martín oller alonso phd proyecto prometeo (senescyt)
DESCRIPTION
Journalistic roles, objectivity, the perception of influences and autonomy within Journalistic Culture in Spain. Martín Oller Alonso PhD Proyecto Prometeo (SENESCYT) Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN) Quito, Ecuador. http:// culturasperiodisticas.wordpress.com. INTRODUCTION. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Martín Oller Alonso PhDProyecto Prometeo (SENESCYT)
Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN)Quito, Ecuador
Journalistic roles, objectivity, the perception
of influences and autonomy within Journalistic Culture
in Spain
http://culturasperiodisticas.wordpress.com
The focus of study: journalists within their professional context
The concept of Journalistic Cultures: National Cultures or universal concept of culture as a lifestyle
The Journalistic Culture of a country or region must become a universalized concept
LEVEL OF SYSTEMS LEVEL OF
ORGANIZATIONLEVEL OF THE INDIVIDUAL
INTRODUCTION
3
CULTURE
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC
CULTURE
JOURNALISTS
INTERMEDIATE JOURNALISTIC
CULTURES
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
-Pattern-Various forms -Communication
is essential
-Mediatization of modern culture-Heterogeneity
-Journalistic Culture is not
equal to ideology-Símbol-
Ideology-Reality-Intercultural
and multicultural
communication
4
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
The importance of context
Journalistic Cultures as tool for comparative analysis
INTERMEDIATE JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
5
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURE Hallin, D. & Mancini, P. (2004)
Factors: Development of the journalistic market Professionazation of the journalists State intervention Political parallelism
MARKET MEDIA SYSTEMPOLITIC SYSTEMJOURNALISTS
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
6
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES Liberal: Great Britain, USA, Canada, Ireland
- Business Model, high professionalism, scarce State intervention
Democratic Corporatist : Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden y Switzerland
- Historically “partisan press” but evolves into business model. Strong “welfare State” by state involvement
Polarized Pluralist: Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy, France
- Role of the State, low professionalism, strong parallelism
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
7
North Atlantic or Liberal Model (I)
Characteristics Early industrialization: commercial press Limited Government Strong rational-legal authority Individualized Pluralism: Accountability to
the individual citizen Information “based on facts”. Objectivity XIX: separation media-parties Strong public RTV: BBC
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
8
North Atlantic or Liberal Model (II)
Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, USA
Tensions: Private property &
media as public service
Ethics & market pressures
Model?
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
9
The North / Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model (I)
Characteristics: o The three co-existences:
o Large circulation commercial + press linked to civil groups
o Political parallelism + journalistic professionalism
o Freedom of press + State interventiono Early market developmento Protestant Reformation: literacyo Ethno-religious conflict: press as weapon of
civil ideas
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
10
The North / Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model (II)
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden y Switzerland
Social States: collective responsibility
State: guarantee of equality of opportunities in communication. The common good
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
11
Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model (I)
Press Industry: late development (press party, dictatorship), few print runs (all countries except France below 100 copies) -Spain 2010: 78 & Finland: 383-, elite press
Political Parallelism: close relationship between the media and the political system. Ideologization of the press (7,5). Indicators of parallelism: media content, how to present, organizational relationships, political activism journalists, journalistic practices
Set of circunstancies: subject to changes
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
12
Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model (II)
Professionalism and autonomy of journalists: origin related to literature, lack of real power of associations, no regulation or code, press oriented to comments
State intervention: direct, indirect. Property, licensing, appointments, interventionism in contents, impartiality
Other factors: consumption of other media; balance between local, regional and national press; linguistic factores, etc.
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
13
Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model (III)
Model exported to Latin America?
Study topics: Political
corruption Pedro J.
