marin county needsassessment 040219 · i marin county early learning and care needs assessment...
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Marin County Early Learning and Care Needs Assessment 2018-2019
Marin County Child Care Commission Local Child Care and Development Planning Council Marin County Office of Education
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Drafted and developed on November 2018 by:
235 Montgomery Street, Ste. 1049
San Francisco, CA 94104
Approval According to California Code, Education Code ‐ EDC § 8499.5 (b)(9), this report was approved by the
Marin County Child Care Commission, the Marin County Superintendent of Schools, and the County of
Marin Board of Supervisors.
For more information, please visit our web site: www.marinchildcare.org.
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Acknowledgments We would like to thank the following organizations and public agencies for providing data and
information for this study:
American Institutes for Research (AIR) ‐ Early Learning Needs Assessment Tool
Butte County Office of Education
California Department of Education
California Department of Social Services
Community Action Marin – Head Start Program
Marin Child Care Council
North Bay Regional Center
Marin County Office of Education
Marin County Special Education Local Plan Area (SELPA)
United States Census Bureau
Special thanks to First 5 Marin Children and Families Commission for providing
generous funding for this report. Based on this support, we were able to retain
Mission Analytics Group, a Bay‐Area based women‐owned consulting firm to
collaborate with our Commission in collecting the quantitative data for this needs
assessment.
The members and staff of the 2018 Marin County Child Care Commission guided the creation of this
needs assessment:
Ana Andrade‐Wolf, President, Marin Family Child Care Association*
Arleen Uryu, Director, Santa Margarita Children's Center
Carol Barton, Early Childhood Education Coordinator, Marin County Office of Education
Corinna Calica, EdD, Director of Child Development Program & Early Childhood Education,
College of Marin*
Elaini Negussie, Nutrition Wellness Program Coordinator, County of Marin Health and Human
Services
Ericka Omena Erickson, Coordinator, Marin County Child Care Commission*
Heidi Tomsky, Executive Director, Fairfax‐San Anselmo Children Center*
Jason Lau, PhD, Executive Director, School of Extended & International Education, Sonoma State
University*
Josie Sanchez, Community Advocate
Kelsey Lombardi, Staff Support and Child Outcomes Manager, Marin Head Start*
Lourdes Romo, Executive Director, Papermill Creek Children’s Corner
Laura Trahan, Director, Education Services, Marin County Office of Education
Maricruz Aldana, Workforce Manager & Early Childhood Education Community Workforce
Project Coordinator, Community Action Marin
NJ Han, Family Coach and Consultant*
Sarah Grewe, Teacher, Mill Valley School District
Ruth Pineda, Resource and Referral Specialist, Marin Child Care Council
Tanya Myers, Early Childhood Education Consultant, Marin County Office of Education
Xochitl Fierro, Graduate and Adult Admissions Counselor, Dominican University of California *Needs Assessment Committee Member
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... ii
Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ v
Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... vi
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Report Structure ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Key Findings .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Characteristics of Children and Their Families in Marin County ................................................................... 5
Age ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Race/Ethnicity ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Language ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Poverty ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Location of Children .................................................................................................................................. 8
Children in Migrant Families ................................................................................................................... 11
Disabilities and Special Needs ................................................................................................................. 12
Indicators of Well‐Being .......................................................................................................................... 13
Employment, Housing Cost, Family Income, and Cost of Living ................................................................. 15
Employment ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Housing Cost ........................................................................................................................................... 16
Family Income ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Public Assistance ..................................................................................................................................... 19
CalFresh (Food Stamp) ........................................................................................................................ 19
Housing Support ................................................................................................................................. 20
Medi‐Cal .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Cost of Living in Marin County ................................................................................................................ 21
Cost of Child Care in Marin County ............................................................................................................. 25
Child Care Supply and Demand ................................................................................................................... 26
Child Care Supply .................................................................................................................................... 26
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Child Care Demand ................................................................................................................................. 32
Challenges for Providers ......................................................................................................................... 35
Child Care Reimbursement Rates ....................................................................................................... 35
Workforce .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Next Steps ................................................................................................................................................... 39
References .................................................................................................................................................. 40
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Tables Table 1: Number of Children in Marin County by Age, 2016 ........................................................................ 5
Table 2: Children Grades K‐12 who are English Learners (EL) or Fluent English Proficient (FEP) Students
by Threshold Language, 2017‐2018 .............................................................................................................. 7
Table 3: Number and Share of Children Living Below Poverty Level Ages 14 Years and Under, 2017 ......... 8
Table 4: Location of Children Ages 14 and Under, by Zip Codes, 2012‐2016, .............................................. 9
Table 5: Number of Children Ages 12 and Under in Migrant Families by Age, 2018 ................................. 11
Table 6: Number of Children Ages 12 and Under in Migrant Families by County, 2016‐2017 and 2017‐
2018 ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Table 7: Children Under 12 Years Old Receiving Special Education Services by Most Common Disability
Types, 2017‐2018 ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Table 8: Number of Children with an IEP or IFSP, 2017 .............................................................................. 12
Table 9: Number of Children in the CPS System Referred for Child Care, FY 2017‐2018 ........................... 13
Table 10: Marin County Children with Working Parents, 2017 .................................................................. 15
Table 11: Income Distribution of Marin County and California Families with Children Under 18, 2016 ... 18
Table 12: Estimated Number of Children by Income Category and Age, 2016 and 2017 .......................... 18
Table 13: Percent of Children Eligible for Free and Reduced‐Price Lunch in Marin County by Zip Code,
2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Table 14: Number of Children Receiving CalFresh Benefits, 2015‐2017 .................................................... 19
Table 15: Number of Children in Families in Public Housing, 2016‐2018 ................................................... 20
Table 16: Number of Certified Eligible Medi‐Cal Children Enrolled in CHIP, 2017 ..................................... 20
Table 17: Income Ceilings for Subsidized Child Care and Monthly Median Family Income Relative to
Various Measures for Monthly Income for “Basic Needs” in Marin County and California, 2017 and 2018
.................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 18: Self‐Sufficiency Standard for Marin County Based on Family Size, 2018 ................................... 22
Table 19: Number of Licensed Child Care Slots Overall, 2014 and 2017 .................................................... 26
Table 20: Number of Licensed Child Care Slots in Child Care Centers, 2014 and 2017 .............................. 26
Table 21: Number of Licensed Child Care Slots in Family Child Care Homes, 2014 and 2017 ................... 27
Table 22: ASES Grant Award Amount by School, FY 2017‐2018 ................................................................. 27
Table 23: ASES Grant Summer Award Amount by School, FY 2017‐2018 .................................................. 28
Table 24: Location of Licensed Child Care Centers and Family Child Care Homes with Known Zip Codes,
2018 ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
Table 25: Number of Children Served in Subsidized Child Care and Development Subsidy Programs, 2016
and 2018 ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Table 26: Number of Children in Families with Parents in the Workforce, 2016 ....................................... 32
Table 27: Unmet Need for Child Care (Demand – Slots), 2016‐2018 ......................................................... 33
Table 28: Parent Requests for Child Care, 2012 and 2016 ......................................................................... 34
Table 29: Centralized Eligibility List (CEL) Wait List Data, 2014 and 2017 .................................................. 34
Table 30: Weekly Regional Market Rates by Age Group and Type of Care, 2018 ...................................... 35
Table 31: Reimbursement Rates for Child Care Centers in Marin County, 2018 ........................................ 36
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Figures Figure 1: Race/Ethnicity of Children in Marin County and California ........................................................... 5
Figure 2: Race/Ethnicity of Children Grades K‐12 in Marin County, 2017‐2018 .......................................... 6
Figure 3: Language Spoken at Home for Children Ages Five‐17 in Marin County and California, 2017 ....... 6
Figure 4: Map of Children in Marin, 2012‐2016............................................................................................ 8
Figure 5: Average Annual Unemployment Rate in Marin County, 2006 ‐ 2017 ......................................... 15
Figure 6: Fair Market Rents (FMR) for 2 Bedroom Unit, Marin County and California, 2007‐2018 ........... 16
Figure 7: Zillow Rent Index for 2 Bedroom Homes in Marin County and California, 2010‐2018 ............... 16
Figure 8: FMR, “Housing Wage” Income, and the Statewide Child Care Subsidy Eligibility Cutoff for Marin
County and California, 2018 ....................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 9: Monthly Cost for Self‐Sufficiency for 2 Adults, 1 Infant, and 1 Preschooler, 2018, ..................... 23
Figure 10: Monthly Self‐Sufficiency Income for a Single‐Parent with 2 Young Children vs. Median Income
for Single‐Parent Families, 2017 and 2018 ................................................................................................. 24
Figure 11: Cost of Child Care in Marin County and California, 2016 .......................................................... 25
Figure 12: Map of Number of Child Care Center and Family Child Care Home Providers in Marin County
with Known Zip Codes, 2018 ....................................................................................................................... 30
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Introduction
Background The Marin County Child Care Commission leads and supports countywide plans and advocacy efforts to
ensure access to high‐quality early child care and education services. Established in July 1995 by the Board
of Supervisors, the Commission serves an advisory role to help direct policy by making suggestions and
recommendations to local elected policymakers and government management.
