mapping the landscape: how rfid is revolutionising the world

International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 1

Mapping The LandscapeHow RFID is Revolutionising

The World Around US

Alfio GrassoDeputy Director

Auto-ID Lab, ADELAIDEUNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE


AUTO-ID LABS Objective

RFID Basics

History Rising from the ashes!

Current Status EPCglobal ISO Regulatory

Future


RFID Basics


AUTO-ID LABSTag reading

L ab e l

T ra n sm itte r

R e c e iv e rController

Reader Tx typically 1W, 6dB gain AntennaBut propagation loss, resulting Rx at Tag typically µWOn tag, RF energy used for DC power and modulationMore loss back to Reader RxTherefore a very weak reply is obtained

The black spot


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Tags

Tags Attached to objects or items Contains electronics (chip), and antenna Most are passive (no power source) Active tags have a battery


AUTO-ID LABS

Matrics (Symbol) TagsClass 0


AUTO-ID LABS

Alien Technology TagsClass 1 Gen 1


AUTO-ID LABS

Intermec Tags18000-6TB


AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Readers

Readers Contains electronics, Tx, Rx and control Connected to antenna(s)

mostly external Energise tags (passive tags) Commands tags (wake up active tags,

enables management of the tag population)

Receive tag replies


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Readers


AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliant Readers


AUTO-ID LABS RFID Antenna(s)


AUTO-ID LABS Host CPU

Application Do something with the tag information Potential to generate massive amounts of

data Once installed it costs virtually NOTHING

to read a tag! Real time data => real time decisions OHIO (Zero Human Involvement

Operations)** Term defined by John Greaves, CHEP International


History

RFID concept in WWII

Steady development ever since


AUTO-ID LABS Early UHF work1979 Surface Acoustic Wave RFID

University of Adelaide, University of New South Wales

TABTEK, X-cyte (XCI) MircroDesign

1988 Modulated Backscatter Technology

Discrete diodes ISD Amtech

Late 90’s single chip UHF RFID SCS Philips IBM=>Intermec


AUTO-ID LABS ISOSC31 established in 1996

Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques

SC31/WG4 RFID for Item Management 1st meeting 26-28 August 1998

SC31/WG4/SG3 Air Interface 1st meeting 12th Jan 1999

UHF activity started in 2000 Ad-hoc meeting in September

2000 18000-6 WD by Dec 2001 18000-6 CD Sept 2002 FCD BRM Sept 2003 18000-6 Published 2004


AUTO-ID LABS Key Events

Auto-ID Center, formation and EPC (2000)

RFID Chair at University of Adelaide, April 2001

Adelaide Auto-ID Lab, established 2002

Gillette purchase (2003)

WAL*MART mandate (2003)


AUTO-ID LABS Metamorphous

Auto-ID Center Terminated 31/10/2003

Spawned two organisations Auto-ID Labs

MIT, Cambridge (UK), Adelaide, Fudan (China), Keio (Japan), St Gallen/ETHZ (Switzerland) and in 2005 ICU (Korea)

EPCglobal


AUTO-ID LABS 2000+ PlayersMatrics

Founded 1999 Product July 2002

Symbol

Alien Founded 1995 Cheap Tag Program, 2001 Product Q1 2002

Impinj Founded 2000 Auto-ID Center HAG 2003 C1G2 chip 8 Apr 2005 EPCglobal certified 14 Sep 2005 Partnered with Texas Instruments


AUTO-ID LABS Why Now!

Recent improvements in tag and reader technology Better performance Easier deployment and maintenance Better use of existing infrastructure and

technologies

Improvements in tag and reader manufacturing Cheaper tags and readers

Industry standardisation EPCglobal and ISO


AUTO-ID LABS

RFID Market To Reach $7.26Bn In 2008 *

A new market research report covering RFID from 2005 to 2015, researched by IDTechEx.

Bottom line is that this year’s global market for RFID including tags, systems and services is $1.94 billion but it will be driven by demand and new laws to $26.90 billion in 2015.

1.8 billion RFID tags have been sold to 2005. Passive tags: 410 million (car clickers) Active tags: 1390 million (cards)

Key volume applications for RFID technology access cards for the financial, security and safety markets automotive and passenger transport sector smaller markets in leisure, libraries, laundry and healthcare.

* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005


AUTO-ID LABS More Trends *

3.1 billion tags will be used for pallets and cases in 2006. By 2008

6.8 billion tags for Item level tagging (especially by pharmaceuticals) and tagging of baggage, animals, books, tickets and other non retail markets

But 15.3 billion tags for pallets/cases

The market for RFID interrogators will reach $1.14 billion in 2008 for EPC interrogators and $0.75 billion in the same year for other interrogators, such as Near Field Communication interrogators.Forecasts by territorial region show that by 2010 48% of RFID tags by numbers will be sold in East Asia, followed by 32% to North America.

* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005


Current Status

EPCglobal

ISO

Regulatory


EPCglobal Standards Development Process


AUTO-ID LABS EPCglobal structure

TechnologySteering Committee

Public PolicySteering CommitteeAuto-ID Labs

Business ActionGroup - CP

Business SteeringCommittee

President,EPCglobal

GS1 GS1 USEPCglobal Boardof Governors

StaffArchitecturalReview Committee

Work Groups

Hardware ActionGroup

Software ActionGroup

Work Groups

Work Groups

Business ActionGroup - HLS

Work Groups


AUTO-ID LABS Membership Aug 2005


AUTO-ID LABS Standards Development Process


AUTO-ID LABS Working Groups

Business Steering Committee (BSC) Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Healthcare and Life Sciences (HLS) Transport and Logistics (TLS)

Technical Steering Committee (TSC) Hardware Action Group (HAG) Software Action Group (SAG)


AUTO-ID LABS FMCG – Working GroupsData Exchange

European Adoption Programme (EAP)

Pilot and Implementation (P&I)

Reusable Transport Items (RTI)

Strategic Planning

Tag and Inlay Standards

Asian Adoption Program (AAP)


AUTO-ID LABS HLS – Working Groups

Strategy

Policy

Process

Information

Technology

Research


AUTO-ID LABS TLS - Working Groups

Transportation

“Four walls”

Import Export Clearance

Integration


AUTO-ID LABS HAG – Working Groups

Class 1 Generation 2 (Work completed)

Gen 2 Testing & Certification

Joints Requirements Group for Item Level Tagging

Others planned


AUTO-ID LABS SAG Working Groups

Reader Protocol

Reader Management

Filtering and Collection

ONS

Security

Tag Data Translation

EPCIS Phase 2

Tag Data Standards


AUTO-ID LABS Future Working Groups ?

Automotive

Aerospace

Electronics

Biologics


EPCglobal Technical Standards

Hardware Action Group

Software Action Group


AUTO-ID LABS

EPCglobal network: roles and interfaces

2004 EPCglobal

• Green boxes represent Specs.

• Blue boxes represent roles, not necessarily discrete components

ReaderReader

Reader Protocol / Mgmt Interface

F&C MiddlewareF&C Middleware

EPCIS Capturing Application

EPCIS Capturing Application

F&C Interface

EPCIS Query Interface

EPCIS Repository

EPCIS Repository

EPCIS Accessing Application

EPCIS Accessing Application

Partner Accessing Application

Partner Accessing Application

TagTag

Sec

uri

ty

SystemsMgmt

Tag Protocol (Gen2) / Tag Data Std

EPCIS Capture Interface

CaptureBusinessXactions& F&C Events

FirewallPushSharing

PushSharing


AUTO-ID LABS EPC Event Layers

Reader

RFID “Middleware”

Palletizer(Operational App)

EnterpriseApp

Reader Protocol

Reader

ALE

EPCIS

dozens of individual tag read events from specific antenna

“between the time the case crossed the first beam and the second beam at location L, the following tag was read”

“at time T, the association of the following case tags to the following pallet tag was created at palletizer #3”

R R


AUTO-ID LABS

EPCIS Concepts


AUTO-ID LABS Capture Application

EPCIS Events

Operational Apps

Palletizer DockPortal

DockPortal

DockPortal

BackroomReceipt

Rack

CommissionObserve

ObserveAggregate

ObserveShipment

ObserveReceipt

ObserveDisaggregate

ObserveRestock

ObservePutaway

ImpactDoorway

ObserveShipment

Manufacturer Retailer

Dist Ctr Dist Ctr Store

Tagging Station


Gen 2


AUTO-ID LABS Inlay Costs

Alien C1G1 US$0.129 Qty > 1m - 13 Sept 2005 *

Avery Dennison C1G2 US$0.079 Qty > 1m - 20 Sept 2005 *

Inlay is the functional part of the tag Includes the integrated circuit and antenna Usually "converted" to a tag

by being placed in a plastic sleeve, adhesive, or other housing that allows it to be stuck to items.

The final tag cost is therefore considerably more than that of the bare inlay, often by two or three times.

*Source RFID Update


AUTO-ID LABS Tag Costs

RSI ID Technologies Finished, fully-validated, ready-to-use Gen2

RFID labels Under US$0.149, Qty > 1m 22 Sept 2005 *

*Source RFID Journal 23 Sept


AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 - Reader Costs

Applied Wireless Identifications (AWID) MPR-3014

EPCglobal Gen 2 certified 4 antenna port reader WITH 4 antennas US$1,000 each *.

* Source RFID Update 26 Sept 2005


AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliance CertificatesReader Vendors Alien Technology Applied Wireless

Devices (2) Impinj Intermec

Technologies (2) MaxID Group Symbol

Technologies ThingMagic


AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliance Certificates

Chip Vendors Impinj Inc.

Monza


AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliance Certificates

Test Centres Pacific RFID Performance Solutions;

Hsinchu, Taiwan Kimberly-Clark Corp. Auto-ID Sensing

Technologies Performance Test Center; USA

METRO Group AG/GS1 Germany RFID Test Center, Germany

RFID Research Center, University of Arkansas, USA


AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Chip Suppliers

Impinj Monza 96 epc

ST Microelectronics XRAG2 Supports KILL 432-bit memory (2 offerings)

Three memory banks (64 bits TID, 304 bits for EPC code and 64 bits reserved)

Four memory banks (128 bits user, 64 bits TID, 176 bits for EPC code and 64 bits reserved).

US$0.07, Qty > 100,000

PhilipsTexas Instruments


ISO Standards


AUTO-ID LABS RF Regulations

Regulators Classify RFID as Industrial, Scientific and

Medical useISM bands 125-134 kHz (ISO 18000-2) 13.56 MHz or HF (ISO 18000-3) 433 MHz (ISO 18000-7) 860 to 960 MHz or UHF (ISO 18000-6) 2.45 GHz (ISO 18000-4) 5.8 GHz (no ISO standard)


AUTO-ID LABS


AUTO-ID LABS Other RFID StandardsISO_IEC_18000-1

Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardizedISO_IEC_TR_18001

Application requirements profiles ISO_IEC_18046

RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test MethodsISO_IEC_TR_18047-2

Test methods for air interface communications below 135 kHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-3

Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-4

Test methods for air interface communications at 2.45 GHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-6

Test methods for air interface communications at 860 to 960 MHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-7

Test methods for air interface communications at 433 MHz ISO_IEC_19762

Harmonised VocabularyISO_IEC_24710

Elementary Tag Licence Plate functionality, for 18000-2 to 18000-7


AUTO-ID LABS Other Relevant ISO Standards

ISO_IEC_15418 EAN/UCC Application Identifiers and Fact Data Identifiers and

MaintenanceISO_IEC_15424

Data Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology Identifiers) ISO_IEC_15434

Transfer syntax for high capacity ADC media ISO_IEC_15459-Parts 1 & 2

Unique identification of transport units Part 1: General Part 2: Registration procedures

ISO_IEC_15961 Data protocol: application interface

ISO_IEC_15962 Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions

ISO_IEC_15963 Unique identification for RF tags


Regulatory


AUTO-ID LABS


AUTO-ID LABS

ITU Region 1 (EU and Africa)EN300-220 & EN302-208

CEPT countries 869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp : DC<10% 865.6 - 867.6 MHz : 2W erp : LBT

South Africa 869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp 915.2 - 915.4 MHz : 8 W eirp

Note: all of the above operate in < 250kHz channels


AUTO-ID LABS

ITU Region 2 (Americas)FCC Part 15.247

USA, Canada and Mexico902 - 928 MHz : 4W EIRP FHSS, 500kHz wide channels permitted – relaxed emission requirements within the whole band.

Central & South AmericaGenerally similar to North America but varies from country to country.


AUTO-ID LABS ITU Region 3 (Asia)

Australia 918 - 926 MHz : 1W EIRP 920 – 926 MHz : 4W EIRP

Experimental Strict conditions apply

New Zealand 864 - 868 MHz : 4W EIRP

Elsewhere in Asia Generally follow CEPT some exceptions below China 917 to 922 2W ERP Hong Kong 865-868 2W ERP & 920-925 4W EIRP Japan 952 - 954 MHz : 4W EIRP (licensed) Malaysia 919-923 MHz, 2W ERP Singapore 866-869 MHz 0.5W ERP & 923-925 2W ERP (licence) South-Korea 910 – 914 MHz Taiwan 922-928 1W ERP (indoor) 0.5W (outdoor)


Australian 4W RFID licence


AUTO-ID LABS Experimental Licence

The original licence for RFID 1W EIRP, 918 to 926 MHz

Experimental 4W EIRP Licence Granted to GS1 Australia 12 July 2005 Operates from 920 to 926 MHz Only licence that will be granted

Statistics needed to determine possible interference to Vodaphone Receiver base station at 915 MHz


AUTO-ID LABS GS1 Contact

For details contact Fiona Wilson

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Future?


AUTO-ID LABS Future

RFID deployed in supply chainsAnything that is mobile is a candidateRFID used for item management Retail, Pharmaceutical, Asset

Management, Access, Airline Baggage, Credit Cards, Money, Food Traceability, Security, Authentication, etc.

Integrated Mobile Phone Connected to internet RFID reader


AUTO-ID LABS RFID and Sensors

RFID with sensors Ubiquitous Sensors

Bio-sensors and RFID VeriChip Ubiquitous Health


AUTO-ID LABS

ISA combines three systems:

•GPS for location

•Video recognition of speed signs

•RFID devices in speed signs which transmit information to passing cars.

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)

25th Sept 2005


AUTO-ID LABS New Technologies

MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems )

Printed & Organic Electronics

Atomic Electronics


AUTO-ID LABS New Technologies - 2

Smart Dust or eGrains (Smart Stones) Tiny smart

processors Wirelessly connected

to each Invisible network, ad-

hoc Sharing data Reporting sensor

information


Conclusions


AUTO-ID LABS Conclusions

RFID is NOW Gen 2 available, inlays less than 10 cents

Many RFID related Standards Published Many people working on those standards

> 1500 people within EPCglobal workgroups Multi-vendor support for the standards Conformance documents being published/developed

UHF band opening up Many GS1 countries already have band allocations Australia well placed (2nd best in the world)

4W EIRP 12 by 500 kHz wide channels

Future RFID Limited by Imagination


AUTO-ID LABS Further Information

Alfio GrassoDeputy DirectorAuto-ID Lab, AdelaideGeneral Manager

RFID AutomationUniversity of AdelaideWeb: www.rfidautomation.orgEmail : [email protected]: (08) 8303 6473Mob: 0402 037 968

http://www.rfidautomation.org/

mailto:[email protected]

mapping the landscape: how rfid is revolutionising the world

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