NOUN + IS + NOUN

Canada is a country.

A cat is an animal

A and AN have the same meaning. They are both articles.

A = is used in front of the words that begin with consonants: b, c, d, f,etc…

Examples: a bed a friend a cat a girl An= is used in front of words that begin with vowels: a, e, i, o, u

Examples: an animal an ear an island an office

Singular means “ ONE” Canada = a singular Noun Is = a singular Verb Country= a singular Noun

A. SIMPLE PRESENT

The simple present express daily habits or usual activities. The simple present is used for events or situations that exist always, usually or habitually in the past, present and future. The simple present is used for: Routines Ask about beliefs Likes/ Dislikes Preferences Qualify / Adjectives.

VERB TO BE

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

To be verb Contraction Negative Contraction

I Am I’m I am not I’m not

You Are You`re You are not You`re not

She Is She`s She is not She`s not

He Is He’s He is not He’s not

It Is It’s It is not It’s not

We Are We’re We are not We’re not

You Are You’re You are not You’re not

They Are They’re They are not They’re not

Examples of positive sentence: Examples of negative sentence:

He is my friend. He is not (isn’t) my friend.

We are brothers. We are not (aren’t) brothers.

You are a good student You are not (aren´t) a good student

She is Ann. She is not (isn’t) Ann.

You are Luis and Vivian You are not (aren’t) Luis and Vivian.

I am a teacher. I am not (I‘m not) a teacher.

YES / NO QUESTION ANSWERS

Are you my best friend? Yes, I am

Is he Mike? No, he is not

Is Lucia at work? No, she isn’t

Are they janitors? Yes, they are

Are you outside? No, we are not

∞∞∞∞∞∞∞®®®®®®∞∞∞∞∞∞∞

BE + ADJECTIVE

NOUN + VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE

A ball is round. Balls are round. Mary is intelligent. PRONOUN + VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE

I am hungry. She is young. They are bad. The noun or pronoun that comes at the beginning of a

sentence is called a “subject”. Adjectives often follow a form of be (am – is – are).

Adjectives describes or give information about a noun or

pronoun that comes at the beginning a sentence. Adjectives never pluralize.

LIST OF ADJECTIVES

ADJETIVOS DE PERSONALIDAD

Inglés – Español

absent-minded distraído ambitious ambicioso amusing divertido anxious preocupado inquieto bad-tempered de mal genio brave valiente calm tranquilo

charming encantador cheerful alegre clever listo crazy loco cruel cruel decisive decisivo enthusiastic entusiasta friendly amable funny divertido generous generoso gentle tierno – dulce good-natured bonachón intelligent inteligente kind amable lazy perezoso mean mezquino – agarrado modest modesto

LIST OF ADJECTIVES 2

nasty sucio – obsceno

naughty travieso – pícaro

nervous nervioso

nice simpático

optimistic optimista

pessimistic pesimista

polite educado

quiet tranquilo

rude / maleducado – grosero self-confident seguro de sí mismo sensible sensato sensitive sensible serious serio shy tímido silly tonto stupid estúpido sweet amable – dulce well-behaved de buen comportamiento wicked malvado / malo

EXAMPLES:

1. I’m not sad. I’m sad.

2. Mr.Thomas isn’t rich. He is poor.

3. My clothes aren’t dirty. They’re clean.

4. The classroom isn’t quiet. It`s noisy.

“WH” QUESTIONS.

FORM OF QUESTIONS

SENTENCE

SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

QUESTION

WH + VERB + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?

DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

THIS = (SINGULAR) When you can touch the thing. Example: This is a window. THESE = (PLURAL) When you touch. Example: These are 2 books. THAT = (SINGULAR) When you don t touch. Example: That is window. THOSE = (PLURAL) When you don t touch. Example: Those are 2 books.

RULES OF REGULAR PLURAL OF NOUNS

Add S to singular nouns.

Example:

door =doors

Add ES to singular nouns ending with o, s, x, sh,ch,z

Examples:

watch = watches

volcano = volcanoes

address= addresses

box =boxes

Add IES to singular nouns ending consonant t y

Examples:

Baby=babies

Copy=copies

Factory= factories

attorney =attorneys

Add VES to singular nouns ending with f, fe

Examples:

wife =wives

leaf =leaves

scarf= scarves

EXCEPTIONS

kilo kilos

auto autos

piano pianos

photo photos

tattoo tattoos

video videos

belief belief

cliff cliffs

roof roofs

chief chiefs

IRREGULAR PLURALS

Some nouns have irregular plurals.

