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Subject Index

Aain-e-Akbari (The Law of Akbar), 105Aain-e-Sikandari (The Laws of Sikandar), 104Abdul Rahim Khanekhana, 105Abdul Rashidi Tatavi, 106abrupt creolization, 257Abu-‘Abdu’llah Nuqati, 104Abu’l Fazl, 105Abu’l-Faraj Runi, 104Abu’l-Hasan ’Ali ibn ’Uthman al-Jullabi

al-Hujviri, 104Abu’l Fazl, 105academic and scientific writing, 360acculturation, 103active verb, 99Adalat System, 365Adi, 45adjective, 60, 75--90adverb, 76

manner adverb, 74--7reason adverb, 74

advertising, 377affective verb, 98affirmative, 66Afghan Hindu Kush, 34Ahsan, Subedar, 108Akbar, 105, 109, 364Akbarnaamah (The Book of Akbar), 105All India Dalit Writers Conference, 461All India Phule-Ambedkar Literature

Gathering, 461alphasyllabary, 307Ambedkar, Babasaheb R., 450, 452Anandraj, Maharaja of Vijayanagar, 106anaphora, 70Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 163Andamanese, 46A�ndayya, 250Andhra Pradesh, 37, 39, 40, 42Anjuman-e-Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 140Aran

_avibha _ngasutta, 181

Arjunavadakara, 199, 220Arthashastra, 364

Arunachal Pradesh, 44Aryans, 32, 183, 184, 185Ashiqeh (a love tale), 104Ashoka, 35, 38Ashoka’s edicts, 363Aõka, 187Asiatick [=Asiatic] Society, 315Aslam Salim, 108Asraar-e-khudi (The secrets of the self), 107Assam, 42As

_t_adhyayı, 200, 213--16

attitudes, 147attrition, 148Aurangzeb, 107, 364Azud-ud-Daulah, 106

Babur, 82, 105Bagul, Baburao, 450Bahaar-e-Ajam (The Persian Springtime), 106Bahadur Shah II, 107Bahmani dynasty, 108Bahmannaamah (The Book of Bahmans), 109bakra, 469, 471bakwas, 469--71Balban, Ghiyathud-din, 104Bangladesh, 33, 35, 37, 42, 45, 128--49,

276--376language and legal system, 367language profile, 173

Bangladeshis, 517Basavanna, 421Baudhayanadharma�satra, 184Bentinck, William, 315Bhagavaisutta, 186Bhagwan Das, 106bhakti movement, 106Bhartr-hari, 216

distinctive contribution, 218Bhatt, Rakesh M., 26, 51, 54, 132Bhota Sherpa, 44Bhutan, 44, 154

language profile, 173

588

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-78653-9 - Language in South AsiaEdited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru and S. N. SridharIndexMore information

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Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, 375Bihar, 33, 42bilingualism, 532, 533Bill of Rights, 362Binish Kashmiri, 110biological sex, 432Bostan-e-heraat (The orchard of Herat),

106brat pack, 492Buddha, 181, 182, 186Buddhism, 371

sociolinguistic attitudes, 183Buddhist, 35Bughra Khan, 104Burhaan-e-Qaati (Irrefutable Logic), 106

Canada, 525caste antagonisms, 313caste dialect, 251causal verb, 92Census of India, 35, 40, 42Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL),

126Chahaar Unsur, 107Chamaraja Wodeyar, 328Chanakya, 364Chandah

_-�sastra, 193, 194

Chandas, 193 see Chandah_-�sastra

Chang, 45Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 9Chekesang, 164, 232Christianity, 413, 414cinema, 379cinema language, 395

English expressions and locutions, 404formative influences, 398heteroglossia, 403humour, 403India, 397linguistic conflicts and tensions, 404linguistic registers, diverse, 403linguistic structure, 399narrative structure, 400Sri Lanka, 397

clefts, 71code-mixing/switching, 130, 340--402, 521,

529, 532complementizer, 60

post-clausal complementizer, 60pre-clausal complementizer, 58

compound verbs, 92--3conjunct formation, 299conjunctive participal construction, 75

concessive use, 74manner adverb, 74

negative conjunctive participle, 75reason adverb, 74

Constitution of IndiaArticle, 40, 153

conventional media, 378--85convergence, 54Coorg, 40Cornwallis Code, 366Cornwallis, Lord, 365criminal tribes, 153cultural distinctiveness, 233Cyrus-talk, 490

Dadra, 37Dadu (poet), 119Dalit Panthers, 450, 451Dalit Rangabhumi (Dalit theater), 456Dalit Sahitya movement, 450, 451Dalits, 450

autobiographies, 455literature, spread, 461meaning, 453poetry and fiction, of Dalit women, 457

Dara Shikoh, 107Dard, 107Das, Girdhar, 105dative subject construction, 73decreolization, 256Delhi, 471--2Delhi Sultanates, 32Denotified Tribes (DNT), 153determiner, 61

split determiner, 61Devi Lal, 125Dewani Adalat, 365Dharma, 361Dharma�sastra, 184Dhasal, Namdeo, 451diaspora, in UK, 524

community profile, 518identity and assimilation issues, 524linguistic profile, 523socio-cultural and economic profile, 520

diaspora, in US, 531community profile, 526identity and assimilation issues, 531language and cultural maintenance, 531socio-economic profile, 527

diglossia, 249, 414, 415dispersion phenomenon, 378Diwan Shah Azar, 108Doordarshan, 125

Eastern Eye, 520echo-compounding, 92

Subject Index 589






educationand regional languages, 126

English bilingualism, 133English language advertising, 393Englishization, 10enthu pataanii, 472ergativity, 72explicator verb, 97external ecology, 143

Fachha, 472Faizi, 105, 110Fakhru’l-Mulk Amidu’d-din Lumaki, 104Family Reunification Act, 527Farhang-e-Aanandraj (The Dictionary of

Anandraj), 106Farhang-e-Jahaangiri (The Dictionary of

Jahangir), 106Farhang-e-Rashidi (The Dictionary of

Rashidi), 106Fiji, 81‘‘first past the post’’ principle, 509folk-theatres, regional, 398former pair, 471founder principle, 508, 509Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities,

520free relatives, 64Fundamental Rights, 362Futuhu’s-Salatin (The conquest of Sultans),

108

Gandhi, Mohandas K., 81, 317, 368gender and language, 429 see language and

gendergeneration next (X), 489Ghani Kashmiri, 108ghazal, 104Gilma, 473globalization, 394, 417, 469

and marketization, in advertising mediadiscourse, 393

Goa, 37Grammar

as intellectual culture, 195of Indian languages, 200

Greek, 364Gujarat, 461Gul-e-Ranaa (The Charming Rose), 107Gulistaan-e-Aram (The Rose Garden of Aram),

106Gulistan (The Rose Garden) by Sádi, 109gun

_a incrementchart, 87

Gupta Empire, 32

Guru Gobind Singh, 107Guyana, 81Gwaliornaamah (The Book of Gwalior), 106

Hafiz, 107Halmidi inscription, 330Harappa, 33Hasan Nizami, 104Hasht-Bihisht (The Eight Paradise), 104Hastings, Lord Warren, 366Hazim Lahiji, 106heteroglossia, 416, 417Hindus, 106Hindustani, 368historical factors, of SALs, 33Holi (festival), 111honorific pronoun, 91Human Rights Act, 362Hyderabad, 37hyponymous compounds, 334

Ibrahim Adil Shah II, 109Immigration and Naturalization Service, 525imported scripts, 305indenture, 498--503independence and its aftermath, 322

Bangladesh, 320India, 319Pakistan, 321Sri Lanka, 322

India, 33, 35, 37, 42, 47, 129, 133, 140, 141,278, 323, 468, 472court language, 369cultural and psychological context, 468language and legal system, 369Art 344, 367Art 345, 367Art 351, 367language profileAndaman and Nicobar Islands, 163bilingualism, 167contact languages, 164convergence areas, 164Jharkhand, 161Lakshadweep, 161Northeast, 157number of languages, 156rural--urban divide, 163South India, 162Western India, 162youth language, characteristics, 474

Indian Constitution, 139Art 247, 139Art 29(1), 139Art 30, 139

Subject Index590






Art 350(A), 139Art 350(B), 139

Indian English, 471, 491Indian Exclusion Act, 525Indian National Congress, 81Indus Valley, 33insha literature, 105Insha-e-Abu’l Fazl (Epistles of Abdul Fazl),

105Insha-e-Madho Ram (The letters of Madho

Ram), 106internal ecology, 143International Covenants of Cultural and

Political Rights (ICCPR), 361Interrogatives, 66interrogative pronouns, 92Iqbal, Muhammad, 320Islam, 375, 413, 414izafe, 112, 113

Jaavednaamah (The Book of Eternity), 107Jahaan-e-Zafar (The world of success),

105Jahangir, 105, 108Jainism

sociolinguisitc attitudes, 186jataka stories, 352Jauhar, 112Jespersen, Otto, 434Jharkhand, 135--61Jillako, 473Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 138, 320

Katyayana, 179Kabir, 125Kachru, Bhawani Das, 108Kalhana, 108Kannada Sahitya Parishat, 328Karnataka, 37, 39, 40Karnataka Bha:sho:jji:vini: Sabha:, 328Kashfu’l-mahjuub (The discovery of the

Hidden), 104Kay-Qubad, 104Kerala, 39, 40Khan, Liaquat Ali, 138Kherwari, 42Khilji, 104Khusrau, Amir, 82, 104, 110Khwaja Muhammad Azami, 108koineization, 507

variation, in early stages, 507Krishna, the Lord, 468Krishnaswamy, E., 397Kulliat-e-Nezaame-Faarsi (The collection of

Persian poems), 107

Laccadive Islands (Laksha Dweep), 40Lahore, 104Lakher, 45Lakshadweep, 161Lalleshwari (Lallesvari), 283, 421language and gender

biological sex, 432dominance vs. differences debate, 440early language and gender, 434fluidity, of gender, 442local view, 448

language and legal system, 361in Bangladesh, 367historical development, 366in India, 369in Nepal, 370in Pakistan, 371and religion, 376in Sri Lanka, 373

Language conflictfrom Aryan invasion to classical age of

Hinduism, 313during colonial period, 315freedom movement, 316during islamic rule, 314

language politics, 402language research paradigms, 26language shift, 166language universals, 49language, in social and ethnic interaction

academic and scientific writing, 360belief system, 349conventions, 351cultural context, 346oral and literate traditions, 351popular vs. high literature, 352socialization, 347verbal interaction conventions, 358

language-based poetics, 218languages, of wider functions, 4Lankesh Patrike, 340Latifa-e-Faizi (Subtleties of Faizi), 105latter pair, 471lexicalization

substrate language influence, 259lexicography, 106lexicon, of youth, 474

abbreviations and acronyms, 476clippings, 475derivational and inflectional suffixes, 475neologisms, 477nonce formations, 477re-lexicalization or changes in meaning or

usage, 479liberalization, 469

Subject Index 591






linguistic conflicts and politicsIndependence and its aftermath, 322

linguistic feminism, 437linguistic homogeneity, 135Linguistic Survey of India, 224, 312, 396, 503linguistics, 49

approaches, 50loanwords, 511

Machha, 472Madhya Pradesh, 33, 37, 39, 40Madras Province, 122Madurai, 37Mahabhas

_ya, 184

Mahavıra, 183--5, 186Mahabharata, 105, 108, 351Mahadari akka, 421Mahadeva, Devanuru, 340Maharashtra, 33, 39Mahls, 161Makhan Lal, 105Maldives, 35, 38Mangalore, 37Manipravala, 330Manipur, 45Manu Samhita, 363Manusmr8ti, 186Masud-I-Sad-I-Salman Jurjani, 104Matla’ul-Anwaar (Rising of the lights), 104Mauritius, 81Mauryan Empire, 32media

and regional languages, 125media and advertising, 377

advertising media discourse, 391English and structural domains, 391globalization and marketization, 393wall vs. print advertising, 389issues, 379

Meerabai, 125Meghalaya, 41, 45, 157Miftaahul-Futuh (The Key to Victories), 104,

157minority languages, 132

bilingualism, 146constitutional safeguards, 140in education, 145in language planning, 138politics, 141

Mir, 107Mir Ghayasuddin Ali Qazveni, 105Mirabai, 283Miratul Akhbaar (Mirror of Happenings), 108Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedil, 107, 110Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, 107, 119

Mirza Darab Beg Juya, 108Mirza Kamil, 108Mizoram, 45modern scripts, 298

inventions, 305modernization, 469Moghul Empire, 32Mohammad Iqbal, 107Mohammad Shah, 107Mohammad Yusuf Nighat Burhanpuri, 111Mohammedan Code, 371Mohenjodaro, 33mood distinctions, in verbal form, 94mother tongue retention, 165Motilal Nehru Committee of Indian National

Congress, 133Muhammad Aufi, 104Muhammad Daughlat, 108Muhammad Hussain, 106Muhammad, prophet, 414Mulla Ashraf, 108Mulla Tughra Mashadi, 111Multan, 104multilingualism, 223

communicative context, 229cultural context, 234demographic context, 227functional context, 231political context, 233

Multilingualism, 47multiple language mixing, 394Munshaat-e-Brahman (Brahmans Letters),

106Munshaat-e-Rawar Mal (Rawar Mal’s

Lettters), 106Munshi Hiraman Lal, 106Munshi Muhammad Badshah, 106Murad Baksh, 111Muthmir (Fruit providing), 106

Nagaland, 45, 157, 164Nagar Haveli, 37Najmu’d-din Hasan Sanjari, 104Nal Daman, 105Nasiru’d-din Qabacha, 104Nasiru’d-din Mahmud, 104National Academy of Letters (The Sahitya

Akademi), 126National Council of Educational Research and

Training, 359National Film Development Corporation, 401National Language Policy Recommendations

Commission, 168negative, 66

postverbal, 65

Subject Index592






subject agreement with, 66preverbal, 65

negative face, 353Nehru, Jawaharlal, 317, 318, 319, 368Nepal, 33, 35, 36, 39, 42--149, 154, 375

language and legal system, 370Art 2, 370Part three, 369language profile, 169

New Indian Cinema, 402Nicobar Islands, 41Nirukta, 193, 194non-conventional media, 378

forms, innovation and research, 381noun, 90Nuh-Sipahr (Nine Skies), 104

Official Language Act, India, 319, 368Official Language Act, Sri lanka, 322Ol Chiki, 166orality and literacy

multilingual South Asia, 279performative, 284perspectives, 276

Orissa, 33, 40, 42Ovavaiyasutta, 186

paavam, 472Pan

_n_avan

_asuttaavaiasutta, 183, 184, 185

Pakistan, 33, 34, 35, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133,137, 138, 142, 154, 276, 312, 321--75language and legal system, 371Section 251, 371language profile, 173Central and Southern, 172North, 170North West, 172South West, 173

Pakistanis, 517Panchatantra, 352Pandit, Gopal, 108Pandit, Sakaram Ganesh, 525Pan

_ini, 179

Panini’s grammar, 48, 215historical context, 204operational domain, 207pre-eminent position, 202technical devices, 210theoretical frame, 206

parametric variation, 49Parsi theatre, 398Patañjali, 179, 180Payaam-e-Mashriq (The message from the

East), 107People of India, 224, 226

Persianization, 6in Indian languages, 120

Peshawar, 35‘Peter’, 472phatic communion, 489phonology, 53Phule-Ambedkar literature, 453pidgin, 501pidgins and creoles

archetypes, 256Bazaar Hindi, 254contact language significance, 266grammatical categories reduction, 261Indo-Portuguese, 254minimal structure, 260morphology avoidance, 262multiple causation, 265Nagamese, 254small vocabulary, 259sociolinguistic characteristics, 257Sri Lanka Malay, 255structural characteristics, 257structural regularity, 263stylistic and social levels, lackings, 264substrate languagelexicalization, influence on, 259structural influence, 264variability, 264

politeness, in verbal interaction, 353Pondicherry, 47positive face, 353possessive pronoun, 91post-clausal complementizer

naming-labeling, 59as purposive marker, 59as reason marker, 59sequence-of-tense phenomenon, 60

postposition, 90--1, 97Prabuddha Karnataka, 328preambles, to constitution, 376pre-clausal complementizer, 58Prinsep, James, 306print media, 379--84private space, of chat room, 489pro-drop parameter, 49professionalism, 469pronoun, 75--92

deletion, 68public space, of performance, 493‘Pure Tamil’ movement, 251

qasida, 104Qiranu’s-Sadain (the conjunction of the two

lucky stars), 104Qutbu’d-din-Aybak, 104

Subject Index 593






Raja�sekhara, 188Raajatrangini, 108radio, 379--85Rajasthan, 36Ramayana, 105, 352, 363Ranjit Singh, Maharaja, 114Razmnaamah (The Book of the Battles), 105reduplication, 77

adjective, 75, 92adverb, 76manner adverb, 77pronoun, 75

reflexive pronoun, 91regional languages, 121

modes of communication, 127problems and perspectives, in defining,

124profile, 122

Regulating Act (1773), 365relative clauses, 64

free relatives, 64internally-headed relative clauses, 64

religious discourse genres, 421religious languages, 407

authority, 422distribution, across religion, 410functional transparency, 421identity, 417ideology, 418ideology and power-hierarchy, ancient and

medieval period, 415language choice, contemporary period,

417language mixing, 417--18modernization, 417multilinguistic religion, historical

evolution, 411multiple linkage, impact on language

structure, 420script, 423

Rigveda, 35Risaala-e-Najuum (Book on Astronomy), 106Roy, Raja Ram Mohan , 108Rumez-e-Bikhudi (The mysteries of

selflessness), 107

Sa’ib, 105, 108, 110Saaqiinaamah (Book of the Cup-bearers), 109Sabk-e-Hindi (the Indian style), 109Sabk-e-Khurasani, 109Sadar Diwani Adalat, 365Sadar Nizamat Adalat, 365Sajjan, 128

Samavaya _ngasutta, 186Sangam age, 38Sanskrit theatre, classical , 397, 415Sanskritization, 5, 239, 247, 248�Satapatha-Brahman

_a, 181

Sauda, 107SCPR/PSI Survey (1994), 521SCRP/PSI Survey (1994), 520‘Sean’, 472second diaspora

indenture, 503issues, for further research, 513linguistic adaptation, 509accommodating out, 509koineization, 507simplification, 507loanwords, 511parallel retentions and changes, 513

‘‘secularization of the sacred languages’’,self-reflexive mode, 474

enthu cutlets, 474semantic field, 480Seven Grammars of the Dialects and Sub-

dialects of the Bihari Languages, 503Shaahjahaannaamah (Book of Shah Jahan),

106Shah Jahan , 105, 108, 110, 111Shaikh Ali Hazin, 111Shariat Bill (1991), 375Sheikh Adhari, Isfarain, 109Shibli Noamani, 107shift, 147Shivaji, Chatrapati, 114, 364Shori-e-Khayaal (The upsurge of thoughts), 110Shu’ara-e-Kashmir (The Poets of Kashmir),

shruti, 108Siddhas, 282signaling sequential action, 74Sikkim, 44Siksa, 193Sinhalese films, 398Sinhalese cinema, 399Siraj-ud-din Ali Khan Arzu, 106Sircar, D. C., 291Sivaram, R., 340socialization, 347South Africa, 81South Asian languages (SALs), 54

constructs of, 1phonology, 53syntax, 54typology, 49--52

South India, 162

Subject Index594






Soz, 107split determiner, 61Sri Lanka, 35, 41, 47, 149, 276, 312, 375, 388

language and legal system, 373Section 39, 371, 372Section 45, 372Section 36, 372

Sri Lanka Malay, 255Sri Lanka Portuguese, 258, 259, 260, 261, 264,

266Sriramulu, Potti, 318States Reorganization Commission, 133, 135,

137, 139statistical universals, 50stative verb, 99stem compounds, 335subject-object-verb (SOV). 53 see verb--medial

SALssubject--verb agreement, 73subject--verb--object (SVO). 53 see

verb--medial SALssubstrate language

lexicalization, influence on, 259phonological influence, 260structural influence, 264

Sufism, 106Sulh-e-kul, 105Sultan Zaimal Abedin, 108Surve, Narayan, 451syllable, 83, 84

Taaj-ul-Ma’athir (The Crown of Exploits),104

tadhkira Lubaab-ul-Albaab (The Quintessenceof the Hearts), 104

Tamil Nadu, 37, 39Tek Chand Bahar, 106television, 379--85tense distinction, in verbal form, 93third diaspora, 499Three Language Formula, 126--42Todar Mal, 105Tolkappiyanar, 48T�ol

_kappiam, 246, 250

traditions, of language study, 190branches of knowledge, 194language manifestations interest, 192

Transoxania, 110tribal languages, 153tribe, 153Trinidad, 81Tripura, 42, 134Tughlaq, Ghiyathud-din, 104

Tughlaqnaamah (The Book of Tuglaq), 104Tughlaqs, 104Tuzuk-e-Babari (Autobiography of Babur), 105Tuzuk-I-Jehaangiri (Autobiography of

Jehangir), 105Twelfth Report of the Commissioner for

Linguistic Minorities, 140, 141typology, of SALs, 49--52

UNESCO, 273United Kingdom, 515United States, 515Universal Grammar, 49universal peace and toleration 105Urfi, 110Uttar Pradesh, 37

vaw, 112Vedangas, 193Vedas, 38, 255--412Vedic Period, 363verbal form, 97

active verb, 99affective verb, 98causal verb, 92compound verbs, 92--3explicator verb, 97mood distinctions, 94stative verb, 99syntax, 101tense distinction, 93volitional verb, 98

verbal interaction conventions, 358verbal syntax, 101verb-final SALs

Angami, 56, 57, 61, 64Bengali, 65Hindi-Urdu, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61--2, 65, 67,

68--0, 73, 74, 75--6, 77Hmar, 57, 61--72Ho, 66--9, 72Kashmiri, 55, 69Kokborok, 76Manipuri, 56--60, 63, 72, 77Marathi, 65Mizo, 67--70Sinhala, 71Tamil, 64Telugu, 57--9, 63--4, 65, 66, 69--71, 73,

75, 77verb-initial SALs, 53verb-medial SALs, 53verbs-in-series types, of compound verbs, 95

Subject Index 595






verb-subject-object (VSO), 53 see verb-SALsvernacular, 322, 323Video on Wheels (VOW), 125, 380Voice, 520volitional verb, 98vrddhi increment, 87

chart, 87Vyakarana, 193

wall vs. print advertising, 389wannabes, 472Warren Hastings Judicial Plan (1772), 365West Bengal, 33, 42Western India, 162

Western Indo-European, 47World Almanac, 127writing systems, 285

indus script, 286

youth bulge, 466youth-islands, 479

Zabuur-e-Ajam (The Persian Psalms), 107Zafarnaamah (The Book of Victory), 107Zebunissa, 107Zia, the General, 375Zorastrianism, 34Zuhuri, 109

Subject Index596






Language Index

Adi, 45Agariya, 42Angami, 45

determiners, position of, 61free relatives, 64relative clauses, internally-headed, 64time and place adverbials, 57

Ao, 45Apabhramshas, 82Arabic, 230, 302, 304, 414Arakanese, 46Aramaic, 364Aramanic consonantal script, 287Ardhamagadhi, 186Asho, 45Assamese, 37Asuri, 42Austronesian, 46Avesta, 34Awadhi, 231, 277Austro–Asiatic language, 42

babu language, 18, 469Badaga, 40, 232Balochi, 172Balti, 43, 170Baric, 44Basque, 32Bawm, 45Bazaar Hindi, 253--4, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,

261--7Bengali, 37, 121, 127, 295, 299, 320

postverbal negative, 65Bhojpuri, 37, 231, 277Bhotia, 44Bhumij, 42Bihari, 35, 37Birhor, 42Birjia/Bijori, 42Bodic, 43Brahmı , 85, 278, 289, 299, 302, 306, 363

Brahui, 39, 172, 242, 243, 244Bumthankha, 44Burmese, 302Burashaski, 46butler language, 469Burushaski, 170, 277

Chekesang, 164, 232

Dafla, 45Dakhini, 37Dardic, 34, 35Dehwari, 172Devanagari, 35, 85, 292, 299, 422Dhangar Kurukh, 39Dravidian languages, 32--41, 52 see also

individual entriesDzongkha, 44

English, 60, 223, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 320,337, 368constructs of, 10sequence-of-tense phenomenon, 60

Gadaba/Gutob, 39, 42Garo, 45Gondi, 40Gujarati, 37, 147, 292, 299Gurmukhi, 292, 298, 423Gurung, 44

Halam, 45Harauti, 37Hindi, 35, 36, 122, 124, 125, 128, 132, 224,

225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 277,316, 318, 319, 321, 353, 369

Hindi–Urdu, 81, 256adjectives, 60, 75adjectives, position of, 60adverb, 76anaphora, 68

597






Hindi-Urdu, (cont.)basic word order, 55comparative and superlative constructions,

56conjunctive participle construction, 74dative subject construction, 73determiners, position of, 61echo words, 77ergativity, 72interrogatives, 67IO and DO, order of, 55manner adverb, 74--6negative conjunctive participle, 75nominal, 92phonology, 85place adverbial, order of, 58post-clausal complementizer, 60pre-clausal complementizer, 58preverbal negative, 65pronoun deletion, 67reason adverb, 74relative clauses, 62verbal form, 97

Hindko, 35Hmar, 45

comparative and superlative constructions,57

split determiner, 61subject-verb agreement, 72

Hoaffirmative, 66anaphora, 70ergativity, 72interrogatives, 67

indic scripts, 302Brahmı script, 292conjunct formation, 299Kharosthi script, 287modern scripts, 298

Indo-Aryan languages, 82, 84 see alsoindividual entries stages, 82, 84

Indo-Aryanization, of Dravidian languages, 236borrowing, reasons and sources of, 238caste dialect, 251and language attitudes, 251morphology, 243phonetic adaptations, 246phonology, 242semantic changes, 247syntax, 245variations, 240vocabulary, 242

Indo-Iranian language, 38Indo-Portuguese, 254

indus script, 286Iranian, 34, 109

Japanese, 32Javanese, 302Juang, 42

Kabui, 45Kacha Naga, 45Kam-Tai, 46Kannada, 38, 39, 40, 241, 243, 245, 246, 248,

249, 250, 295, 327, 350--458language modernizationclassification, 340code-mixing/switching, 341compounding, 335complement fronting construction, 338impersonal passive construction, 338language empowerment, 340loan word stratification, from different

sources, 336morphology and lexicon, 330new collocations, 340nominal style construction, 339non-restrictive relativization, coordinate

use of, 339passive construction syntax, 338phonology, 337prefixation development, as derivational

process, 333Sanskrit derivational morphology, 332selection restriction relaxations, 339traditional reliance, on Sanskrit, 331word class membership, 333

Kashmiri, 35, 132, 143, 303, 422anaphora, 69auxiliary verb, position of, 55

Kati, 172Kharia, 42Kharos

_t_hi script, 287, 302, 307

khar_i boli, 82

Khengkha, 44Khezha, 45Khiemnungam, 45Khmer, 302Khowar, 35, 170Khumi, 45Kiranti, 44Koch, 45Koda/Kora, 42Kodagu, 40Kohistani, 170Kokborok

manner adverb, 76

Language Index598






Kolami, 39Konda, 40Konkani, 37, 422Konyak, 45Korean, 32Korku, 42Koya, 40Korwa, 42Kota, 40Kui, 40Kuki, 45Kurthokha, 44Kurukh, 39, 242Kuvi, 40

Lao, 302Lepcha, 44, 302Lhotshamkha, 36, 44Lotha, 45Lushai, 45

Magadh, 186, 187Magadhi, 364Magar, 44Maithili, 36, 37, 231, 232, 350, 422Malayalam, 38, 39, 40, 296Malto, 39Malvi, 37Manipuri, 45

adjectives, position of, 60ergativity, 72genitive, position of, 56manner adverb, 77relative clauses, 63subject-verb agreement, 72

Mao, 45Marathi, 37, 255

subject agreement, with postverbalnegative, 65

Maring, 45Marwari, 37Meithei, 45Mewari, 37Mishmi, 45Mizo, 45

anaphora, 70interrogatives, 67

Mogh, 45Mon-Khmer, 41, 45Monpa, 44Mru, 45Munda, 41, 42Mundari languages, 42, 66 see also individual

entries

Naga, 45Nagamese, 254, 256, 259, 260, 261Naiki, 39Nepali, 36, 121Newari, 44Nicobarese, 41Nocte, 45Nuristani, 34

Ollari, 39Oriya, 37, 295, 299Ormuri, 172

Pali, 186Pahadi, 232Pahari, 36Paite, 45Pankhu, 45Pashto, 34Pengo, 39, 242, 243, 244Persian, 34, 314, 315Persian language, in South Asia, 103

Indianization, 107--14spread in, 109

Perso-Arabic, 35--304, 423Phom, 45Prakrit, 35, 82, 181, 187, 188--237, 241, 245,

314, 397Punjabi, 35, 121, 124, 127--31, 132, 230, 320Punjabi Hindustani, 130

Rabha, 45Rajasthani, 35Rengma, 45Rexta, 82

Sangtam, 45Sanskrit, 35, 39, 82, 86, 87, 177, 187, 188,

223, 227, 230, 236, 240, 241, 246, 248,314, 315, 322, 332, 337, 363, 364, 397,412, 413, 414alternative sociolinguistic perspectives, 181grammars and grammarians, 197political factors and sociolinguistic

attitudes, 188sociolinguistic attitudesin Buddhism, 183in Jainism, 186in Vedic India, 180

Santali, 42, 148Saurashtri, 37Savara/Sora, 42Sema, 45Sharchopkha, 44

Language Index 599






Shina, 35, 144, 170Sindhi, 33, 37, 132Sinhala, 149, 371, 372

clefts, 71Sinhalese, 38, 41, 296, 312, 321Siraiki, 35, 129, 133Sunuwar, 44Swahili, 32

Tangkhul, 45Tangsa, 45Tamang, 44, 169Tamil, 39, 143, 149, 239, 240, 242, 246, 250,

251, 297, 312, 321, 371, 372--460free relatives, 64

Telugu, 38, 39, 296--459, 461anaphora, 69clefts, 71conjective participal construction, 74dative subject construction, 73echo words, 77free relatives, 64interrogatives, 66post-clausal complementizer, 59pronoun, 75relative clauses, 63subject agreement, with postverbal

negative, 66tome adverbial, order of, 57

Thai, 302

Thado, 45Thakali, 44Tharu, 36, 169Tibetan, 302Tibeto-Burman languages, 46, 50, 156 see also

individual entriesToda, 40Tripuri, 45Tshanglalo, 44Tulu, 40Turi, 42

Urdu, 35, 37, 127, 128--32, 138--41, 224, 231,303, 312, 314, 316, 319, 320, 321, 364,365, 369, 370, 371

Urdu-Bengali, 138

Vaiphei, 45

Wakhi, 34Wancho, 45Wanetsi, 172

Yimchungre, 45

Zani Naga, 45Zeliangrong, 164Zelionrong, 232Zou, 45

Language Index600






Author Index

Abbi, Anvita, 25, 75, 147, 153, 157, 161,163

Abidi, S. A.H., 103, 110, 111, 112, 113Adhikari, Shyam, 167Agesthialingom, S., 220Agnihotri, Rama Kant, 54, 271, 273, 274, 278,

281, 437Ahmad, Imtiaz, 352Ahmed, Aijazuddin, 147Aitchison, Jean, 255Aiyar, L. V. Ramaswami, 245, 246, 248Aklujkar, Ashok, 189, 218, 220Alexander, G. P., 531Ali, Ahmed, 26Allardyce, Alexander, 12Allen, Charles, 10Allen, David O., 10Alleyne, Mervyn C., 257Alper, H. P., 424Amaradeo, Shubhani, 71Amin, Shahid, 283Anand. J. H., 462Anand, Mulk Raj, 23Ananthanarayana, H. S., 330Anderson, Benedict, 404Andronov, M., 220, 238, 243Annamalai, E., 64, 127, 153, 223, 229, 232,

233, 251, 313, 323Anselmi, Dina L., 431Anwar, Muhammad, 517, 518, 519, 521, 522,

523, 524Appadurai, A., 417Apte, Mahadev L., 254, 256, 258, 259, 260,

323, 357Armstrong, J. C., 498Aronoff, Mark, 332Arora, 54Asher, Ronald E., 31, 220Auroux, Sylvain, 220Austin, Granville, 367, 369Ayrookuzhiel, A.M. Abraham, 458

Backstrom, Peter C., 34, 47Bailey, Thomas Grahame, 87Bakhtin, Mikhail, 403Bala, Madhu, 432Baldauf, Richard B. Jr., 322Ballard, Roger, 517, 518Bama, 459Banerji, Sures Chandra, 219Bannerjee, Brajendra Nath, 352Barnes, Sir Edward, 23Barnet, Richard J., 393Barnouw, Eric, 397Barton, D., 274Barz, R. K., 512Basdeo, S., 501Bashir, Elena, 26Baumgardner, Robert J., 26, 377Bechert, H., 425Beckman, Howard, 354Beishon, Sharon, 519, 520Benedict, Paul K., 53, 490Berger, Hermann, 47Bergsland, Knut, 238Bergvall, Victoria L., 430Berthoud, Richard, 519, 520Bhagat, Datta, 455Bharadwaja, D.K., 327Bhaskararao, Peri, 73Bhatia, Tej K., 25, 68, 81, 87, 121, 124, 125,

128, 130, 131, 199, 220, 377, 378, 382,386, 387, 389, 391, 393

Bhatia, Vijay K., 358, 361Bhatt, Rakesh M., 25, 51, 54, 132Bhattacharya, Rimli, 39Bhattacharya, Sudhibhusan, 235, 239, 242,

243, 245Bhatti, Ghazala, 524Bhaya Nair, Rukmini, 466, 489, 493, 494Bickerton, Derek, 266Bing, Janet M., 430Birdwood, George, 13

601






Bloch, Jules, 77, 243Bloomfield, Leonard, 207, 208, 257Bolton, Kingsley, 23Borker, Ruth, 439Borua, B. K., 258, 260Bourdieu, P., 412, 421Brah, A., 524Brass, Paul R., 232, 425Breton, Ronald J.-L., 139, 147, 150, 225, 311,

312, 318, 320Brians, Paul, 364Bright, William, 25, 239, 248, 272, 275, 294,

307, 308, 350Britto, Francis, 143Bronkhorst, Johannes, 195Brown, L., 414, 435Brown, Penelope, 349, 353, 356Brude, Archana S., 28Bryant, Arthur, 9Bühler, Georg, 291, 295, 308Burnell, A. C., 13, 18Burrow, Thomas, 39, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242,

243, 245, 246, 314, 330Burton, A.M., 524

Caldwell, Robert, 240, 245, 248Cameron, Deborah, 431, 437Canagarajah, Suresh, 26Candan, A., 524Cardona, George, 191, 195, 202, 203, 205,

206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215,218, 219, 220, 314

Carter, M., 504Cavanagh, John, 393Chaitanya, Krishna, 4, 5--6Chaklader, Snehamoy, 134Chakrabarti, Sukla, 219Challapalli, Swaroopa Rani, 456, 459Chandrasekhar, A., 432Chari, V. K., 219, 220Chatterjee, Kaylan K., 22Chatterji, Suniti Kumar, 77, 108, 254, 258,

259, 261, 323Chaturvedi, M.G., 126Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad, 321Chen, Tingguang, 360Chernyshev, V.A., 254Chib, Som Nath, 17Chidanandamurthy, M., 328, 330Chion, Michel, 395Chitre, Dilip, 452Chomsky, Noam, 479Cicourel, Aaron V., 356Clarke, Hyde, 15Clarke, Sandra, 438

Clements, J. Clancy, 254, 260Coates, Jennifer, 437Cohn, Bernard S., 27Collins, S., 425Comrie, Bernard, 49, 50, 52, 71Cook, Nilla Cram, 6Coulmas, Florian, 308Cowar, Nilmani, 10Coward, Harold, 520Crawford, Mary, 432, 441Crosby, Faye, 435

Damsteegt, T., 502, 507, 512Dangle, Arjun, 451, 464Dani, Ahmed Hasan, 287, 289, 291, 308Daniels, Peter T., 285, 294, 308Das Gupta, Bhidu Bhusan, 258Das Gupta, Jyotrindra, 25Das, Sisir kumar, 4, 432Dasgupta, Probal, 25, 27Datta, Kalikindar, 323Davidar, David, 347Davison, Alice, 68de Silva, M.W. Sugathapala, 255Denny, J. Peter, 276Deo, Veena, 456, 464Deshpande, Madhav M., 177, 314Devi, Sarju, 73, 77Dhadphale, M.G., 220Dhammika, Ven S., 364Dharmadasa, 258Dharmadasa, K.N.O., 38, 255, 273, 322Dharwadkar, Vinay, 28Dhayagude, Suresh, 219, 220Dil, Anwar S., 26Diringer, David, 291, 308Dissanayake, Wimal, 28, 395, 402Domingue, N. C., 498, 508Doniger, Wendy, 363, 441Dorian, Nancy, 163Drakich, Janice, 438Dressler, Wolfgang U., 163Dryer, M., 60D’souza, Jean, 25, 51, 328, 352, 355Dua, Hans R., 133, 136, 228, 316Dube, Leela, 444Dubey, V. S., 532Duff, Alexandra, 10Dulai, N.K., 130Dwivedi, H., 410

Eade, John, 517Eames, Edwin, 525Eckert, Penelope, 443Edwards, John, 437

Author Index602






Edwards, Viv, 444Ekka, Francis, 148Ekvall, R. B., 414Emeneau, Murray B., 2, 48, 51, 53, 58, 60, 75,

77, 125, 177, 220, 238, 240, 241, 242,243, 244, 246, 311, 330, 331, 352

Engblom, Philip, 451Erikson, Erik, 468, 469, 479

Fairclough, Norman, 412Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman, 82Fehderau, Harold W., 266, 267Ferdman, Bernardo M., 360Ferguson, Charles A., 2, 25, 27, 143, 248, 328,

350, 355Ferguson, Donald William, 23Fernando, Chitra, 26Firth, John R., 9Fishman, Joshua Andrew, 328Fishman, P.M., 438Fowler, Murray, 242Fowler, R., 412Fox, J. A., 253Frankel, Richard, 354Freed, Alice F., 430Frykenberg, Robert, 315

Gaeffke, Peter, 407Gair, James, 68, 71Gallwey, Mary, 364Gambhir, S. K., 55, 504, 506, 507, 508, 509,

512, 513Ganeshsundaram, P. C., 237Gargesh, Ravinder, 103, 119Gautam, M.K., 498, 502, 508, 511, 513Gee, J. P., 351Geertz, Clifford, 441Gerow, Edwin, 219, 220Ghaffar, Muzaffar A., 26Ghosh, Arunabha, 135Gibson, M.A., 525, 531, 532Girami, Qadir, 107Gluck, Sherna Berger, 444Goffin, Raymond C., 17Goffman, Erving, 353Goody, Esther N., 356Goody, Jack, 272, 274, 275Gopal, Ram, 135, 140, 141, 150Gopal, Sarvalli, 136Goswami, Upendranath, 258Grant, Charles, 8Gray, John, 440Greenberg, Joseph H., 50, 52, 56Gregory, R. G., 497Grierson, George A., 34, 312

Griffin, Michael, 393Gumperz, John J., 25, 54, 164, 165, 237, 238,

350Gupta, Dipankar, 352Gupta, R. S., 142Guru, Kamata Prasad, 99Gwynn, J. P. L., 65

Haas, Mary R., 432Hall, Kira, 442Hall, Robert A. Jr., 257Hall, Stuart, 417Halliday, Michael A.K., 345, 358Halverson, John, 23, 26Haque, Anjum Riyazul, 26Hardiman, D., 283Hart, George L., 416Harvey, David, 405Hasan, Ruqaiya, 358Havanur, Srinivasa, 328Havelock, Eric Alfred, 275Hawkins, R. E., 13Hazra, Kanai Lal, 219Hegde, R. S., 531Heimann, Betty, 359Helweg, Arthur W., 525Helweg, Usha M., 525Hettiaratchi, D. F., 26Hickey, Ramond, 23Hildyard, Aangela, 284Hill, B., 354Hinnells, John R., 520Hobbs, S., 513Hobson–Jobson, Henry Yule, 469Hock, Hans Henrich, 51, 53, 54, 235, 238, 397Hodge, B., 412Hodge, Robert, 412Holle, K. F., 308Holm, John, 253Hook, Peter E., 69Hooper, John S.M., 407, 411, 425Hosali, Priya, 19, 255, 469Hossain, M., 527Huges, Douglas, 364Hunt, Cecil, 19Hussainmiya, B. A., 255, 264Hwang, Juck–Ryoon, 354

Ide, Sachiko, 354Ikuta, S., 354Imayam, 459Ishtiaq, M., 143, 146, 147, 150, 152, 166Itagi, N.H., 229Itkonen, Esa, 220Iyengar, K. R. Srinivasa, 272

Author Index 603






Jaeggli, Osvaldo , 67Jain, Dhanesh , 433Jain, J. K., 380Jain, S., 425Jaina, Devendra Kumåra, 219Jaina, Jagadı�s Candra, 219Jaini, P. S., 425James, Deborah, 438Jayaram, B.D., 229Jensen, Hans, 291, 308Joshi, S. D., 213Joshi, Svati, 463

Kachru, Braj B., 1, 2, 7, 10, 13, 19, 23, 25, 28,51, 103, 109, 114, 124, 126, 143, 228,238, 255, 352, 357, 385, 393, 402, 404,521, 532

Kachru, Yamuna, 25, 28, 58, 60, 68, 73, 74,81, 98, 99, 100, 124, 329, 337, 345, 348,353, 355, 356, 357, 359, 360, 521, 532

Kak, Aadil A., 132Kakar, Sudhir, 346, 347Kalra, Ashok, 330Kandiah, Thiru, 23, 26, 28Kaplan, Robert B., 322Katbamna, Savita, 444Katre, Sumitra Mangesh, 25Kaufman, Terrence, 257, 266Kawasaki, A., 354Keenan, Elinor, 435Kelkar, Ashok R., 24Kellogg, Samuel Henry, 86Kemper, Steven, 393Kennedy, Audrey A.H., 26Kerswill, Paul, 266Keshari, Biseshwar P., 136Kevichusa, Mimi, 57Khan, Farhat, 437Khubchandani, Lachman M., 25, 127, 157,

228, 229Kindersley, A. F., 17, 18King, Christopher R., 316King, Robert D., 136, 143, 311, 312, 313, 315,

316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324Kiparsky, Paul, 206, 207, 213Kishore, Satyendra, 323Kishwar, Madhu, 429Klaiman, M.H., 320Kluyev, Boris I., 313, 317Koerner, E. F. K., 220Koh, T. J., 66Kondapi, C., 501Koul, Ashok K., 69Koul, Omkar N., 51, 69, 432Kramarae, Cheris, 354, 435

Kress, Gunther, 412Krishan, Shree, 355Krishna, Sumi, 313Krishnamurthy, K., 236, 397Krishnamurti, Bhadriraaju. [Bh.], 24, 25, 65,

122, 127, 328, 330Krishnaswamy, N., 28Kuiper, F. B. J., 58, 60Kulke, Hermann, 315Kulli, Jayavant S., 220Kumar, Braj Bihari, 253Kumar, N., 281, 283Kumar, Raj, 457Kumaraswami Raja, N., 220Kunjunni Raja, K., 239

Labov, William, 436Labru, G. L., 19Laddu, S. D., 213Lakey, Jane, 519, 520Lakoff, Robin, 434, 435, 437, 438Lakshmi Narasaiah, G., 465Lal, B., 504Lal, Chaman, 457Lankshear, Colin, 274Law, Anne L., 431Law, Bimala Churn, 219Law, Narendra Nath, 8Lee, Motoko, 435Leonard, Karen I., 525, 526, 527Levinson, Stephen C., 349, 353, 356Lewis, Ivor, 13, 19Limbale, Shankarkumar, 453Lingat, Robert, 363Luke, A., 412Lust, Barbara, 68

Macmillan, Michael, 14, 15Madan, T. N., 279, 280Mahajani, Usha, 502Mahapatra, Bijoy P., 144, 148Mahboob, Ahmar, 132Majumdar, Ramesh C., 323Malinowski, Brownislaw, 486Malla, Kamal Prakash, 322Mallikarjun, B., 142, 229, 312Maltz, Daniel, 439Manoharan, S., 33, 46, 143, 145, 146, 153,

157, 224, 233, 278Mansoor, Sabiha, 132, 150, 321Marek, Jan, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110Mascarenhas–Keyes, Stella, 444Masica, Colin P., 2, 34, 51, 52, 77, 125, 258,

291–305, 308, 311, 352Mathai, Samuel, 7

Author Index604






Maurer, Walter H., 196, 208, 220McAlpin, David W., 32McConnell-Ginet, Sally, 431, 443McCormack, William, 350McDonald, 378McGregor, Ronald Stuart, 87, 425Mead, Margaret, 441Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna, 28Mehrotra, Raja Ram, 28, 350, 351, 432Meraj, Shaheen, 389Mesthrie, Rajend, 497, 501, 502, 504, 506,

507, 508, 511, 514Metz, Christian, 405Minocha, Urmilla, 525, 526Miranda, Rocky V., 423, 425Mirza, Mohammad Wahid, 110Mishra, Pramod, 515Misra, Vijay, 499Mitry, Jean, 405Moag, R., 501, 502, 508, 512Modood, Tariq, 519, 520Mohan Lal, S., 503Mohan, Peggy Ramesar, 502, 503, 508Mohanan, K. P., 73Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 430Mohapatra, Urmila, 515Monier-Williams, Monier, 354Moon, Vasant, 454Mufwene, Salikoko, 508Mugler, F., 503Mühlhäusler, Peter, 507Mujib, 119Mukherjee, Aditi, 25, 127, 328, 330,

529Mukherjee, S., 2Mukherji, Amulyadhan, 220Mukhfi (Zebunnisa), 107Mukta, Parita, 283Munda, Ram D., 136Murlidhar, T., 458, 461Murthy, Lalitha, 70, 73, 75Muthiah, S., 13

Nadkarni, Mangesh V., 2, 238, 244, 333Nagamma Reddy, K., 435Nagaraj, D. R., 458Nagarajan, S., 28Nagendra, 220, 410Naipaul, V. S., 1Nair, V. Saratchandaran, 503Nanda, Serena, 441, 442Naqvi, 117Narasimhaiah, C. D., 136Narayan, K., 274Narayanan, Vasudha, 416

Nayak, H.M., 248Nayar, Baldev Raj, 316Naziri, 109Nazroo, James, 519, 520Nelson, Cecil L., 28, 521Nichols, Patricia, 443Nida, Eugene, 266, 267Nigam, R. C., 225, 227Nihalani, Paroo, 469Nimbalkar, Waman, 462Nitti-Dolci, Luigia, 219Norman, K. R., 186, 197, 219Nyquist, Linda, 435

O’Donovan, Veronica, 442Oakley, Ann, 431Ogino, T., 354Ohala, Manjari, 85Olson, David R., 276, 284Omar, Kaleem, 26Ong, Walter J., 274Oxenham, John, 274

Panayi, Panikos, 520Pandharipande, Rajeshwari, 25, 65, 350, 397,

407, 414, 416, 419, 420, 422Pandian, M. S. S., 402, 454, 460Pandit, Ira, 350, 355, 356Pandit, Prabodh B., 2, 25, 51, 54, 125, 164,

229, 278, 329, 351, 352Pantawane, Gangadhar, 453Parakrama, Arjuna, 28, 322Parpola, Asko, 33, 308Pasoloni, Pier Paolo, 405Patai, Daphne, 444Pathak, R. S., 437Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna, 144Paulston, Christina Bratt, 164Peach, Ceri, 517Peng, Fred D.D., 435Peterson, Indira Viswanathan, 416Petievich, Carla, 525Pillai, R. C., 503Pind, Ole Holten, 219, 220Pollock, Sheldon, 224Polomé, Edgar C., 313Possehl, Gregory L., 308Prabhakaran, Varijakshi, 501, 503Prasad, M. Madhava, 399, 403Punalekar, S. P., 454, 464Pushp, P. N., 6, 409, 422

Radhakrishna, B., 248Radloff, Carla F., 34, 47Raghavan, Venkatarama, 220, 272

Author Index 605






Raheja, Gloria Goodwin, 283, 444Rahman, S. S. A., 105Rahman, Tariq, 8, 26, 126, 128, 129, 132, 133,

142, 170, 172, 321, 383, 425Rai, Amrit, 81, 82, 425Rai, Mannu Lal ‘falsafi’, 106Raina, A.M., 54, 55Raj, S. J., 352Raj, Sebasti L., 352Ram, Tulsi, 28Ramakrishna Reddy, B., 337Ramanujan, A.K., 2, 51, 52, 239, 248, 250,

351, 410, 421, 449Ramarao, C., 337Ramchand, K., 514Ramírez, Arnulfo G., 360Rampton, M. B.H., 521Ramyead, Lutchmee Parsad, 513Ranade, R. D., 407, 410, 413Rangaswamy, Padma, 516, 525Rao, Raja, 526Rao, Subba, G., 20, 21Ratnavibhushana, Ashley, 402Raychaudhuri, H. D., 323Raza, Moonis, 147Remlinger, Kathryn A., 444Renou, Louis, 195Richter, Julius, 8Roberts, T. T., 19Robertson, Roland, 417Robinson, Francis, 381Robinson, Vaughan, 516, 517Roland, Alan, 347, 348, 353Romaine, Suzanne, 259, 431, 474Rose-Marie Weber, 360Rothermund, Dietmar, 315Roy, Ramashray, 311Roy, Rammohan, 9Ruberu, Ranjit, 8Ruegg, David Seyfort, 195Rushdie, Salman, 14Russell, Ralph, 87Rypka, Jan, 110

Safir, Kenneth, 67Saghal, Anju, 25, 437Sakthivel, S., 220Salomon, Richard, 289, 291, 308Samarin, W. J., 505Sankoff, Gillian, 509Sapir, Edward, 432Saran, Parmatma, 525Saroop, 104

Sastri, Korada Mahadeva, 244Satchidanandan, K., 281, 282, 283Sathasivam, A., 26Satyanath, T. S., 529Sawhney, Sabina, 442Saxena, A., 50Scharfe, Hartmut, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197,

198, 202, 208, 212, 213, 218, 219, 220Schiffman, Harold F., 24, 351, 407Schimmel, Annemarie, 411, 425Schirmer, Jennifer G., 429Schmidt, 87Schuchardt, H., 18, 19Schwartz, Dona, 393Schwartzberg, Joseph E., 313, 318Sekhar, Anantaramayyar Chandra, 244Sen, A. P., 17Sen, Sukumar, 434Shackle, Christopher, 129, 407, 414, 425Shah, A. B., 21, 22Shamin, Fauzia, 26Shanmugam Pillai, M., 143, 248, 351Shanmugan, S.V., 328, 329Shapiro, Michael C., 24, 351, 407Sharma, Aryendra, 87Sharma, Rajesh, 361Sharma, Rama Nath, 202, 205, 208, 209, 210,

220Sharma, Shakuntala, 228Sharma, Shri Ram, 124Sherring, Matthew A., 8Shivapurkar, H. S., 458Shukla, Ramchandra, 410Siegel, Jeff, 266, 500, 503, 504, 505, 511, 512,

513Silverstein, Michael, 412Singer, Milton, 348Singh, Harjinder, 352, 425Singh, K. S., 143, 145, 146, 153, 157, 224,

233, 278Singh, M. P., 365, 368Singh, Rajendra, 25, 28Singh, S., 126Singh, Udaya Narayana, 26, 144, 145, 147,

350Sinha, A.K., 113Sjoberg, Andrée F., 241, 242Sjoberg, Gideon, 241Smith, Ian, 253, 254, 266Smith, Patten, 519, 520Smith-Pearse, T. L. N., 17Sommer, Anton F.W., 258Sontaag, Salma, 169

Author Index606






Sopher, David E., 311Southworth, Franklin C., 255Spender, Dale, 435Sreedevi, B., 435Sreedhar, M.V., 229, 254, 258, 259, 263,

265Sreekantaiya, T. N., 241Sridhar, Kamal K., 25, 26, 355, 402, 515, 518,

525, 528, 529, 532Sridhar, S. N., 2, 25, 58, 73, 228, 235, 237,

238, 240, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333,335, 337, 338, 341, 368, 369, 401, 402,404, 525, 528, 529, 532

Srinivas, M.N., 239, 248, 346, 347, 348Srivastava, Gopi Nath, 26Srivastava, Ravindra Nath, 25, 82, 133, 134,

135, 136, 142, 143, 145, 150, 330, 350,355, 356, 359

Staal, J. Frits, 412Stearns, Peter N., 138Street, Brian V., 273, 274Subbarao, Karumuri V., 49, 50, 57, 58, 60, 64,

67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77Subramonian, V. I., 237Sukthankar, V. S., 24Sweet, Michael J., 441

Taftah, Har Gopal, 107Tagare, Ganesh Vasudev, 219Tannen, Deborah, 430, 439Taylor, Douglas, 266Taylor, Gordon, 360Taylor, Issac, 308Thapar, Romila, 187, 313, 314Theva Rajan, A., 322Thirugnasambandhan, P., 420Thirumalai, M. S., 133Thomason, Sarah G., 257, 266Thompson, John B., 345Thumboo, Edwin, 26Tikku, G. L., 108Tinker, Hugh, 498, 499, 500, 513Tirumalesh, K.V., 338Tiwari, Bhola Nath, 359Tongue, R. K., 469Torrance, Nancy, 284Toynbee, Arnold J., 315Treichler, Paula, 354Trew, T., 412Troemel-Ploetz, Senta, 438Trubetzkoy, 51, 53Trudgill, Peter, 436, 504, 505

Tulpule, Shankar Gopal, 407Turner, Sir Ralph, 24Turner, Barry, 382, 384

Ukyab, Tamla, 167Ullrich, Helen E., 445Umar, M., 111Underwood, Ellis, 13Unger, Rhoda, 441Upadhyaya, U. P., 237, 238Upadhye, A. N., 219

Valentine, Tamara, 429, 432, 435, 438, 439,445

Vamplew, Tim, 517Van Bekkum, Wout Jac, 220van Elteren, Mel, 393Vani, V., 229Varma, Baidya Nath, 516Varma, Ram Kumar, 410Varma, Siddheshwar, 312Varma, Udayanarayana, 320Vasanthakumari, T., 435Vatuk, Sylvia, 432Vaudeville, C., 280Verghese, Anila, 272Verhagen, Pieter C., 219Verma, Dhirendra, 81, 82Verma, Yugeshwar P., 26, 73Vetterling-Braggin, M., 435Vijayasarathi, G., 503Virdee, Satnam, 519, 520Vishwanathan, Gauri, 28Viswanath, K., 393Vogel, Claus, 191, 220Vogt, Hans, 238von Hinber, Oskar, 197Vyas, B. S., 359Vygotsky, L. S., 276

Wadhwa, Kamlesh K., 140, 141, 150Wadia, Ardeshir R., 23Wadley, Susan, 444Wali, Kashi, 51, 68, 69Warder, A. K., 220, 272, 284Warikoo, K., 409, 422Watters, Steve, 169Weil, Shalva, 435Weinreich, Uriel, 51West, C., 438Whinnom, Keith, 256Whitworth, George C., 20

Author Index 607






Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 202Williams, P.M., 414Williams, Raymond B., 520Williams, Walter L., 441Wilson, Robert, 54, 237, 238Wolpert, Stanley, 5, 9, 313, 314, 320, 321Woollcombe, David, 466Worden, N.A., 498Wright, Arnold, 19--20

Yadav, Yogendra P., 26Yule, Henry, 13, 18

Zakaria, Fareed, 467, 469Zelliot, Eleanor, 450, 451, 456, 464Zimmerman, D.H., 438Zoppi, Kathleen, 354Zvelebil, Kamil Veith, 220, 407, 416Zwilling, Leonard, 441

Author Index608






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