The Commission also acts as the state‐mandated Local Child Care and Development Planning Council (LPC),
planning for child care and development services based on the needs of families in the local community. As
the Marin County LPC, one of the Commission’s responsibilities1 is to assess child care needs in the county
no less than once every five years. The last assessment was conducted in 2013.
Purpose The Commission provides a forum to identify local priorities for child care and early learning services as well
as to develop policies and strategies to meet these priorities. The countywide needs assessment is part of
this process, guiding the preparation of a local comprehensive countywide 5‐year child care master plan
designed to mobilize public and private resources to address identified needs. This 2018‐2019 Needs
Assessment provides key information for the design of the 2020‐2025 Marin County Master Plan.
Methodology This report presents a snapshot of various aspects of the state of child care and early education in Marin
County based primarily on quantitative data. It includes the following quantitative data elements pursuant
to Education Code Section 8499.5 (b)(1) and (2) to provide a comprehensive picture of the child care and
early education needs in the county:
“(A) The needs of families eligible for subsidized child care.
(B) The needs of families not eligible for subsidized child care.
(C) The waiting lists for programs funded by the department and the State Department of Social Services.
(D) The need for child care for children determined by the child protective services agency to be
neglected, abused, or exploited, or at risk of being neglected, abused, or exploited.
(E) The number of children in families receiving public assistance, including CalFresh benefits, housing
support, and Medi‐Cal, and assistance from the Healthy Families Program and the Temporary
Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program.
(F) Family income among families with preschool or school‐age children.
(G) The number of children in migrant agricultural families who move from place to place for work or
who are currently dependent for their income on agricultural employment in accordance with
subdivision (a) of, and paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (b) of, Section 8231.
(H) The number of children who have been determined by a regional center to require services pursuant
to an individualized family service plan, or by a local educational agency to require services pursuant
to an individualized education program or an individualized family service plan.
(I) The number of children in the county by primary language spoken pursuant to the department's
language survey
1 Pursuant to Education Code Section 8499.5 (b)(1) and (2).
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(J) Special needs based on geographic considerations, including rural area.
(K) The number of children needing child care services by age cohort.” 2
Data and information included in this report draw from publicly available sources such as American Institutes
for Research (AIR) – Early Learning Needs Assessment Tool, American Community Survey, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Insight Center for Community Economic Development, California Department of Education,
California Child Care Resource & Referral Network, and Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Other sources include the Marin County Child Care Council (the local Resources & Referral Agency), the
County of Marin Health and Human Services Department, and the Migrant Education Program at the Butte
County Office of Education.
The information presented in this report is primarily related to children from birth to 13 years old, but, due
to limitations of available data, some of the figures may cover a different age range.
Report Structure The information presented in this document is organized into four main sections:
Characteristics of children and their families
Employment, housing cost, family income, and cost of living
Cost of child care
Child care supply and demand
2 Source: California Code, Education Code ‐ EDC § 8499.5.
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Key Findings Over 70% of children in Marin County have all parents working.
Children under the age of six in Marin County are more likely to have all parents working, 74%
compared to 63% statewide (Table 10).
Compared to statewide, fewer families with children under 18 in Marin County have income low
enough to qualify for subsidized child care.
Approximately one‐fourth of families with children live in households with an income below $60,000.
According to Census data, this is lower than the share statewide, where 43% of children live in
families whose income qualifies them for subsidized child care under the annual income threshold
approximated at $60,000 (Table 11). In 2018, the average monthly housing wage in Marin was
$10,403, which is 98% above the income cutoff for child care subsidy eligibility and 84% higher than
the statewide average (Figure 8).
The cost of child care is substantially higher in Marin County than in California overall.
Families in Marin County pay more for child care in both child care centers and family child care
homes as compared to the average family statewide (Figure 11) as well as compared to the cost of
child care in Marin in prior years (California Child Care Resource and Referral Network, 2013). The
average cost for center‐based preschool care is 39% higher in Marin than the statewide average. For
center‐based infant care, families may pay up to 28% more than the statewide average. In 2016, the
cost of child care was over 50% higher for both child care centers and family child care homes
compared to 2012 (Figure 11).
Although the median income is higher in Marin County than the statewide average, the county
has one of the highest Self‐Sufficiency Standards in the state.
The median family income in Marin County is $118,400, or $9,867 per month, which is $4,611 above
the income ceiling for subsidized child care for a family of four (Table 17), but the County has one of
the highest Self‐Sufficiency Standards in the state: for a family of four with one infant and one
preschooler, the annual income necessary to cover all basic living expenses is $149,545. Families at
the median income are earning above the income ceiling for subsidized child care, but below the
Self‐Sufficiency Standard.
The great majority of families seek child care due to parent employment.
According to the 2017 California Child Care Portfolio, 90% of families seek child care due to parent
employment, five percent due to parent in school or training, and five percent due to parent seeking
employment (California Child Care Resource and Referral Network, 2017). The majority of requests
for child care made in 2016 were for children under the age of two (Table 28).
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There was a decline in the overall supply of child care slots3 in Marin County from 2014 to 2017.
From 2014 to 2017, the number of child care slots decreased by seven percent (Table 19). Child care
centers experienced an overall 10% decrease in the number of child care slots from 2014 to 2017,
which is consistent with the 11% decrease in the number of child care center sites (Table 20).
Contractors are unable to staff available classrooms due to a lack of teachers in Marin County,
thereby restricting the capacity of contractors to serve families in need of child care (Marin County
Child Care Commission, 2018).
The demand for child care is higher than the supply.
Child care slots are not available to almost half (46%) of infants and toddlers with working parents
and to about two thirds (63%) of school‐aged children with working parents Among infant and
toddlers in working families who qualify for subsidized child care (with income at/below 70% State
Median Income (SMI), over 60% are not receiving subsidized child care. For school‐aged children in
working families, 54% of those who are eligible for state subsidies are not receiving subsidized child
care. Though there is a surplus of full‐time preschool child care slots for working families of all
incomes, there is an unmet need for part‐time preschool child care slots for enrichment and school
readiness (Table 27).