Singular Plural

man men

woman women

child children

person people

mouse mice

louse lice

ox oxen

crisis crises

foot feet

gooses geese

tooth teeth

bacteriom bacteria

DONT CHANGE

sheep sheep

deer deer

fish fish

shrimp shrimp

species species

NONCOUNT / COUNT NOUNS Some noun are called NON COUNTABLE NOUNS

1. They are not immediately preceded by a / an or one. 2. They don t have a plural form (no final s is added).

THERE + VERB TO BE (IS SIMPLE PRESENT) (WAS SIMPLE PAST) AFFIRMATIVE There is a book on the table. There is one room in the house. There is some rice in the fridge. There is a little salt on the table. There is much / too much water here. There is a lot of water here. NEGATIVE There is not (isn’t) a book on the table. There isn’t any rice left. There isn’t a lot of sugar. QUESTIONS Is there an apple here? Is there any sugar? How much sugar is there in the table? Where is there a pen?

COMMON NON-COUNTABLE NOUNS WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS

A. clothing equipment food fruit furniture garbage hardware jewerly machinery mail makeup money (cash change) noise postage silence scenery stuff traffic B. homework housework work C. advice information news D. history literature music poetry

E. English, Arabic, Chinese, etc names of languages F. grammar slang vocabulary

G. corn help dirt pepper dust rice fruit salt flour sand grass sugar hair wheat

LIQUIDS Beer – blood- coffee- cream- gasoline- honey- juice- milk- oil- shampoo- soup tea- water- wine SOLIDS AND SEMI-SOLIDS Bread- butter- cheese- ice- ice cream –lettuce- toast- meat- beef- chicken fish- ham- lamb- pork –chalk- copper- cotton-glass- gold- iron- paper- rubber silver- soap- tin- toothpaste- wood- wool GASES Air- fog- oxygen- pollution- smog- smoke- steam NATURAL PHENOMENA (THINGS THAT OCCUR IN NATURE) Weather- rain- snow- lightning- thunder- humidity- darkness- light- sunshine ABSTRACTIONS (AN ABSTRACTION IS SOMETHING THAT HAS NO PHYSICAL FORM. A PERSON CANNOT TOUCH) Anger – beauty- confidence- courage- cowardice- education- enjoyment entertainment- experience –fun- generosity- greed –happiness- hate- health help –honesty- hospitality- ignorance- intelligence- justice- knowledge- laughter- love- luck –patience- peace- poverty- pride- progress- recreation research-stupidity- time –violence- wealth

COUNT NOUNS

Some noun are called COUNTABLE NOUNS

1. In the singular they can be preceded by a / an or one. 2. They have a plural form ( S or ES is added).

THERE + VERB TO BE (ARE SIMPLE PRESENT) (WERE SIMPLE PAST)

AFFIRMATIVE There are three books on the table. There are some books on the table. There are many / too many books here. There are a few / a few books here. There are several books here. There are a lot of books here. NEGATIVE There are not (aren’t) three books on the table. There aren’t any books left. There aren’t many books here.

.

QUESTIONS Are there many books here? Are there any people here? Are there some sheep in the yard? How many children are there here? Where are there some books?

SIMPLE PRESENT WITH REGULAR E IRREGULAR VERBS

Final ES is added If the verbs ends with o, sh, ch, x, s, z Example pass = passes Final ES is added to do and go

Example: do- does go – goes

Many verbs end in E. Final S is simply added. Example: hope – hopes

Final S not ES is added to most verbs. Examples: speak - speaks happen – happens

If a verb ends in a consonant + Y, change the Y to I and added ES Example try-tries cry- cries

If a verb ends in a vowel + Y, simply add S

Example pay - pays buy - buys

Examples verb to wash I wash my clothes. verb to go She goes to dance on weekends. verb to watch He watches TV every sunday. verb to fix He fixes the car at the garage. verb to have She has a lot of money. They have a lot of money.

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + DO-DOES + NOT + VERB + COMPLEMENT ? DON’T (DO NOT) for: I - YOU - THEY - We DOESN’T (DOES NOT) for: SHE- HE - IT Examples I don t wash my clothes. She doesn’t go to dance on weekends. He doesn’t watch TV every sunday. He doesn’t fix the car at the garage She doesn’t have a lot of money.