Ramírez- El Mundo
Berlusconi
WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES
14
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
JOURNALISTS
(WJS)
PROFESSIONAL
ROLES
INFLUENCES
AUTONOMY
OBJECTIVITY
15JOURNALISTIC CULTURE
OF SPAIN
CONTEXT INFLUENCES
Profesionalization
LEVEL OF INSTITUTION
LEVEL OF SYSTEMS
Organizative structure
Political parallelism
Market structure
State roles
LEVEL OF THE INDIVIDUAL
Political factors
Journalistic culture
Professional roles
Objectivity concept
Influences perception
Autonomy concept
16
RESULTS: PROFESSIONAL ROLES
PROFFESIONAL ROLES OF JOURNALISTS
NSpain %
Provide citizens with political information M
SD
100 71.04.051.13
Be absolutely detached observer M
SD
100 82.04.321.01
Act as watchdog of government M
SD
100 58.03.711.16
Provide interesting information M
SD
100 74.04.081.01
Motivate people to participate in civic activity M
SD
100 60.63.601.12
Act as watchdog of business elites M
SD
100 44.03.211.27
Advocate for social change M
SD
100 43.93.161.21
Concentrate on news that attract the widest audience M
SD
100 30.03.121.06
Influence public opinion M
SD
100 29.62.771.23
Set the political agenda M
SD
100 18.02.281.15
Support official policies to bring about prosperity M
SD
100 29.32.771.23
Convey positive image of political and business leadership M
SD
100
6.01.691.00
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
17
Concentrate on news that attract the widest audience M
SD
100 30.03.121.06
Influence public opinion M
SD
100 29.62.771.23
Set the political agenda M
SD
100 18.02.281.15
Support official policies to bring about prosperity M
SD
100 29.32.771.23
Convey positive image of political and business leadership M
SD
100
6.01.691.00
RESULTS: PROFESSIONAL ROLES
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
18
Position of Spain regarding institutional roles, CoPlot, coefficient of alienation= 0.147, average of correlations= 0.769
WIDEST AUDIENCE
WATHDOG OF GOVERMENT
DETACHED OBSERVER
MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO
PARTICIPATE
ADVOCATE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE
INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION
SUPPORT THE OFICIAL POLICY
SET THE POLITICAL AGENDA
WATHDOG OF BUSINESS ELITES
POLITICAL INFORMATION
INTERESTING INFORMATION
Spain INFL
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
19
RESULTS: EPISTEMOLOGIES
N
Spain %
Make claims only if verified by evidence and reliable sources MSD
100 82.04.221.04
Do not allow beliefs and convictions to influence reporting MSD
100 80.04.131.01
Remain strictly impartial MSD
100 74.04.01.97
Stay away from information that cannot be verified MSD
100 59.03.801.24
Provide analysis of events and issues MSD
100 84.04.20.94
Facts speak for themselves MSD
100 48.03.461.03
Journalists can depict reality as it is MSD
100 50.53.471.23
Always make clear which side has better position MSD
100 18.42.241.25
JOURNALISM CULTURE IN SPAIN: EPISTEMOLOGIES
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
20CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA
DE ESPAÑAPosition of Spain regarding epistemologies, CoPlot, coefficient of alienation= 0.153, average of correlations= 0.780
NO PERSONAL INFLUENCE
STRICTLY IMPARTIAL
MAKE CLEAR BETTER POSITION
EVIDENCE AND RELIABLE SOURCES
DEPICT REALITY AS IT IS
PROVIDE ANALYSIS
Spain INFL
21
RESULTS: INFLUENCES
NSpain %
News deadlines M
SD
100 52.03.341.22
Professional conventions M
SD
100 65.33.701.19
