionalduring pregnancy

Microscopic structure


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YAN EFFENDI HASJIM, DAHK

mas rep mas.pptx

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