Turnover is an impactful issue at most licensed child care centers.
Almost 75% of centers had at least one staff member quit in 2014. Over half (58%) of the staff that
quit were teachers and 36% were assistant teachers. Publicly funded centers had a larger
percentage (65%) of teachers quitting (Quinto, 2015).
Many child care providers struggle to cover the cost of living with current wages.
Low wages lead to many providers seeking public income support. The last workforce study
conducted in the county (2015) indicated that the mean hourly wage for the highest paid teachers
at child care centers is $25.46, while the mean hourly wage for the lowest paid teachers is $17.49.
The highest paid assistant teachers are paid a mean hourly wage of $14.33, and the lowest are paid
$14.10 (Quinto, 2015).
3 “Slot: Space for one child in a child care center or family child care home.” (R&R Network, 2018)
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Characteristics of Children and Their Families in Marin County
Age Marin County is home to an estimated 37,905 children ages 12 and under (Table 1).
Around 260,955 individuals reside in Marin County (United States Census Bureau, 2017a). The total number
of families living in the county is roughly 66,107. Of those families, 30,314 have children who are under 18
years of age, and almost 36% have children under six years of age (United States Census Bureau, 2017b). Of
the 37,905 children living in Marin County, about 18% are ages two and under and 17% were between the
ages of three and four (Table 1).
Table 1: Number of Children in Marin County by Age, 2016
Age Number of Children in Marin County <1 year 2,627
1 year 1,849
2 years 2,480
3 years 3,035
4 years 3,340
5 years 2,481
6 to 12 years 22,093
Total 37,905 Source: American Institutes for Research. (2016).
Race/Ethnicity Non‐Hispanic White children under 18 years of age represent the largest share of children, with
Hispanic/Latino children representing the next highest share (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Race/Ethnicity of Children in Marin County and California
Source: Kids Data. (2016).
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These shares can also be seen at the enrollment level of children in K‐12 in Marin County. Non‐Hispanic White
children and Hispanic/Latino children represent the largest shares of children enrolled in K‐12 (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Race/Ethnicity of Children Grades K‐12 in Marin County, 2017‐2018
Source: California Department of Education. (2018a).
Language Of children who do not speak English at home, 72% speak Spanish (21% of all children in Marin County)
(Figure 3).
Figure 3: Language Spoken at Home for Children Ages Five‐17 in Marin County and California, 2017
Source: United States Census Bureau. (2017c).
Children who are considered English Learners (EL) or Fluent English Proficient (FEP) are children whose primary language is not English, though children who are FEP are considered proficient in English. In Marin,
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the largest share of children grades K‐12 who are EL or FEP students speak Spanish as their primary language. Other top primary languages spoken among EL and FEP children are Portuguese, French, Russian, and Vietnamese. Among EL children only, Spanish is also the most common primary language (79%) (Table 2).
Table 2: Children Grades K‐12 who are English Learners (EL) or Fluent English Proficient (FEP) Students by
Threshold Language, 2017‐2018
Threshold Language
Number of English
Learners (EL)
Number of Fluent English Proficient (FEP) Students
Total Number of EL and FEP Students
Percent of Total Enrollment that is EL and FEP
Spanish 4,437 3,341 7,778 23.05%
Portuguese 83 130 213 0.63%
French 53 132 185 0.55%
Russian 38 118 156 0.46%
Vietnamese 38 108 146 0.43%
Mandarin (Putonghua) 27 91 118 0.35%
Cantonese 27 59 86 0.25%
Filipino (Pilipino or Tagalog) 12 30 42 0.12%
Korean 24 42 66 0.20%
Other languages 318 713 1,031 3.07%
Total 5,057 4,764 9,821 29.11% Source: California Department of Education. (2018b).
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Poverty Of 20,802 individuals living below poverty in Marin County, 21% are children ages 14 and under (Table
3).
Table 3: Number and Share of Children Living Below Poverty Level Ages 14 Years and Under, 2017
Age
Total Number of Children Living Below
Poverty Level Of Those in Poverty,
Share by Age Under 5 years 1,397 7%
5 years 492 2%
6 to 11 years 1,902 9%
12 to 14 years 647 3%
All Children Under 14 4,438 21% Source: United States Census Bureau. (2017d).
Location of Children More than half (51%) of children in Marin County reside in the Central region of the county, and one
quarter reside in the Northern region (Table 4).
Figure 4: Map of Children in Marin, 2012‐2016
Source: United States Census Bureau. (2016a).
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Table 4: Location of Children Ages 14 and Under, by Zip Codes, 2012‐20164,5
Geographic Area Community/City
Zip Code
Under 3
years 3 – 5 Years
6 – 11 Years
12 – 14 Years
Total Number of Children
Central McNears Beach, San Rafael, Santa Venetia 94901 1,699 1,530 3,106 1,752 8,087
Central
Gallinas, Los Ranchitos, Lucas Valley‐Marinwood, San Rafael, Santa Venetia, Saint Vincent 94903 915 918 1,835 826 4,494
Central Greenbrae, Kentfield, Larkspur 94904 237 258 946 595 2,036
Central Corte Madera, Larkspur 94925 420 366 985 351 2,122
Central Fairfax, Woodacre 94930 143 295 634 273 1,345
Central Kentfield, Larkspur 94939 71 179 576 364 1,190
Central Ross 94957 21 32 140 98 291
Central San Anselmo, San Rafael 94960 293 281 1,644 694 2,912
North Black Point‐Green Point, Burdell, Novato 94945 723 908 1,362 728 3,721
North Novato 94947 728 776 1,704 984 4,192
North Bel Marin Keys, Novato 94949 479 624 1,347 606 3,056
South Belvedere, El Campo, Paradise Cay, Tiburon 94920 257 363 1,023 728 2,371
South
Manzanita, Mill Valley, Strawberry, Tamalpais‐Homestead Valley 94941 792 1,076 2,740 1,150 5,758
South
Belvedere, Marin City, Muir Beach, Sausalito, Tamalpais‐Homestead Valley 94965 275 203 598 269 1,345
West Bolinas, Dogtown, Five Brooks, Shafter 94924 26 53 42 23 144
West Dillon Beach 94929 0 8 18 0 26
West
Forest Knolls, Lagunitas‐Forest Knolls, San Geronimo 94933 31 9 32 53 125
Source: United States Census Bureau. (2016a).
4 Some zip codes (94940, 94950, 94964, and 94998) are not included in this table because no data was reported. Data could not be
found for several other zip codes (94912, 94913, 94914, 94915, 94942, 94948, 94966, 94974, 94976, 94977, 94978, and 94979).
5 Data from the Census may over and undercount population in some cells. For more information on data limitations on the census,
please see http://www.ruraldataportal.org/datalimitations.aspx.
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Table 4: Location of Children Ages 14 and Under, by Zip Codes, 2012‐2016 (continued)
Geographic Area Community/City
Zip Code
Under 3
years 3‐5 Years
6‐11 Years
12‐14 Years
Total Number of Children
West
Inverness, Lairds Landing, Sacramento Landing, Seahaven 94937 13 0 45 0 58
West Lagunitas, Lagunitas‐Forest Knolls 94938 25 23 67 10 125
West
Jewell Lagunitas‐Forest Knolls Nicasio 94946 15 2 51 36 104
West
Bivalve Inverness Millerton Olema Point Reyes Station Tocaloma 94956 25 29 82 27 163
West
Lagunitas‐Forest Knolls San Geronimo Woodacre 94963 22 68 93 8 191
West Stinson Beach 94970 18 14 0 10 42
West
Dillon Beach Fallon Hamlet Ocean Roar Tomales Vincent Landing 94971 0 0 0 11 11
West San Geronimo Woodacre 94973 0 56 87 37 180
Total 7,228 8,071 19,157 9,633 44,089
Source: United States Census Bureau. (2016a).
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Children in Migrant Families There are 20 children in migrant families in Marin County (Table 5). Migrant families are considered families
in which 50% or more of their income is from migrant work. A migrant worker is “a person who has moved
within the last three years to work in agriculture, fishing, livestock, or forestry” (Butte County Office of
Education, 2018).
Table 5: Number of Children Ages 12 and Under in Migrant Families by Age, 2018
Age Number of Children in
Migrant Families <1 year 0
1 year 1
2 years 2
3 years 0
4 years 2
5 years 4
6 years 1
7 years 4
8 years 0
9 years 3
10 years 0
11 years 1
12 years 2
Total 20 Source: Butte County Office of Education Migrant
Families Program Region 2. (2018a).
Compared to other Northern counties, Marin has the lowest number of children in migrant families (Table
6).
Table 6: Number of Children Ages 12 and Under in Migrant Families by County, 2016‐2017 and 2017‐2018
County 2016 – 2017 2017 ‐ 2018
Marin 11 20
Humboldt 37 20
Lake 355 358
Mendocino 647 728
Napa 1,047 1,035
Sonoma 1,160 1,086 Source: Butte County Office of Education Migrant Families Program Region 2. (2018b).
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Disabilities and Special Needs Among children ages 12 and under receiving special education services in Marin County, the most common
types of disabilities are: speech and language impairment, emotional disturbance, specific learning disability,
and autism (Table 7).
There are 13 types of disabilities that qualify children for special education: autism, deaf‐blindness, emotional
disturbance, hearing impairment, intellectual disability, multiple disabilities, orthopedic impairment, other
health impairment, specific learning disability, speech or language impairment, traumatic brain injury, and
visual impairment (including blindness).
Table 7: Children Under 12 Years Old Receiving Special Education Services by Most Common Disability
Types, 2017‐2018
Age
Speech and
Language Emotional Disturbance
Specific Learning Disability Autism Other Total
0 – 12 years 42% 3% 28% 10% 17% 100% Source: Special Education Division, California Department of Education. (2018).
In 2017, there were 2,474 children ages 3‐12 with an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and 33 children
ages 0‐2 with an Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP) (Table 8).
An IEP focuses on special education and related services in schools. An IFSP guides early intervention services
with a broader view including the role of the family.
Table 8: Number of Children with an IEP or IFSP, 2017
Age Children with IFSP Children with IEP
0 – 2 years 33 0
3 – 4 years 0 269
5 – 12 years 0 2,205
Total 33 2,474 Source: Marin County SELPA. (2018).
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Of the 117 children in the Child Protective Services (CPS) system, 26 were referred for child care during
the last school year (Table 9).
Table 9: Number of Children in the CPS System Referred for Child Care, FY 2017‐2018
Age Number of Children in the CPS System
Number of Children Referred for Child Care
0 – 2 years 25 5
3 – 4 years 21 10
5 – 12 years 71 11
Total 117 26 Source: Department of Health and Human Services ‐ County of Marin, Child and Family Services. (2018).
Indicators of Well‐Being Children Now released the 2018‐19 California County Scorecard of Children’s Well‐Being, which tracks 28 key
well‐being indicators in education, health, child welfare, and economic well‐being. Access to quality early
care and education and out‐of‐school time can influence several of these indicators. Some of the key findings
regarding Marin County are highlighted below (Children Now, 2018).
Indicator County Average
%
California Average
%
3rd‐graders who read near or above grade‐level standards 75 61
Eligible students who received free or reduced‐price meals during the school year
52 54
Eligible students who received free or reduced‐price meals during the summer
8 8
Children who were not food insecure 87 81
Children, birth‐5, of low income families who had visited a dentist in the last year
47 26
Children with parents in the labor force for whom a licensed child care slot was available
40 23
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The following are other indicators related to child well‐being in Marin made available by Kids Data (2019):
Indicator County Average
%
California Average
%
Children in families with single female householders (2010‐2014) 13.6 18.7
Children living with one or more foreign‐born parent (2012‐2016) 36.2 49.3
English learners in public schools (2016) 14.8 22.1
Children living in low‐income working families (2012‐2016) 14 25.9
Children living below Federal Poverty threshold (2012‐2016) 9.9 21.9
Children living in food insecure households (2014) 17.1 22.9
Students eligible for free or reduced price school meals (2015) 26 58.6
Public school students who are homeless (2016) 3.7 4.4
Children with health insurance coverage (2012‐2016) 97.4 94,6
Students enrolled in Special Education (2016) 11.2 11.8
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Employment, Housing Cost, Family Income, and Cost of Living Employment Over 70% of children in Marin County have all parents working.
Children under the age of six in Marin County are more likely to have all parents working, 74% compared to
63% statewide. This includes children of two‐parent and single‐parent households where all resident parents
are employed (Table 10). Ninety percent of families seeking child care report employment as one of the
primary reasons for needing child care (California Child Care Resource and Referral Network, 2017).
Table 10: Marin County Children with Working Parents, 2017
Age Number of Children in Marin County
Number with All Parents in Workforce
Share with All Parents Working
Under 6 years 14,202 10,527 74%
6 to 17 years 36,672 26,405 72%
Total 50,874 36,932 73% Source: United States Census Bureau. (2017e).
Marin County has one of the strongest labor markets in California.6
Since 2011, the average annual unemployment rate in Marin County has been decreasing. The average
annual unemployment rate in 2017 was 2.9%, about four percentage points below its rate in 2011 and
roughly two percentage points below the 2017 statewide rate (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Average Annual Unemployment Rate in Marin County, 2006 ‐ 2017
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017).
6 Bay City News, 2017
16
Housing Cost The cost of housing is higher in Marin County than in California overall.
Housing costs are commonly measured using fair market rent (FMR), the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development’s measure of current costs for available rental housing. The FMR for a two‐bedroom unit
in Marin County has been increasing over the last decade. In 2018, the FMR is 84% higher in Marin County
than in the state overall ($3,121 in Marin County compared to $1,699 statewide). The difference in housing
costs in Marin relative to the state is higher in the last two years than at any time in the last decade (Figure
6).
Figure 6: Fair Market Rents (FMR) for 2 Bedroom Unit, Marin County and California, 2007‐2018
Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2018a).
The rental housing cost for a 2‐bedroom home in Marin County has been consistently higher than in California
(Zillow, n.d.b). As of April 2018, the Zillow Rent Index (ZRI) for a 2‐bedroom home in Marin County is $3,502,
52% higher than in California overall (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Zillow Rent Index for 2 Bedroom Homes in Marin County and California, 2010‐2018
Source: Zillow. (2018).
17
Marin County has the highest housing wages in the state along with San Francisco and San Mateo counties.
In 2018, the average monthly housing wage in Marin County is $10,403, which is 98% above the income
cutoff for child care subsidy eligibility and 84% higher than the statewide average (Figure 8).
Figure 8: FMR, “Housing Wage” Income, and the Statewide Child Care Subsidy Eligibility Cutoff for Marin County and California, 2018
Source: National Low‐Income Housing Coalition. (2018).
Family Income Twenty‐five percent of families with children under age 18 in Marin County have income low enough to
qualify for subsidized child care.
According to estimates from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2018b), the median
household income in Marin is about $118,400. Approximately one‐fourth of families with children lived in
households with an income below $60,000. This is lower than statewide, where 43% of children lived in
families whose income qualified them for subsidized child care under the annual income threshold
approximated at $60,000 (Table 11). There were 4,438 children ages 14 and under living at or below the
federal poverty line in Marin County (Table 3).
The monthly income threshold for subsidized child care for a family of four in California is $5,256, or $63,083
per year (California Department of Education, 2018). The monthly income threshold represents a snapshot
of July 2018 state guidelines for subsidized child care and development services. State policies affecting
income thresholds and eligibility are subject to change.
State income thresholds are determined using the 70% SMI for initial certification. California Assembly Bill
2626, which Governor Brown approved on September 30, 2018, defines “income eligible” for ongoing
eligibility to include a family that has an adjusted monthly income at or below 85% SMI. Additionally, the bill
introduces changes to allow greater flexibility and efficient use of funding for child care contractors in
counties across the state. Previously, this flexibility was limited to the 13 counties that had been authorized
to institute individualized child care subsidy pilot plans (Mullin, 2018). As part of their pilot plans, several
counties, including Alameda, Santa Clara, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties, have established income
thresholds for subsidized child care at 85% SMI for both incoming and ongoing eligibility. Other counties,
including Marin County, are in the process of obtaining approval from the California Department of Education
for their plans (Arambula, 2017; Bonta, 2015; Caballero, 2017; Frazier, 2017; Gordon, 2016; Migden, 2005;
Simitian, 2003; Thurmond, 2017).
18
Table 11: Income Distribution of Marin County and California Families with Children Under 18, 2016
Income Category Number of Families in Marin County
Percent of Families in Marin County
Percent of Families in California
Up to $20,000 1,802 6% 14%
$20,000 to $40,000 2,537 9% 17%
$40,000 to $60,000 2,235 8% 14%
$60,000 to $100,000 4,083 14% 20%
$100,000 to $150,000 4,665 16% 15%
$150,000 to $200,000 3,720 13% 8%
$200,000 or more 10,109 35% 10%
Total 29,151 100% 100% Source: United States Census Bureau. (2016b).
Table 12: Estimated Number of Children by Income Category and Age, 2016 and 2017
Age
At or Below Federal Poverty (Eligible for Head
Start)
At or below 70% SMI (Eligible for State Subsidy) Above 70% SMI
0 – 2 years 1,3977
2,678 4,278
3 – 4 years 926 5,449
5 – 12 years 4928 4,018 20,556
Total 1,889 7,622 30,283
Source: United States Census Bureau. (2017d).
7 Data includes children under the age of five. Data could not be found broken down in the age groups provided in the table.
8 Data includes only five‐year‐old children. Head Start and Early Head Start serve children from birth to age five (Benefits.gov, n.d.).
There is a total of 3,041 children between ages five to 14 who are at or below federal poverty level. Data could not be found
broken down in the age groups provided in the table.
19
In Marin, 22% of children received free and reduced lunch in 2016 compared to 48% across California. The
zip codes where at least 10% of kids participate in the free and reduced lunch program are indicated below
on Table 13.
Table 13: Percent of Children Eligible for Free and Reduced‐Price Lunch in Marin County by Zip Code, 2016
Zip Code 3 and 5‐Year‐Old Children
94901 56%
94903 21%
94930 10%
94945 18%
94947 26%
94949 32%
94952 24%
94963 16%
94965 26%
94971 59%
Marin 22% Source: American Institutes for Research. (2018).
Public Assistance There are many children in families receiving public assistance, including CalFresh benefits, housing support,
and Medi‐Cal.
CalFresh (Food Stamp) CalFresh (federally known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP) is a federally
mandated, state‐supervised, and county‐operated government entitlement program that provides monthly
food benefits to assist low‐income households in purchasing the food they need to maintain adequate
nutritional levels. There are 5,609 children in families receiving CalFresh in Marin County (Table 14).
Table 14: Number of Children Receiving CalFresh Benefits, 2015‐2017
Year
Number of Children Receiving CalFresh
Benefits
2015 5,967
2016 5,988
2017 5,609 Source: California Department of Social Services. (2018).
20
Housing Support
Housing support in this report includes public housing and Housing Choice Voucher Program Section 8 (Section 8). Section 8 is a federal program that assists low‐income families, the elderly, and people with disabilities to afford housing in the private market (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, n.d.). In Marin, there are 1,106 children in families who receive housing support (Table 15).
Table 15: Number of Children in Families in Public Housing, 2016‐2018
Year
Number of Children in Families in Public
Housing
Number of Children in Families in Section 8
Total Number of Children in Families in
Public Housing
2015 204 523 727
2016 230 720 950
2017 255 851 1,106 Source: Marin Housing Authority. (2018).
Medi‐Cal “California’s Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is a federal and state partnership designed to
provide low‐income children with health insurance coverage. The program improves access to health care
services and quality of life for nearly 1.3 million California children less than 19 years of age” (Research and
Analytic Studies Division, 2017). In Marin County, 10% of the total population ages 18 and under are Medi‐
Cal certified eligible CHIP children (Table 16).
Table 16: Number of Certified Eligible Medi‐Cal Children Enrolled in CHIP, 2017
Number of Medi‐Cal Certified Eligible CHIP
Children
Total County Population Ages 0‐18 in 2017
Medi‐Cal Certified Eligible CHIP Children as Percentage of County Population Ages 0‐18
5,511 55,325 10% Source: Research and Analytic Studies Division. (2017).
21
Cost of Living in Marin County By multiple measures, most families have an income that is below the cost of living in Marin County.
The California Budget Project (CBP) estimated that a family of four would need to earn $9,212 monthly to
meet the basic cost of living in Marin. This estimate is greater than the income cutoff for child care subsidies
and slightly under the monthly median family income in Marin County (Table 17).
Table 17: Income Ceilings for Subsidized Child Care and Monthly Median Family Income Relative to Various Measures for Monthly Income for “Basic Needs” in Marin County and California, 2017 and 2018
Monthly Income for “Basic Needs” Marin County California
Income Cutoff for Child Care Subsidy (2018) $5,256 $5,256
Monthly Median Family Income (2018) $9,867 $6,458
NLIHC Housing Wage (2018) $10,403 $5,665
CBP Monthly Family Budget (December 2017)
Without Child Care $7,271 $5,029
With Child Care $9,212 $6,329
California Self‐Sufficiency Standards (2018)
Without Child Care $8,830 N/A
With Child Care $12,462 N/A Source: California Department of Education. (2018d); National Low‐Income Housing Coalition.
(2018); California Budget & Policy Center. (2017); and Insight Center for Community Economic
Development. (2018).
22
Although the median income is higher in Marin County than the statewide average, the cost of living is very
high in the county. One measure of cost for basic needs is the Family Economic Self‐Sufficiency Standard.
This measure assesses the cost of living expenses, including housing, food, child care, health care,
transportation, and taxes, to determine the income needed to cover these expenses. Marin County has one
of the highest Self‐Sufficiency Standards in the state. For a family of four with one infant and one preschooler,
the annual income necessary to cover all basic living expenses is $149,545 (Table 18). Over half of families
with children in Marin County would not be able to afford the basic cost of living in Marin County based on
this metric (Table 11 and Table 18). This is a considerable stressor for families as parents may need to
constantly re‐evaluate their living expenses, potentially weighing the cost of child care against other vital
needs, including housing, food, transportation, and health care.