News sources M
SD
100 67.73.841.11
Supervisors and higher editors M
SD
100 67.33.881.01
Newsroom conventions M
SD
100 49.03.361.14
Shortage of resources M
SD
100 61.63.671.20
Procedures and standards M
SD
100 53.13.401.06
Management M
SD
100 50.53.361.36
Readers, listeners or viewers M
SD
100 35.43.001.22
New media technologies M
SD
100 43.43.191.24
Media laws M
SD
100 28.62.691.32
Ownership M
SD
100
43.24.051.52
Sensibilities M
SD
100 38.83.061.16
Market and audience research M
SD
100 44.03.091.30
Competing news organizations M
SD
100 27.03.721.08
Profit expectations M
SD
100 26.82.621.29
Peers on the staff M
SD
100 15.62.301.15
Advertising considerations M
SD
100 23.72.401.30
Censorship M
SD
100 9.11.811.08
Public relations M
SD
100 14.02.241.12
Government officials M
SD
100 9.11.921.06
Advertisers M
SD
100 21.62.221.30
Colleagues in other media M
SD
100 29.31.71
.86Politicians
MSD
100
12.22.221.13
Media watch organizations M
SD
100 5.31.73
.93Business people
MSD
100 10.12.021.02
Journalism unions M
SD
100 15.22.311.15
Friends, acquaintances, family M
SD
100 7.01.68
.97Religious leaders
MSD
100 8.21.73
.96
Journalistic culture in Spain: the perception of influences
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
22
Readers, listeners or viewers M
SD
100 35.43.001.22
New media technologies M
SD
100 43.43.191.24
Media laws M
SD
100 28.62.691.32
Ownership M
SD
100
43.24.051.52
Sensibilities M
SD
100 38.83.061.16
Market and audience research M
SD
100 44.03.091.30
Competing news organizations M
SD
100 27.03.721.08
Profit expectations M
SD
100 26.82.621.29
Peers on the staff M
SD
100 15.62.301.15
Advertising considerations M
SD
100 23.72.401.30
Censorship M
SD
100 9.11.811.08
Public relations M
SD
100 14.02.241.12
Government officials M
SD
100 9.11.921.06
Advertisers M
SD
100 21.62.221.30
Colleagues in other media M
SD
100 29.31.71
.86Politicians
MSD
100
12.22.221.13
Media watch organizations M
SD
100 5.31.73
.93Business people
MSD
100 10.12.021.02
Journalism unions M
SD
100 15.22.311.15
Friends, acquaintances, family M
SD
100 7.01.68
.97Religious leaders
MSD
100 8.21.73
.96
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
23
Advertising considerations M
SD
100 23.72.401.30
Censorship M
SD
100 9.11.811.08
Public relations M
SD
100 14.02.241.12
Government officials M
SD
100 9.11.921.06
Advertisers M
SD
100 21.62.221.30
Colleagues in other media M
SD
100 29.31.71
.86Politicians
MSD
100
12.22.221.13
Media watch organizations M
SD
100 5.31.73
.93Business people
MSD
100 10.12.021.02
Journalism unions M
SD
100 15.22.311.15
Friends, acquaintances, family M
SD
100 7.01.68
.97Religious leaders
MSD
100 8.21.73
.96
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
24
Journalism unions M
SD
100 15.22.311.15
Friends, acquaintances, family M
SD
100 7.01.68
.97Religious leaders
MSD
100 8.21.73
.96
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
25
RESULTS: PROFFESIONAL AUTONOMY
N
Spain %
I have a lot of control over the work that I do M
SD
100 78.53.940.86
I am allowed to take part in decisions that affect my work M
SD
100 81.54.070.99
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE IN SPAIN: PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY
SOURCE: Dates compiled from the results of WoJ
Although influences are obvious, it can be seen that journalists in Spain believe that they have enough freedom and autonomy in their work. This is because they participate in decisions that affect them directly.
