manual metrology

8/3/2019 Manual Metrology

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MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT

AIM:

To measure the scale by using Linear variable differential transformer

Apparatus Required :

LVDT setup

Connecting rods

Theory:

Linear variable differential transformer is the most popular electro mechanical displacementInto electrical signal in effect is a transformer consisting of three symmetrical spaced coils

carefully

Wounded on insulation. It works on mutual inductance principle and consists of a primary coilsWound .AC carried excitation is applied to the primary and two secondary are connected

externally in aSeries opposition to it. A cylindrical shield of ferromagnetic material is spun over the washers.The devices also becomes extremely rugged and reliable. There is a non contacting magnetic

core,

Carefully annealed to improve the stability which moves in the centre of the core varies the

mutualInductance of each secondary to the primary,which determines the voltage inducted from the

primary

To the secondary.If the core is centered in the middle of the two secondary windings

If the core is moved off middle position then the mutual inductance of the primary with

secondaryWill be greater than the other and a differential voltage will appear across the secondary in

series

For off center displacement within linear range of operation the output is essential a linearFunction of core displacement

Procedure

1.Check the connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel

the display glows to indicate is ON.

2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes.3. Rotate the micrometer till it reads 20

4. Adjust the CAL potentiometer at the front panel so the display reads the 10.5. Rotate the core of the micrometer till it reaches the 10 and adjust the zero potentiometer

6. Rotate back the micrometer core upto 20

7.As the core of the LVDT moves the display reads the displacement

8. Rotate the core of micrometer in steps of 2mm and tabulate the readings9. Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading, Actual reading


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Vs error and Display the results.

RESULT :

Thus the Performace test on LVDT was conducted

CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALIPER USING SLIP

GAUGE

Aim:

To calculate the Vernier Caliper using slip gauge

Apparatus requiredVernier Caliper

Slip gauge

Formula

Vernier scale reading = Vernier scale coincidence x least countTotal reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading

ProcedureClean the Vernier caliper fixed and movable jaws and Slip gauge to be measured with a fine

cotton

ClothVernier caliper was checked for the zero errorThe slip gauge was clamped between the jaws and the vernier scale was tightened by screws

Main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence were noted for five different slip gauges

Calculate the error and Percentage of errorPlot the graphs between

Slip gauges reading Vs Total reading ( Vernier Caliper )

Slip gauge reading Vs Error

Result :

Thus the Vernier Caliper was calibrated using Slip gauges


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TABULATION ( Vernier Caliper using Slip gauge )

S.NO Least Count of Vernier Caliper = 0.02mm

Slip gauge

reading

Vernier Caliper Reading Error % of

Reading

MSR VSC VSC =

VSC

X LC

TR =

MSR

+ VSR

1.

2.

3.

4.


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CALIBRATION OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

AIM :

To determine the height of the given specimen by using Vernier Height gauge

Apparatus Required :

Vernier Height gaugeFormula used:

Vernier scale reading = Vernier scale coincidence x least count

Total reading = main scale reading + Vernier scale reading

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the main scale,Vernier scale and measuring jaws of the Vernier Height gauge

2. The vernier height gauge is checked for zero error3. Place the job in Surface plate.

4. Place the measuring jaw such that it touches the surface to be measured from the

Smooth surface5. Measure the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence of the Vernier

Height gauge

Result:

Thus the working of Vernier Height gauge has been done.


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TABULATION ( VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE )

Least count = 0.02mm

S.NO Main scale

reading

( MSR ) mm

Vernier Scale

coincidence

( VSC )

Vernier scale

reading

( VSR )

VSC X LC

mm

Total

reading =

MSR +

VSR mm

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


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ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR

Aim:

To perform angular measurement by using Sine bar

Apparatus required :

1.Sine bar

2.Slip gauge3. work piece

Formula used :

Opposite side

Sin = _______________

Hypotenuse side

Procedure1. Claen the surface plate,Sine bar and Slip gauges using fine cotton cloth

2. Place the Job in the smooth flat surface

3. Place the sine bar in such a manner that the Lower surface of the Sine barWas uniformly touches the surface whose angle to be measured

4. Calculate the angle using the Formula

Sin = h / l

Where h is the Vertical height of the slip gaugeL is the Length of the sine bar ( 200 mm )

Result

Thus the angle in the work pieces were Determined using Sine bar

Angle measured in worpiece = 7.47


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TABULATION

CALCULATION

= Sin-1 ( h / l ) = Sin-1 ( 26 / 200 )

= 7.47

Workpiece Height h

(mm)

Length

(mm)

= Sin-1 ( h / l )

1. 26 200 7.47

2. 21.33 200 6.12

3. 19.44 200 5.58

4. 25.5 200 7.33


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ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING BEVEL

PROTRACTOR

AIM:

To measure the angle in the given workpiece using Bevel Protractor

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

1. Workpiece

2. Bevel Protractor

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the Bevel protractor with the fine cotton cloth

2. The workpiece whose angle to be measured is placed between the stock and the blade3. Note down the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence

4. Tabluate the readings

One main scale division

Least count = _________________________No.of division on vernier scale

= 1____ x 50 = 5 mins


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12

RESULT:

The angle of the given workpiece was measured using Bevel protractor

Angle of the given workpiece =

TABULATION ( bevel protractor )

S.NO Least count = 5 mins

Main scale

reading

(MSR)

Vernier scale

coincidence

(VSC)

Vernier

Scale

reading

VSC X

LC

Total reading

MSR + VSR

1.2.

3.

4.

5.


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PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR

Aim: To conduct a Performance test on pneumatic comparator

Apparatus requied :

1. Pneumatic comparator kit2. Air compressor

Theory:

Comparator means compare the product to its standard and find the deviation form the

Standard value.There are different type of comparator to measure various dimensionsinDifferent method like pneumatic,electric,Mechanical and optical

Description of equipment:

The equipment consists of two setting master for setting lower and higher value limits

One is set to be lower limit let us 01 and another is higher limit let us 009,depend

Upon the pressure variation this to be held and changed in to scale as in microns

Procedure

1.The equipment consists of two setting master for setting lower and Higher value limits2.One is set to be lower limit let us 01

3. another is higher limit let us 10.

4. Depend upon the pressure variation this to be held and changed in to scale as in microns5. The variation is brought you by change value in CAL button in the display

6. Now using above do some drilling on the piece and Check whether they accepted or not.


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RESULT:

Thus the pneumatic comparator is studied and finded out the resolution

For various settings.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY THERMOCOUPLE

AIM:To measure temperature using thermometer and 3 type thermocouple apparatus and

Compare the results

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Temperature indicator

Temperature sourceThermocouple

Thermometer

FORMULA USED :

Error = Va Vi

% Error = Error

-------------- x 100

Va

Where Vais the actual temperature

Vi

is the thermocouple indiacted temperature

THEORY :

The basic principle of thermocouple is when two dissimilar metals are joinedtogetherAn e.m.f will exist between the two points A and B,which is primarily a function of the

junction

Temperature. The above principle is called see back effect

The thermocouple consists of one hot junction and one cold junction. The hot

junction will


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Be introduced into the place where temperature is to be measured.The other cold junction is

Maintained at constant reference temperature.Also one voltage measuring instrument is

connectedTo the free ends of the thermocouple.

In thermocouple the known temperature is called reference temperature.Thetemperature

Which is to be measured is introduced in the thermocouple hot junction

A common arrangementfor establishing the reference temperature is ice bath.Thereference

Temperature is controlled to be at a constant temperature is at 0 C

The temperature difference between the Ice bath and the Hot junction temperaturewill create

An e.m.f.This e.m.f production is measured in the mill voltmeter.So this change in e.m.f

Rate will give the measure of temperature.

PROCEDURE

1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by finecooton cloth.

2. Check connection made and switch on the instrumentby rocker switch.

3. The display glows to indicate is on.

4. Allow the instruments in on position for 10 minutes for initial warm up.

5. Fill around 3/4th full of water to the kettleand place the thermometer and and thermocouple

Inside the kettle

6.Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer.Adjustthe initial set

potentiometerin the front panel till the display reads initial water temperature

7.Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils notedown the thermometer reading and set

Potentiometer till the display reads boiling water temperature.

8. Remove the thermometer and temperature sensor from the Kettle and change the water and

replaceThe thermometer reading and set final set potentiometer till the display reads boiling water

Temperature

9. Switch on the kettle and note down the reading for every 10 intervaland tabulate the


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readings

10. Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading.

RESULT:

Thus the performance test on Thermocouple trainer has been Performed.

TABULATION

S.NO Actual

temperature

( Va )

Thermocouple

Indicated

temperature

(Vi )V

i

ViV

iV

i

Error

% Error

1.

2.

3.


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4.

FORCE MEASUREMENT USING LOAD CELL

AIM

To measure the force using load apparatus

.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Force measurement trainer Kit

2. Weight3. Load Cell

FORMULA USED :

Error = Calculated force Indiacted force

% Error = Force

______________ x 100 (Maximum force = 9.81 )

Maximum Force


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THEORY

Load cells are the force transducer intended for weight purpose.Various types of Load cells are

Used in practice which is classified on the basic of Elements used for measuring the Forces.

The load cells using Hydraulic pneumatic and Strain gauges are common. The hydraulic andPneumatic load cells are works on the principle of that if a force is applied to one side of a

Piston diaphragm and pressure is applied on the other side.

Force transducer intended for weighing are called Load cells.Instead of using total deflection asa primary transducer and strain gauges as the secondary transducer. If strain gauge elastic

member combination is used for measuring the force it is called load cell.

PROCEDURE

1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth.2. Check connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel.

The display glows to indicate is ON.

3. Allow the instrument is on ON position for 10 mins for initial warmuop

4. adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads Zero

5. Apply the ON load sensor using the weight blocks and note down the readings.6. The Maximum load carrying capacity of a Sensor is 1 kg

RESULT

The performance test on Force measurement trainer is performed.

TABULATION

S.NO ACTUAL

LOAD

CALCULATED

FORCE

F = m x g (N)

INDICATED

FORC (N)

ERROR %

ERROR

1.

2.

3.

4.


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MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETER USING PROFILE

PROJECTOR

AIM

To measure the thread parameter of given screw thread using Profile projector

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Profile projector

2. work holding Center

PARAMETER TO BE MEASURED

1. Major and Minor diameter

2. Depth and Pitch of thread

3. Addendum and dedendum.

THEORY

Minor diameter

It is the diameter of an Imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touch the root of

external

Or internal thread.


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Major Diameter

It is the diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touchthe crest of

external

Or internal thread.

Depth

The distance between the crest and root of the thread is called Depth of Thread

Pitch of Thread

The distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to theCorresponding next point

Addendum

For external thread it is the radial distance between major and pitch cylinders.

Dedendum

For external thread it is the radial distance between the Pitch and Minor cylinders

For internal thread it is the radial distance between major and Pitch cylinders

Helix angle

The helix angle is made by the thread at the pitch line with axis.

PROCEDURE

1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth

2. Clamp the specimen in between the jaws present in the profile Projector

3. Switch on the power and adjust the degree of magnification in profile projector

4. The magnification depends upon the distance between the Local plane of the lens and

The screen

5. Bring the specimen image to the screens axis by adjusting the micrometer and rotation

Of screen

6. Now the parameter of threads are measured and tabulatethe readings.

RESULT:

Thus the thread parameters of given screw thread was found using profile projector

Major diameter of the screw = 6 mm


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Minor diameter of the screw = 4.80 mm

Pitch of screw = 1 mm

Depth of screw = 1.2 mm

Angle of thread = 60 mm

TABULATION ( Profile Projector )

S.NO Major

diameter

D1 (mm)

Minor

Diameter

D2 (mm)

Pitch

(mm)

Angle

()

Depth

(mm)

1. 6 4.80 1 60 1.2


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TABULATION ( PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR )

S.NO JOB NAME DISPLAY

VALUE

TOLERANCE REMARKS

1. Bearing 0.00 Accepted

2. Bearing 2 5 --------- Accepted

3. Bearing 3 42 Upper Accepted4. Bearing 4 16 Lower Accepted


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VIBRATION MEASUREMENT TRAINER

AIM

To Conduct the performance test on the Vibration measuring Set up.


1. Vibration measurement trainer Kit

2. Power supply

PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the sensor to the instrument through the BNC socket provided on the back panel

Mentioned SENSOR2. Connect the vibration generator to the instrument through the cable provided at the

rear panel of the instrument marked EXCITER

3. Connect the instrument to the 230V 50HZ. Supply through cable provided at the rear panel.

4. Keep the FREQ,pot and the VOLT pot in the minimum position.

5. Switch on the instrument,The display glows to indicate the Power is ON. In this position

Press the TARE button to make the readings Zero.

6. Turn the VOLT pot to the max position.


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7. Now turn the FREQ pot in steps of 100Hz.And note down the readings of acceleration ,

Velocity and Displacement

8. Tabulate the readings in the tabular column .Experiment can be repeated for different

voltage levels settable through the VOLT knob provided.

RESULT

Thus the Performance test on Vibration measurement was Performed.

TABULATION ( VIBRATION )

S.NO Frequency Calculated readings Indicator readings

Velocity Displacement Accel. Velocty

1.

2.

3.


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Formula

Velocity V = A X 100

__________

2X 2 X F

Displacement D = A x 100 x 2

____________

4 2 x 102

TORQUE MEASUREMENT TRAINER

AIM:

To conduct the performance test on the torque measurement trainer Kit


1. Torque measurement trainer Kit.2. Power supply

PROCEDURE

1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front


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Panel.

2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up

3. Adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads 00.0

4. Apply load to the fulcrum arm by adding dead weights in steps of 100g

5. The instruments reads the load on the sensor and displays through LED

6. Readings can be tabulated

RESULT

Thus the performance test on the Torque measuring setup was performed.

TABULATION ( TORQUE )

S.NO Actual load Indicatorreadings Error % Errror


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FORMULA

% Error = Error

_______ x 100Max error

CALIBRATION OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

AIM

To determine the Depth of the given specimen to accuracy using Vernier Depth gauge

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Vernier depth gauge

2. Vernier Capier

3. Surface plate

PROCEDURE


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1. The depth gauge is checked for Zero error

2. It is placed on the surface Plate

3. Thus the given specimen is placed on the surface plate

4. The workpiece is placed inside the measuring jaw of the instrument

5. The main scale reading and vernier scale reading are noted

6. The readings are tabulated.

RESULT

Thus the Depth of the given Specimen is determined using vernier depth gauge

TABULATION ( VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE )

S.NO Main

scale

reading

Vernier scale

Coincidence

Vernier scale

Readings

Total

reading

Mean value

1.

2.

3.

4.


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CALIBRATION OF GEAR TOOTH VERNIER

AIM

To determine the Chordal thickness of spur gear using gear tooth Vernier

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Spur gear

2. Gear tooth Vernier

PROCEDURE

1. The addendum to the gear tooth is done in such a way the vertical scale of the


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Vernier is adjusted

3. The gear is placed between the fixed gear. The horizontal moving scriber

4. The horizontal scriber is clamped that main scale reading and Vernier scale

Reading is noted

5. The reading are tabulated

RESULT

Thus the calibration of gear tooth vernier has been done.

TABULATION ( GEAR TOOTH VERNIER )

No.of teeth Module Addendum Theoretical

width of gear

Tooth (nth

)

Actual width

Of gear tooth

( nact

)

Difference

nth

- nact


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FORMULA

M.A.R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

VIRALIMALAI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL


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SUBJECT ME1307, METROLOGY AND

MEASUREMENT LAB

YEAR IIISEMESTER V

ACADEMIC

YEAR

2010 - 11

STAFF

NAME

M.h.Mohammed shanawaz

INDEX

S.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT PAGE NO

1. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER

CALIPER

2. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER HEIGHT

GAUGE

3. CALIBRATION OF SINE BAR

4. CALIBRATION OF BEVEL

PROTRACTOR

5. CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER


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6. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER DEPTH

GAUGE

7. CALIBRATION OF GEAR TOOTH

VERNIER

8. LVDT MEASURENT TRAINER

9. PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR

10. THERMOCOUPLE TRAINER11. FORCE MEASUREMENT USING

LOAD CELL

12. PROFILE PROJECTOR

13. FLOATING CARRIAGE

MICROMETER

14. TORQUE MEASURING SETUP

15. VIBRATION MEASURING SET UP


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LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING MICROMETER

AIM

TO Determine the diameter of the given Job an to accuracy of 0.01mm by using micrometer

And checking the micrometer using Slip gauge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Micrometer

Specimen

Slip gauge

PROCEDURE

1. The micrometer using slip gauge is checked for Zero error

2. The given Job is placed between the handle and Spindle

3. The spindle is moved by rotation

4. The main scale reading and Thimble scale reading are noted and tabulated

RESULT

Thus the Micrometer is made by a micrometer at an accuracy of 0.01mm


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TABULATION ( MICROMETER )

FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER

AIM

S.NO MAIN

SCALE

READING

THIMBLE

SCALE

COINCIDENSE

THIMBLE

SCALE

READING

TOTAL

READING

MEAN

VALUE


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To determine the effective diameter of thread by three wire Method

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Floating carriage micrometer

2. Standard gauge

3. Screw thread4. Three wire

PROCEDURE

1. The effective diameter of a screw thread may be as certained by placing three wire on rods

Indential diameter is placed between the flank and the Thread

2. Measure the distance over the outside diameter.

3. Then the micrometer reading are taken and effective diameter readings are taken and

Calculated using the formula

RESULT

Thus the effective diameter of a thread by using three wire method using floating carriage

Micrometer was determined


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TABULATION ( STD SPECIMEN )

( GIVEN SPECIMEN )

S.NO MAIN

SCALEREADING

VERNIER

SCALEREADING

MICROMETER

READING

VERNIER TO

VERNIERREADING

S.NO MAIN SCALE

READING

VERNIER

SCALE

VERNIER TO

VERNIER

READING

MICROMETER

READING

manual metrology

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