Table 18: Self‐Sufficiency Standard for Marin County Based on Family Size, 2018
Family Size Monthly Annually
1 Adult, 1 Infant $9,502 $114,027
1 Adult, 1 Preschooler $8,992 $107,899
1 Adult, 1 School‐Aged Child $7,715 $92,577
1 Adult, 1 Infant, 1 Preschooler $12,545 $150,543
1 Adult, 1 Preschooler, 1 School‐Age Child $10,777 $129,322
2 Adults, 1 Infant $9,554 $114,654
2 Adults, 1 Preschooler $9,069 $108,829
2 Adults, 1 School‐Age Child $7,931 $95,172
2 Adults, 1 Infant, 1 Preschooler $12,462 $149,545
2 Adults, 1 Preschooler, 1 School‐Age Child $10,776 $129,313 Source: Insight Center for Community Economic Development. (2018).
23
Families earning at the median income are earning above the income ceiling for subsidized child care, but
below the Self‐Sufficiency Standard. The median family income in Marin County is $118,400, or $9,867 per
month, which is $4,611 above the income ceiling for subsidized child care for a family of four. The monthly
Self‐Sufficiency Standard income for two adults, one infant, and one preschooler is $12,462 (Table 18), about
$2,600 greater than the monthly median family income in Marin County. Together, these measures indicate
that many families that do not qualify for subsidized child care still fall short of the Self‐Sufficiency Standard.
Over half of the total monthly Self‐Sufficiency Standard income is allocated to housing (24%) and child care
(29%) (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Monthly Cost for Self‐Sufficiency for 2 Adults, 1 Infant, and 1 Preschooler (2018)9,10
Source: Insight Center for Community Economic Development. (2018); U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
(2018a); and California Department of Education (2018d).
9 The median family income included in this figure presents information for all of the San Francisco, CA HUD Metro FMR Area which
includes Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo counties. Individual county data is not available for Marin County.
10 Figure for monthly Self‐Sufficiency income does not include deductions in total monthly cost from child care tax credit, child tax
credit, and earned income tax credit. The total shown here is $12,895.
24
Many families in Marin County earn above the income ceiling for subsidized child care, but below the Self‐
Sufficiency Standard. This is also true for single‐parent families. In Figure 10, the monthly income ceiling for
child care subsidies for a family size of three is $4,502. The monthly median incomes of single parent
households are $5,663 for female‐lead households and $6,219 for male‐lead households and are above the
monthly income threshold for child care subsidies by $1,161 and $1,717, respectively. Though these families
are considered too high‐income for child care subsidies, these families earn far below the Self‐Sufficiency
Standard of $12,545 for a one‐parent, one‐preschooler, and one‐infant household by $6,882 for female‐lead
households and $6,326 for male‐lead households. These differences are both over 100% of the median
incomes for single‐parent families (Figure 10).
Figure 10: Monthly Self‐Sufficiency Income for a Single‐Parent with 2 Young Children vs. Median Income for Single‐Parent Families11 (2017 and 2018)
Sources: Insight Center for Community Economic Development. (2018); California Department of Education (2018d); and U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2018a).
11 Figure for monthly Self‐Sufficiency income does not include deductions in total monthly cost from child care tax credit, child tax
credit, and earned income tax credit. The total shown here is $12,987.
25
Cost of Child Care in Marin County The cost of child care is substantially higher in Marin County than in California overall.
Families in Marin County continue to pay more for child care in both child care centers and family child care
homes compared to the average family statewide (Figure 11) and compared to the cost of child care in Marin
County in prior years (California Child Care Resource and Referral Network, 2013). The average cost for
center‐based preschool care is 39% higher in Marin County than the statewide average. For center‐based
infant care, families may pay approximately 28% more than the statewide average. In Marin County, the cost
of child care in 2016 is over 50% higher for both child care centers and family child care homes compared to
2012 (Figure 11). In 2012, the cost of care for center‐based care was $9,782 for preschoolers and $13,715 for
infants. This cost increased by 59% and 54% respectively in 2016. For family child care homes in 2012, families
previously paid $8,669 for preschool care and $9,491 for infant care. There was a respective 65% and 53%
increase in cost in 2016 (Figure 11 and California Child Care Resource and Referral Network, 2013).
Figure 11: Cost of Child Care in Marin County and California, 2016
Source: California Child Care Resource and Referral Network. (2017).
26
Child Care Supply and Demand
Child Care Supply There was a seven percent decline in the overall supply of child care slots in Marin County from 2014 to
2017 (Table 19).
Table 19: Number of Licensed Child Care Slots Overall, 2014 and 2017
Child Care Supply
Overall12
2014 2017 % Change
Total Slots 10,714 9,957 ‐7%
Total Number of Sites 322 325 1% Source: California Child Care Resource and Referral Network. (2017).
Child care centers experienced an overall 10% decrease in the number of child care slots from 2014 to 2017.
This is consistent with the 11% decrease in the number of child care center sites from 2014 to 2017. In 2017,
there was 820 less preschool slots compared to the number in 2014, resulting in a 13% decline in preschool
slots. There was 12% decrease in the number of infant/toddler slots from 2014 to 2017. Though there was
an increase in the number of school‐age slots, the percent increase was less than one (Table 20).
Table 20: Number of Licensed Child Care Slots in Child Care Centers, 2014 and 2017
Child Care Supply
Child Care Centers
2014 2017 % Change
Infant/Toddler Slots13 319 282 ‐12%
Preschool Slots14 6,137 5,317 ‐13%
School‐Age Slots15 2,386 2,392 <1%
Total Slots 8,842 7,991 ‐10%
Total Number of Sites 153 136 ‐11% Source: California Child Care Resource and Referral Network. (2017).
12 The data for overall totals only includes numbers for child care centers and family child care homes. Data for family child care homes by age and for license‐exempt child care centers were not available.
13 Data for infant/toddler slots includes children less than two.
14 Data for preschool slots includes children two to five years of age.
15 Data for school age slots includes children six years and older.
27
For family child care homes, only the total number of slots is provided. The number of children served in each
age group could not be determined due to the varying ages of children served in family child care homes.
Overall, there was a five percent increase in the number of slots in family child care homes and a 12% increase
in the number of family child care home sites from 2014 to 2017 (Table 21).
Table 21: Number of Licensed Child Care Slots in Family Child Care Homes, 2014 and 2017
Child Care Supply
Family Child Care Homes
2014 2017 % Change
Total Slots 1,872 1,966 5%
Total Number of Sites 169 189 12% Source: California Child Care Resource and Referral Network. (2017).
The After School Education and Safety (ASES) grants provide funding to serve 163,413 students annually
for regular school days and 18,953 students for any non‐regular school day.
The daily rate per student increased from $7.50 per student to $8.19 per student from 2017‐2018. The total
sum of school grant awards is $1,338,355.14 (Table 22). This allows the programs to serve up to an average
of 908 students per day for 180 regular school days.
Table 22: ASES Grant Award Amount by School, FY 2017‐2018
School Grant Award Amount Lynwood Elementary $122,358.00
Bahia Vista Elementary $204,531.60
Coleman Elementary $87,686.51
James B. Davidson Middle $215,271.42
Laurel Dell Elementary $122,850.00
San Pedro Elementary $169,260.00
Short Elementary $122,850.00
Venetia Valley K‐8 $128,399.54
Bayside Martin Luther King Jr. Academy $70,799.27
Willow Creek Academy $64,864.80
Bodega Bay Elementary $29,484.00
Total $1,338,355.14 Source: California Department of Education. (2018e).
28
The total sum of summer school grant awards is $155,228.89 (Table 23) which provides funding to serve
18,953 students annually. Summer programs operate on any non‐regular school day including weekends,
winter and/or summer breaks, so an average number of students served per day cannot be calculated
(California Department of Education, 2018e).
Table 23: ASES Grant Summer Award Amount by School, FY 2017‐2018
School Grant Award Amount Bahia Vista Elementary $53,273.22
James B. Davidson Middle $53,644.50
Laurel Dell Elementary $16,380.00
San Pedro Elementary $31,931.17
Total $155,228.89 Source: California Department of Education. (2018e).
29
Zip codes are identified for over 250 licensed child care centers and family child care homes. Many child care centers and family child care homes are located in San Rafael, Novato, Mill Valley, and Corte Madera. Currently, the total number of child care centers is 141, and the number of family child care homes is 147 (Table 24).16
Table 24: Location of Licensed Child Care Centers and Family Child Care Homes with Known Zip Codes, 2018
16 The total number of child care centers and family child care homes does not match the total numbers found in Tables 19, 20, and
21 due to differences in the source of data and year.
City Zip Code Child Care Centers
Family Child Care Homes
San Rafael 94901 14 35
94903 23 25
Novato
94947 16 13
94949 8 11
94945 6 13
Mill Valley 94941 16 13
Corte Madera 94925 12 16
San Anselmo 94960 10 8
Fairfax 94930 5 5
Tiburon 94920 7 0
Sausalito 94965 6 0
Greenbrae 94904 3 2
Marin City 94965 3 2
Larkspur 94939 3 1
Point Reyes 94956 2 1
Ross 94957 2 1
San Geronimo 94963 2 0
Belvedere 94920 1 0
Bolinas 94924 1 0
Tomales 94971 1 0
Woodacre 94973 0 1
Total 141 147 Source: Marin Child Care Council. (2018a).
30
Figure 12: Map of Number of Child Care Center and Family Child Care Home Providers in Marin County with Known Zip Codes, 2018
Source: Marin Child Care Council. (2018a).
31
In Marin County, there are a total of 1,434 children from ages 0 to 12 years in subsidized care and
development subsidy programs (Table 25).
Table 25: Number of Children Served in Subsidized Child Care and Development Subsidy Programs, 2016 and 2018
Funding/Program Type Infant/Toddlers (0 – 2 years)
Preschool (3 – 4 years)
School‐age (5 – 12 years)
Full‐Day Center (CCTR) 31 4 319
CA State Preschool (CSPP) Full‐Day ‐ 100 11
CA State Preschool (CSPP) Part‐Day ‐ 126 4
FCCH Networks 5 26 6
Migrant 0 0 0
Handicap Program 0 0 0
CA Alternative Payment (voucher) 12 21 45
CalWORKs Stage 1 34 33 44
CalWORKs Stage 2 21 33 51
CalWORKs Stage 3 12 36 104
Head Start ‐ 227 5
Early Head Start 14817 ‐ ‐
Total 263 582 589 Source: American Institutes for Research. (2016); Marin Child Care Council. (2018b); and Community Action
Marin – Head Start Program. (2018).
17 Data includes children ages three and under. Data could not be found broken down in the age groups provided in the table.
32
Child Care Demand The demand for child care is higher than the supply.
Over 25,000 children in Marin County have all parents in the workforce. Of those children, 20% are from
families who are at or below 70% SMI (Table 26). Of the 2,896 children ages 3 and 4 with at least one non‐
working parent, 511 are at or below 70% SMI (American Institutes for Research, 2016). It was estimated that
roughly half (51%) of all children require licensed child care because children may receive child care from
family members or other avenues. Based on calculations following the LPC Child Care Needs Assessment
Instruction Guide it was estimated that 37% of children under 2, 85% of children ages 3 and 4, and 45% of
children ages 5 to 12 need licensed child care.
Table 26: Number of Children in Families with Parents in the Workforce, 2016
Age
Number of Children with All Parents in
the Workforce
Number of Children who Need Child Care in Families with All
Parents in the Workforce
Number of Children in Families with Working Parents
who are at or Below 70% SMI
Number of Children who Need Child Care in Families with Working Parents who are At or
Below 70%
0 – 2 years 5,149 1,905 1,938 717
3 – 4 years 3,479 4,010 415 353
5 – 12 years 16,886 7,962 2,871 1,292
Total 25,514 13,876 5,224 2,362 Source: American Institutes for Research. (2016).
33
Child care slots are not available to almost half (46%) of infants and toddlers with working parents and to
about two thirds (63%) of school‐aged children with working parents. Among infant and toddlers in working
families who qualify for subsidized child care (with income at/below 70% SMI), over 60% are not receiving
subsidized child care. For school‐aged children in working families, 54% of those who are eligible for state
subsidies are not receiving subsidized child care. Though there is a surplus of full‐time preschool child care
slots for working families of all incomes, there is an unmet need for part‐time preschool child care slots for
enrichment and school readiness (Table 27).
Table 27: Unmet Need for Child Care (Demand – Slots), 2016‐2018
Type of Care Needed Infant/Toddler (0 – 2 years)
Preschool (3 & 4 years)
School‐Age (5 – 12 years)
Number % Number % Number %
Full‐time care for working parents18
877 46% ‐2,963 ‐100% 4,812 63%
Full‐time care for working families eligible for state subsidy
454 63% ‐229 ‐65% 703 54%
Part‐time Preschool for enrichment/school readiness (all incomes)19
‐ ‐ 2,133 87% ‐ ‐
Part‐time Preschool for enrichment/school readiness and eligible for state subsidy19
‐ ‐ 105 24% ‐ ‐
Source: American Institutes for Research. (2016); California Child Care Resource and Referral Network. (2017); and Marin Child Care Council. (2018).
18 Due to data limitations, full‐time care for working parents is calculated from licensed child care center and family child care home capacity only.
19 Due to unavailable data the calculation for part‐time preschool for all incomes does not include children enrolled in licensed,
non‐subsidized child care programs. The unmet need for part time preschool is calculated using the number of children enrolled in
CA State Preschool (CSPP) Part‐Day program and Head Start.
34
There are various reasons why a parent may request child care, including parent employment, parent in
school or training, and parent seeking employment. The majority of requests made in 2016 was for children
under the age of two (Table 28). According to the 2017 California Child Care Portfolio, 90% of families sought
child care due to parent employment, five percent were due to parent in school or training, and five percent
due to parent seeking employment (California Child Care Resource and Referral Network, 2017).
Table 28: Parent Requests for Child Care, 2012 and 201620
Age Percent of 2012 Requests Percent of 2016 Requests Percentage Point Change
Under 2 years 43% 48% 5%
2 – 5 years 46% 26% ‐20%
6 years and older 12% 12% 0% Source: California Child Care Resource and Referral Network. (2017); and California Child Care Resource and Referral Network.
(2013).
The Centralized Eligibility List (CEL) is the county‐wide wait list for state or federal subsidized child care.
Though the CEL is currently not funded and not mandated by the state, Marin Child Care Council (MC3)
continues to offer this service to families. Also, some local subsidized child care centers keep their own
waiting list. Families who need child care subsidies contact MC3 and may be placed on the CEL. In 2017,
MC3 reported that there was a monthly average of 539 children on the CEL (Table 29).
The Commission reports a shortage of child care slots in Marin County. The capacity of contractors to serve
the families in need of child care is restricted by various factors, including the lack of teachers in Marin to
staff classrooms (Marin County Child Care Council, 2016).
Table 29: Centralized Eligibility List (CEL) Wait List Data, 2014 and 2017
Month Number of Children on the CEL
2014 2017 January 675 594
February 658 488
March 672 457
April 689 458
May 707 469
June 757 522
July 719 526
August 771 565
September 850 662
October 788 700
November 723 499
December 711 526
Monthly Average 727 539
Source: Marin County Child Care Council. (2018c).
20 Data presented does not add up to 100% due to lack of available data for the remaining 14%.
35
Challenges for Providers
Child Care Reimbursement Rates Reimbursement rates for state subsidized direct service providers are well below market rates in Marin
County even though Title 5 regulations make care more expensive to provide.
Direct service providers who contract with CDE to provide subsidized child care typically receive the Standard
Reimbursement Rate (SRR), regardless of where they are located (Table 31). In contrast, child care vouchers
allow providers to receive up to the 75th percentile of the local child care market, based on 2016 data from
the Regional Market Rate (RMR) survey. Families who qualify for child care vouchers – largely current and
former CalWORKs participants – can use the voucher for care at a licensed child care center or family child
care home or with a relative.
In Marin, the SRR is lower than the RMR for all age categories. For full time preschool care, the SRR is $48.28
per child day enrollment while the maximum RMR payment rate for preschool is $95.11, 97% higher than
the SRR (Table 31). However, the Title 5 contractors must meet more stringent regulations than state
licensing requires under Title 22. For example, there are higher education qualifications for Title 5 and stricter
child staff ratios. Additionally, Title 22 requires one adult per 12 preschool children in child care centers; Title
5 requires one adult per eight preschool children (Community Child Care Council of Santa Clara County, Inc.,
n.d.).
Table 30: Weekly Regional Market Rates by Age Group and Type of Care, 201821
21 Data for the weekly average rates of full‐time and part‐time child care center and family child care homes were not available.
Age Group
Child Care Center Full‐Time Maximum
Child Care Center Part‐Time
Maximum
FCCH Full‐Time Maximum
FCCH Part‐Time Maximum
Infant/Toddler $503.12 $390.59 $353.06 $261.76
Preschool $395.51 $294.64 $338.66 $239.89
School‐Age $277.18 $181.22 $252.98 $203.68 Source: California Department of Education. (2018c).
36
Table 31: Reimbursement Rates for Child Care Centers in Marin County, 2018
Age Category
Daily RMR Ceiling for Child Care
Centers
Standard Reimbursement
Rate (SRR)
% Maximum RMR Exceeds
SRR
Infant (birth to 18 months) $129.56 $99.32 30%
Toddler (18 months to 36 months) $129.56/$95.1122 $76.77 24%/69%
Preschooler (36 months to Kindergarten) $95.11 $48.28 97%
School‐Age (Kindergarten to age 13) $65.00 $47.98 35% Source: California Department of Education. (2018c); and California Department of Education. (2018f).
22 The daily RMR ceiling for child care centers is $95.11 for children ages two to five and $129.56 for children birth to 24 months.
37
Workforce
There is limited data available about the local early childhood education workforce.
The last comprehensive workforce study implemented in Marin dates back to 2006. In the last years, two
studies were conducted involving local ECE professionals: one focused on Title V Centers (2015) and other
on Family Child Care providers (2017).
Marin Child Care Council (MC3) and the California Child Care Resource and Referral Network (Network)
implemented a workforce survey with Title V Centers in 2015 to better understand how the workforce has
changed since the 2005 workforce study and what the current training needs are for staff. The survey focused
on licensed child care centers and provided insight to the state of the workforce in center‐based care. The
findings revealed that:
Among all center staff, the largest share (31%) was between the ages of 40 and 49. Assistant teachers were more likely to be under 30 years old. Overall, there has been a decrease in the proportion of staff under 30 years old and an increase in staff over 50 compared to the previous study.
Turnover was a large issue at most centers. Almost 75% of centers had at least one staff member quit in 2014. Over half (58%) of the staff that quit were teachers and 36% were assistant teachers. Publicly funded centers have a larger percentage (65%) of teachers quitting in the last year.
Majority of teachers (66%) and directors (81%) had been employed at their child care center for more than five years.
Many providers struggled to cover the cost of living with current wages. Low wages lead to many providers seeking public income support. The mean hourly wage for the highest paid teachers at child care centers was $25.46, while the mean hourly wage for the lowest paid teachers was $17.49. The highest paid assistant teachers were paid a mean hourly wage of $14.33, and the lowest were paid $14.10.
The majority (69%) of directors received their BA degree. Among teachers, roughly half (47%) earned their BA degree. Seventeen percent of teachers received their AA degree (17%). Eighteen percent received 24 early care and education (ECE) units. Similarly, 18% of teachers received under 23 ECE units. For assistant teachers, over half (53%) received under 23 ECE units. 16% received a BA degree, and 9% earned their AA degrees. The remaining 14 %of assistant teachers earned 24 ECE units.
In the survey, staff identified their top five training needs. Two training areas were identified by staff across all staff levels: 1) observation, screening, and assessment and 2) relationships, interactions, and guidance. The rest of the training areas identified by staff are listed below. Assistant teachers and teachers both identified child development and learning and learning environments in their top five training needs.
o Assistant Teachers: child development and learning, learning environments, and special
needs
o Teachers: child development and learning, learning environments, and professionalism
o Directors: administration, family community and engagement, and leadership in early
childhood education (Quinto, 2015).
38
MC3 implemented another survey for family child care home providers regarding provider professional
development. The survey had a 50% response rate with 60 surveys received. This data may not be reflective
of all family child care home providers but can provide insights to the professional development needs of
providers. The findings showed that:
About half of providers were between the ages of 50 and 60. The next largest share (29%) of providers was between the ages of 40‐50.
Providers were more likely to be affiliated with the local family care association than other professional affiliations.
Almost half (46%) of providers did not receive their high school diploma/GED. The top four barriers to education included time of day (40%), cost (40%), lack of online courses (14%), and difficulty with the content level (14%).
Though most providers (39%) were happy with their current level of professional development, 33% were not, and 28% were not participating in professional development activities. The top three barriers to seeking professional development included time of day (39%), immigration status (32%), and lack of online courses (23%).
For providers who participated in professional learning activities, most (74%) attended in‐person workshops. Over a third (37%) took college courses, 19% participated in professional coaching, and 14% participated in online training.
The top five areas of interest for future professional development included environment rating scale (70%), learning environments (58%), child development (44%), dual language development (35%), and CLASS tool (32%).
Sixty‐two percent of providers employed at least one assistant. Roughly half (47%) of assistants have no high school diploma/GED, compared to a third (32%) of assistants who have a high school diploma.
Majority (70%) of assistants do not participate in professional development activities mainly due to a lack of workshops in language other than English (49%), time of day (37%), or immigration status (32%) (Marin Child Care Council, 2017).
39
Next Steps
This needs assessment report was developed using the data requirements outlined in Education Code 8499.5
(b)(1) and (2). Additional qualitative and quantitative data on other aspects of early care and education (ECE)
in Marin will be collected and analyzed in the upcoming months as part of the countywide 2020‐2025 Child
Care Master Plan, which will be designed collectively with the engagement of various stakeholders.
Examples of other aspects that will be explored as part of the Master Plan design process include
advancements made in the last years on quality improvement, alignment between pre‐k and k‐12 education,
afterschool programs, and workforce. The Marin Quality Counts Consortium, in collaboration with the Center
for the Study on Child Care Employment, will also implement two comprehensive workforce studies in 2019.
40
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