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
26
CONCLUSIONS (I)Spanish journalists considered it very important to provide information as unbiased as possible to the public. This leads them to take on the role of disseminator of information
Journalists are in favor of the role to act as watchdogs and as a government controller to try to maintain the welfare state and safeguard the rights of the citizens. This aspect demonstrates that, after the role of broadcaster and interpreter, the role of the adversary is in a third place
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
27
CONCLUSIONS (II)The role that subjectivity plays in the daily work of professionals is not seen clearly in the results, and the study has not found any consistent pattern. Although there is a tendency by the Spanish journalists to the interpretation of certain information targeted to their audience
Regarding the focus on objective methods used by the journalists surveyed, the authors observed that journalists chiefly use the methods developed by Tuchman (1972) in order to try to be objective (although obviously not explicitly referring to them), such as use of quotations, the fidelity to the facts and the use of different sources
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
28
CONCLUSIONS (III)In Spain there is a wide range of influences related to factors that show the market orientation of journalists and media. These have influenced Spanish journalists to conceive their audience as consumers
Despite stating the importance of playing the role of broadcaster, Spanish journalists tend to exercise an interventionist role (interpreter, advocate or adversary) and can be found at the opposite pole to the centres of power
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
29
CONCLUSIONS (IV)It can be found that Spanish journalists generally reject objectivity as an ideal and do not take it as a reference in their daily work
In Spain, journalists are strongly influenced by senior management (owners and directors). This aspect clearly shows a vertical structure and a formal hierarchy in the media organizations
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
30
CONCLUSIONS (V)
This study has attempted to form a new perspective about the study of journalism culture in Spain. It has been seen that, currently, traditional ideas about journalism are coexisting with new ideas of objectivity and independence that the professional roles demand today within the newsrooms
JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN
Thanks
http://culturasperiodisticas.wordpress.com
CULTURAS PERIODÍSTIC
AS INTERMEDIAS
INTERMEDIARIOS
CULTURALESBourdieu (1984)
PERIODISTAS COMO
COMUNIDAD INTERPRETAT
IVAZelizer (2004)
CULTURAS PERIODÍSTIC
AS INTERMEDIA
S
Reconceptualización del papel de los
medios de comunicación y de los periodistas en países
donde la cultura periodística difiere
del concepto de cultura periodística
occidental
Los países en vías de desarrollo ,
poscoloniales o con regímenes políticos no democráticos pueden
también crear una comunidad mediática
particular y característica que
comparte un conjunto común de reglas
¿Cómo comprender las culturas periodísticas
intermedias?
CULTURA PERIODÍSTI
CA OCCIDENTA
L
PAÍSES ASIÁTIC
OS
AMÉRICA LATINA
EUROPA ORIENTA
LPAÍSES ÁRABES
ÁFRICA
(Silverstone, 2007)
MEDIÁPOLIS
QUIÉN ES PERIODISTA Y
QUÉ ES PERIODISMO
PERSPECTIVA GLOBAL
PERIODISMO
NUEVAS INVESTIGACION
ES(new-ness)
36
CULTURAS PERIODÍSTICAS INTERMEDIAS
Excesivo funcionalismo: los medios de comunicación no son una parte autónoma del sistema social.
Contratendencias: Polarización mediática en modelo liberal (EE.UU.).
Excesiva instrumentalización: ¿son los medios un instrumento de los partidos o los medios pueden seguir sus propios intereses políticos e instrumentalizar a los periodistas?
CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA
37
“Paralelismo político” Crisis del modelo tradicional de periodismo independiente:
EE.UU., NTIC. “Occidente contra el resto”: reconceptualización desde
otros puntos de vista.
Niveles de análisis: Relación entre partidos y medios específicos teniendo en
cuenta 3 variables: Organización: tipo de vínculo entre el partido y el medio
(administración directa, control informal). Metas partidarias: grado en el que las posiciones de partido y
medio coinciden. Apoyo del partido: coherencia entre las preferencias partidarias de
medios y de los lectores. Relación entre sistemas partidarios y sistemas de medios:
relación entre lectores y votos recibidos por los partidos a los que se le asocia.
CULTURAS PERIODÍSTICAS INTERMEDIAS
38
¿Extrapolación a países no similares?
Four theories of the press (Siebert, Peterson & Scharmm, 1963)
The Global Journalist (Weaver, 1998).Los tipos de influencia que pueden recibir los periodistas son bastante generales (influencias políticas, económicas, profesionales, organizacionales, grupos de referencia e influencias procedimentales), pero su aplicación concreta presenta fuertes indicadores diferenciados
CULTURAS PERIODÍSTICAS INTERMEDIAS
39
“Democracias de tercera ola”. Democratización a partir de los 70:
Comunistas del Este de Europa: privatización turbulenta de MC.
Dictaduras militares latinoamericanas: sistema mediático estructurado en torno a medios privados en una estrategia de despolitización.
Tigres asiáticos: modelo basado en una alianza entre industrias privadas y un Estado fuertemente burocratizado.