YES / NO QUESTIONS

DO-DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT? Do you wash your clothes? Yes, I do / No, I dont Does she go to dance on weekends? Yes, she does / No, she doesnt Does the party start at 7 pm ? Yes, It does / No, it doesnt NEVER COMBINED VERB TO BE WITH AUXILARES DO-DOES NEVER USE S IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS

WH / QUESTIONS

WH + DO / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT? Marks eats pizza What does Mark ( he ) eat? Bob drinks too much water How much water does Bob drink? The party starts at 7pm What time does the party start? She works out on Mondays. When does she work out? They spend a lot of time in front of the T.V How much time do they spend in front of the TV?

FREQUENCY ADVERBS

When you describe daily activities by making sentences it used with frequency adverbs.

SUBJECT + ADVERB OF FREQ + SIMPLE PRESENT VERB + COMPLEMENT. YES/NO QUESTION DO / DOES + SUBJECT + ADVERB + SIMPLE PRESENT VERB + COMPLEMENT? HOW / QUESTIONS HOW + ADVERB OF FREQ + AUX DO – DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMT? ALWAYS 100 ALMOST ALWAYS USUALLY VERY OFTEN OFTEN SOMETIMES 50 SELDOM NOT VERY OFTEN RARELY ALMOST NEVER NEVER 0 Examples I usually eat breakfast. She never eat lunch.

These are placed at the end of sentences ONCE IN A WHILE ONCE A WEEK TWICE A MONTH THRICE A YEAR THREE TIMES A DAY FOUR TIMES A WEEK ONCE IN A BLUE MOON EVERY DAY EVERY MONDAY EVERY OTHER DAY EVERY OTHER WEEK ON SUNDAYS ON WEEKDAYS Examples I usually read books in the evening. Do you usually read books in the evening? She often plays chess. Does she often play chess? Frank sometimes plays the piano How often does Frank play the piano?

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Express an activity that is in progress ( is occurring, is happening) right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the sentence. The event began in the past, is in progress now and will probably continue into the future.

YOU – WE- THEY + ARE + VERB + ING

HE – SHE – IT + IS + VERB + ING

AFFIRMATIVE

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She is studying English. They are swimming in the sea.

NEGATIVE SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + NOT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She is not (isn’t) studying English. They are not (aren’t) swimming in the sea.

YES / NO QUESTIONS TO BE + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT Are you working hard? Yes, I am / No, I am not Is she studying English? Yes, she is / No, she is not.

WH / QUESTIONS WH + TO BE + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT? Where are you doing? I am cooking Where are you working? I am working at INA Who are you eating with? I’m am eating with Ed. How are you studying? I’m studying hard. The present progressive can be used to described close future. She is working tomorrow. I am not studying next week. We are calling later.

NON ACTION VERBS Some verbs are not used in progressive tenses. incorrect I am hearing a bird correct I hear a bird ( right now)

LIST OF NON ACTION

Appear- be- believe- belong- doubt- consider- envy- exist- feel- forget -hate hear- hope- imagine- know- like- love- mean- need- own- posses- prefer realized- recognized- remember- see- seem- smell- sound- supposed- taste understand- want

Simple Present Present Progressive

in general (regularly, often, never)

Colin plays football every Tuesday.

present actions happening one after another

First Colin plays football, then he watches TV.

right now

Look! Colin is playing football now.

also for several actions happening at the same time

Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.

Signal words

always every ... often normally usually sometimes seldom never first then

at the moment at this moment today now right now Listen! Look!

Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present: be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want

Timetable / Schedule or arrangement?

Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do you refer to a time set by a timetable or schedule?

Simple Present Present Progressive

action set by a timetable or schedule

The film starts at 8 pm.

arrangement for the near future

I am going to the cinema tonight.

Daily routine or just for a limited period of time?

Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?

Simple Present Present Progressive

daily routine

Bob works in a restaurant.

only for a limited period of time (does not

have to happen directly at the moment of

speaking)

Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.

USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite schedule or timetable. Only a few verbs are used in the simple present to express future time. The most common are

arrive - leave - start - begin - end - finish - open - close - be.

EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST The simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began in the past. (yesterday, last night, two days ago, in 1990) Most simple past verbs are formed by adding ED to verb. Example:

Mark stayed at home last night. Some verbs have irregular past forms. Example:

Ann saw a zebra at the zoo one month ago.

FORM OF THE SIMPLE PAST

AFFIRMATIVE

SUBJECT + VERB PAST + COMPLEMENT I - YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY worked yesterday

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + DID NOT (DIDN’T) + VERB PAST + COMPLEMENT I - YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY didn’t eat breakfast.

QUESTION

DID + SUBJECT + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT? Did - YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY eat breakfast?

SHORT ANSWER Yes, YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY did. No, YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY didn’t

NOTE:

DID is not used with WAS and WERE.

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + WAS - WERE NOT + COMPLEMENT I - SHE - HE - IT was not (wasn’t ) busy. WE- YOU - THEY were not ( weren’t ) busy.

QUESTION

WAS - WERE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT? WAS I - SHE - HE - IT busy ? WERE WE- YOU - THEY busy?

EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

USED TO expresses a past situation or habit that no longer exists at present. FORM: SUBJECT + USED TO + SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB She used to play dolls on her cousin’s house.

QUESTION DID + SUBJECT + USE TO + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB + COMPLT? Did she used to play dolls on her cousin’s house?

NEGATIVE SUBJECT + DIDN’T USE TO / NEVER USED TO + SIMPLE FORM VERB + COMPLEMENT She didn’t use to play dolls on her cousin’s house.

PAST PROGRESSIVE

1) Actions were in progress at special time in the past

Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.

2) Two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other)

Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.

3) Together with the Simple Past

While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang.

4) Repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

Andrew was always coming in late.

Past Progressive - Signal words

While= during the time

When= at the time

Past Progressive - Form

to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing

YOU – WE- THEY + WERE + VERB + ING HE – SHE – IT + WAS + VERB + ING

AFFIRMATIVE

SUBJECT + VERB BE PAST + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She was studying English. They were swimming in the sea.

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE PAST + NOT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She was not (wasn’t) studying English. They were not (weren’t) swimming in the sea.

YES / NO QUESTIONS

TO BE PAST + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT Were you working hard? Yes, I was / No, I was not Was she studying English? Yes, she was / No, she was not.

WH / QUESTIONS WH + TO BE PAST + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT? Where were you doing? I was cooking Who was she eating with? She was eating with Ed.

Rule 5.3: Time Clauses - the Past Simple vs the Past Progressive

Expressing past time using time clauses

We can show that two ideas are related to each other and also linked to a specific time within the

same sentence. There are many times when the Past Simple and Past Continuous are seen in the

same sentence. There are also many examples of two clauses using only the Past Simple. This

structure usually indicates that the two clauses, or subject + verb structure, are somehow linked. The two ideas are related.

a) When I went to Regina, I visited my aunt.

b) I visited my aunt when I went to Regina.

when I went to Regina = a time clause*

I visited my aunt = a main clause*

(a) and (b) have the same meaning.

A time clause can:

1. come in front of a main clause, as in (a);

2. follow a main clause, as in (b).

c) After Francois ate dinner, he went to the

movies.

d) Francois went to the movies after he ate

dinner.

e) Before I went to bed, I finished my

homework.

f) I finished my homework before I went to bed.

g) While I was having a shower, the phone

rang.

h) The phone rang while I was having a

shower.

i) When the phone rang, I was having a

shower.

j) I was having a shower when the phone rang.

When, after, before, and while introduce time

clauses.

when/after/before/while + subject and verb = a

time clause

Punctuation: Put a comma at the end of a time

clause when the time clause comes first in a

sentence (comes in front of the main clause):

time clause + comma + main clause

main clause + NO comma + time clause

l) When the phone rang, I answered it.

In a sentence with a time clause introduced by

when, both the time clause verb and the main verb

can be simple past. In this case, the action in the

“when clause” happened first. In (i): First: the

phone rang. Then: I answered it.

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

BE GOING and WILL are used to express future time.

GOING TO is used for Intentions Example: I am going to do my homework tonight. Plans Example: I am going to study journalism. Predictions with strong visual evidence Example: Look at those dark clouds, it's going to rain. AFIRMATIVE SUBJECT + BE + GOING TO + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He is going to drive a truck tomorrow. They are going to travel to Asia on Monday. NEGATIVE SUBJECT + BE + NOT + GOING TO + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He is not going to drive a truck tomorrow. They are not going to travel to Asia on Monday.

QUESTION VERB BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT? Is he going to drive a truck tomorrow? Are they going to travel to Asia on Monday?

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE EXPRESSING FUTURE

Sometimes the present progressive is used to express future time. The present progressive is used to express future time when the sentence concerns a definite: plan, intention, future activity. Verbs such as come, go, stay, arrive, leave are frequently used in the present progressive to express future time. Such verbs express definitive plans. Verbs expressing planned means of transportation in the future are also frequently used in the present progressive. Example: fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, taxi etc..) He is driving a truck tomorrow. They are traveling to Asia on Monday. Don is going to come to the party tomorrow night. Don is coming to the party tomorrow night. I’m going to stay home tonight. I’m staying home tonight.

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

WILL is used to express future time. INSTANT DECISION: at the time of speaking Example: The window is close. I’ll open it PREDICTIONS Example: I think it will snow next week. PROMISES Example: From now on he will clean the room. SHALL: Offers things. Use I-We Example: Shall I open the window for you? AFIRMATIVE SUBJECT + WILL + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He will drive a truck tomorrow. They will travel to Asia on Monday. NEGATIVE SUBJECT + WILL + NOT (WON’T)+ VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He will not (won’t) drive a truck tomorrow. They will not ( won’t) travel to Asia on Monday

QUESTION WILL + SUBJECT + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT? Will he drive a truck tomorrow? Will they travel to Asia on Monday? SHORT ANSWERS Yes, SUBJECT + WILL No, SUBJECT + WON’T CONTRACTIONS I’ II - You ‘ll – She’ ll – He’ ll – It’ ll – We’ ll – They’ ll Will is usually contracted with pronouns in both speech and informal writing. Bob + will Bob’ll the teacher will the teacher’ ll

USING PROBABLY WITH WILL

People often use probably with WILL. AFFIRMATIVE SUBJECT + WILL + PROBABLY + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT She will probably drive to the zoo next week. NEGATIVE SUBJECT + PROBABLY + WONT + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT She probably won’t drive to the zoo next week. She will probably not drive to the zoo next week.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Describe an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point of the future. SUBJECT + WILL BE + ING FORM OF THE VERB + COMPLEMENT He will be writting a letter for his sister tomorrow. We will be searching shells at the beach tomorrow. check google if clause by the time USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME PAG USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite schedule or timetable. Only a few verbs are used in the simple present to express future time. The most common are arrive - leave - start - begin - end - finish - open - close - be.

Comparative of equality

As...as is used to say that the two parts of comparison are equal or the same in some way. AFFIRMATIVE Ann is 21 years old. Ted is also 21 SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + SUBJECT 2 Ann is as old as Ted. NEGATIVE Ann is 21 years old. Ted is 21 SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + NOT + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + SUBJECT 2 Ann is not as old as Ted.

* QUITE and NEARLY ARE OFTEN USED WITH THE NEGATIVE Amy is 5 years old. She is not nearly as old as Ann. Common modifiers of as ... as are just (meaning exactly) and nearby / almost

COMPARATIVE OF INFERIORITY

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + LESS + ADJECTIVES + THAN + SUBJECT 2 Ann is less intelligent than Ted. This book is less interesting than that one.

COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY

1. SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN + SUBJECT 2 John is older than Mary. Melinda is shorter than John. Example:

tall = taller new = newer cold = colder short = shorter small = smaller long = longer old = older wise = wiser

2. SUBJECT +VERB + ADJECTIVE + CONSONANT + VOWEL + CONSONANT + THAN + SUBJECT 2 Maracaibo is hotter than Caracas. You look fatter than 3 years ago.

3.SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + R + THAN + SUBJECT 2 My brother is nicer than I

nice = nicer wise = wiser large = larger

4. SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + IER + THAN + SUBJECT 2 2 syllable ending in Y chance to I Married people are happier than single people.

happy - happier angry - angrier

busy - busier 5.SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE (ER / LE / OW ADD ER) + THAN + SUBJECT 2 Women are significantly cleverer than them.

Clever = cleverer Simple = simpler

narrow = narrower

6. SUBJECT +VERB + 1 or 2 SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES IN ED / ING OR FUL/ OUS AND RE USE MORE + AD + THAN + SUBJECT 2 I always fell more tired on Mondays than Fridays. Nothing can be more boring than a baseball game on the radio. Pilots have to be more careful than car drivers.

tired = more tired careful = more careful

obscure = more obscure boring = more boring

famous = more famous 7. For other 2,3 or more syllable adjectives use MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN Fish is more expensive than chicken. Nothing is more beautiful than you Playing is more important than winning 8. IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES FORMS

Good = Better Bad = Worse Far = Farther

Babies recognize face better than adults.

EXAMPLES:

ER OR MORE

Handsome = more handsome Quit = quieter

Polite = more polite Pleasant = more pleasant

Simple = simpler Friendly = friendlier

Clever = cleverer Gentle = gentler

Common = more common

COMPARATIVE OF QUANTITY

1. Use MORE or FEWER with countable nouns Kate has more children than Karol I made fewer mistakes than you in the written test. 2. Use MORE or LESS with uncountable nouns Active people drink more water than sedentary people Girls spend less time on computers than boys.

SUPERLATIVES

1. Short adjectives: THE - EST

old = the oldest

cheap = the cheapest nice = the nicest

That church is the oldest building in town 2. Y adjectives: THE IEST

Easy= the easiest heavy = the heaviest pretty = the prettiest

3. Long adjectives: THE MOST

modern = the most interesting = the most

This is the most interesting class

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES FOR SUPERLATIVES

Good = Best

She is the best in her class

Far = Farthest Furthest Paso Canoas is the farthest place from SJ

Bad = Worst Centeno is the worst person in Saprissa

Lista de Verbos Regulares

1 INFINITIVE 2 PAST 3 PARTICIPLE CASTELLANO

admit (admít) admitted (admítid) admitted (admítid) admitir

ban (ban) banned (bánd) banned (bánd) prohibir

beg (beg) begged (bégd) begged (bégd) rogar

bury (béri) buried (bérid) buried (bérid) enterrar

clap (kláp) clapped (klápt) clapped (klápt) aplaudir

copy (kópi) copied (kópid) copied (kópid) copiar

cry (krái) cried (kráid) cried (kráid) gritar, llorar

drop (drop) dropped (drópt) dropped (drópt) dejar caer, caerse

dry (drái) dried (dráid) dried (dráid) secar

empty (émpti) emptied (émptid) emptied (émptid) vaciar

fancy (fánsi) fancied (fánsid) fancied (fánsid) imaginar, desear

fit (fit) fitted (fítid) fitted (fítid) caber, encajar

fry (frái) fried (fráid) fried (fráid) freír

hug (jág) hugged (jágd) hugged (jágd) abrazar

hurry (jári) hurried (járid) hurried (járid) apurarse

identify (aidéntifai) identified (aidéntifaid) identified (aidéntifaid) identificar

knit (nit) knitted (nítid) knitted (nítid) tejer

knot (not) knotted (nótid) knotted (nótid) anudar

label (léibl) labelled (léibld) labelled (léibld) etiquetar

level (lével) levelled (léveld) levelled (léveld) nivelar

marry (mári) married (márid) married (márid) casarse

multiply (máltíplai) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplicar

pedal (pédal) pedalled (pédald) pedalled (pédald) pedalear

plan (plan) planned (pland) planned (pland) planear, planificar

plug (plag) plugged (plagd) plugged (plagd) conectar

prefer (prífér) preferred (prifert) preferred (prifert) preferir

program (prógram) programmed (prógramd) programmed (prógramd) programar

regret (rigrét) regretted (rigrétid) regretted (rigrétid) lamentarse

rely (relái) relied (reláid) relied (reláid) confiar

reply (replái) replied (repládt) replied (repláid) responder

rob (rób) robbed (róbd) robbed (róbd) robar

rub (rab) rubbed (rábd) rubbed (rábd) frotar

satisfy (satisfái) satisfied (satisfáid) satisfied (satisfáid) satisfacer

shop (shop) shopped (shópt) shopped (shópt) comprar

signal (sígnal) signalled (sígnald) signalled (sígnald) hacer señales

sin (sín) sinned (sínd) sinned (sínd) pecar

skip (skíp) skipped (skípt) skipped (skípt) saltearse

slip (slíp) slipped (slípt) slipped (slípt) deslizarse

stop (stop) stopped (stópt) stopped (stópt) pararse, detenerse

supply (saplái) supplied (sapláid) supplied (sapláid) proveer

terrify (térrifai) terrified (térri-fáid) terrified (térri-fáid) aterrorizar

tip (típ) tipped (típt) tipped (típt) dar propina

travel (trável) travelled (tráveld) travelled (tráveld) viajar

try (trái) tried (tráid) tried (tráid) tratar, intentar

worry (uári) worried (uárid) worried (uárid) preocuparse

Lista de Verbos Irregulares:

1 INFINITIVE 2 PAST 3 PARTICIPLE CASTELLANO

be (bi) was/were (uós/uér) been (bin) ser, estar

become (bikám) became (bikéim) become (bikám) llegar a ser

begin (biguín) began (bigén) begun (bigán) comenzar

break (bréik) broke (bróuk) broken (bróukn) romper

bring (bring) brought (brot) brought (brot) traer

build (bilt) built (bilt) built (bilt) construir

buy (bái) bought (bot) bought (bot) comprar

catch (kach) caught (kot) caught (kot) agarrar

choose (chus) chose (chos) chosen (chúsn) elegir

come (kám) came (keím) come (kám) venir

cut (kat) cut (kat) cut (kat) cortar

do (dú) did (díd) done (dán) hacer

draw (dró) drew (drú) drawn (drón) dibujar

drink (drink) drank (drénk) drunk (drank) beber

drive (dráiv) drove (dróuv) driven (drívn) conducir

eat (í:t) ate (et) eaten (ítn) comer

fall (fol) fell (fel) fallen (fólen) caer

feel (fí:l) felt (felt) felt (felt) sentir

find (fáind) found (faúnd) found (fáund) encontrar

fly (flái) flew (flu) flown (flón) volar

forget (forguét) forgot (forgót) forgotten (forgótn) olvidar

get (guét) got (got) got/gotten (got/gotn) obtener, conseguir

give (guív) gave (guéiv) given (gívn) dar

go (góu) went (uént) gone (góun) ir

grow (gróu) grew (grú) grown (grón) cultivar, crecer

hang (jéng) hung (jáng) hung (jáng) colgar

have (jev) had (jad) had (jad) tener, haber

hear (jíar) heard (jerd) heard (jerd) oir

keep (kí:p) kept (kept) kept (kept) guardar

know (nóu) knew (niú) known (nóun) saber, conocer

learn (lérn) learnt (lernt) learnt (lernt) aprender

lose (lú:s) lost (lost) lost (lost) perder

make (méik) made (méid) made (méid) hacer, fabricar

meet (mí:t) met (met) met (met) encontrarse con

pay (péi) paid (ped) paid (ped) pagar

put (put) put (put) put (put) poner

read (rid) read (red) read (red) leer

ride (ráid) rode (róud) ridden (rídn) cabalgar

ring (ring) rang (reng) rung (rang) sonar

run (ran) ran (ren) run (ran) correr

say (séi) said (sed) said (sed) decir

see (sí:) saw (sóu) seen (sin) ver

sell (sel) sold (sold) sold (sold) vender

send (send) sent (sent) sent (sent) enviar

show (shóu) showed (shóut) shown (shóun) mostrar

shut (shat) shut (shat) shut (shat) cerrar

sing (sing) sang (seng) sung (sang) cantar

sleep (slíp) slept (slépt) slept (slépt) dormir

smell (smel) smelt (smelt) smelt (smelt) oler

speak (spik) spoke (spóuk) spoken (spóukn) hablar

spend (spend) spent (spent) spent (spent) gastar, pasar

stand (stand) stood (stú:d) stood (stú:d) pararse

steal (stíl) stole (stóul) stolen (stóln) robar

swim (suím) swam (suém) swum (suám) nadar

take (téik) took (tul) taken (téikn) tomar, llevar

teach (tích) taught (tot) taught (tot) enseñar

tell (tel) told (told) told (told) decir, contar

think (zink) thought (zot) thought (zot) pensar, creer

wake (uéik) woke (uóuk) waken (uéikn) despertarse

wear (uéar) wore (uór) worn (uórn) usar (ropa)

win (uín) won (uón) won (uón) ganar

write (ráit) wrote (róut) written (rítn) escribir