Regímenes unipartidarios africanos: instituciones de gobierno frágiles.
CULTURAS PERIODÍSTICAS INTERMEDIAS
40
Un modelo alternativo:
La extrapolación de los modelos ayuda a preservar Occidente como punto de partida del análisis y reproducir su lógica.
Democracias maduras vs. en proceso. Panorama de transición: democracia
entendida como “mantenimiento del orden” o “erosión del orden”.
“Periodismo independiente” y “paralelismo político” no agotan todas las opciones:
Ambiente político competitivo Estabilidad institucional
CULTURAS PERIODÍSTICAS INTERMEDIAS
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR
Occidentalización periodística
Corrección homogeneizadora
Enfoque centro-periferia
DIMENSIONES DE ANÁLISIS
ROL PROFESION
AL
CONCEPTO DE
OBJETIVIDAD
CONCEPTO DE ÉTICA
INFLUENCIAS
PERCIBIDASGRADO DE
AUTONOMÍA
CONFIANZA EN
INSTITUCIONES
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR
ROL PROFESION
AL
TABLA 1: Componentes y dimensiones principales de la cultura periodística. ROLES INSTITUCIONALES Intervencionismo: (+) Intervención --- Pasivo (-)
Distancia del poder: (+) Criticismo --- Lealtad (-) Orient. de mercado: (+) Consumidores --- Ciudadanos (-)
EPISTEMOLOGÍA Objetividad: (+) Objetivistas --- Subjetivistas (-)
Empirismo: (+) Empiristas --- Analistas (-) IDEOLOGÍA ÉTICA Relativismo: (+) Contextual --- Universal (-)
Idealismo: (+) Medio --- Fin (-) Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de Hanitzsch (2007: 376).
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR
CONCEPTO DE
OBJETIVIDADExiste una conexión irreductible entre la objetividad como
valor y la objetividad como práctica. Esta brecha entre el concepto y la práctica forma parte de la identidad periodística
(Carpentier y Trioen, 2010: 312)
La objetividad como ideal filosófico
La objetividad como método de trabajopresentación de varias perspectivas
presentación de hechos comprobadosuso de las comillas
estructura de la información en una secuencia apropiadaseparación de la información y de la opinión
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR
CONCEPTO DE ÉTICA
Las orientaciones éticas de los periodistas son importantes porque reflejan y crean las directrices profesionales normativas;
además, podría decirse que gobiernan las prácticas de trabajo diarias. También son indicadores del estado de la propia
profesionalidad periodística (Beam, Weaver, y Brownlee, 2009)
Principios éticos universalesCódigos éticos personales
Códigos éticos variables (depende la situación)Publicar algo dañino si hay mayor beneficio
Rechazo de métodos cuestionables
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR
INFLUENCIAS
PERCIBIDAS
Fuentes LeyesAutocensuraEmpresaCompañerosJefes BeneficiosCierre de noticias ProcedimientosNuevas tecnologíasEmpresas
RecursosConvenciones éticasGobiernoMercadoAudienciasCensura CompetenciaAmigos y familiaColegas de profesiónSindicatosPolítica
Los periodistas llevan a cabo su trabajo dentro de una cultura periodística determinada. Por este motivo, su trabajo queda determinado por los
factores de influencia
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR
La autonomía es uno de los elementos clave en la configuración del concepto clásico de profesión periodística. En el periodismo, la dependencia de los
periodistas en los medios de comunicación, en la producción de noticias y su difusión, provoca una tensión constante entre sus compromisos con los
valores profesionales y los establecidos por las organizaciones para las que trabajan
(Mellado y Humanes, 2011)
El periodista toma parte en sus decisiones
Límites en su libertad de expresión
GRADO DE AUTONOMÍ
A
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR
CONFIANZA EN
INSTITUCIONES
PARLAMENTOLÍDERES RELIGIOSOSSIDICATOSEJERCITOEMPRESASPODER JUDICIALGOBIERNO, POLÍTICOS
MAYOR GRADO
MENOR GRADO
MED
IOS
DE
COM
UN
ICAC
IÓN
LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR