Manipulating DataManipulating Data

ObjectivesObjectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:Describe each DML statement Insert rows into a tableUpdate rows in a tableDelete rows from a tableControl transactions

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:Describe each DML statement Insert rows into a tableUpdate rows in a tableDelete rows from a tableControl transactions

Data Manipulation LanguageData Manipulation Language

A DML statement is executed when you:Add new rows to a tableModify existing rows in a tableRemove existing rows from a table

A transaction consists of a collection of DML statements that form a logical unit of work.

A DML statement is executed when you:Add new rows to a tableModify existing rows in a tableRemove existing rows from a table

A transaction consists of a collection of DML statements that form a logical unit of work.

Adding a New Row to a TableAdding a New Row to a Table

DEPT DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ---------- -------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

New rowNew row

50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT

DEPT DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ---------- -------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

“…“…insert a new row insert a new row into DEPT table…”into DEPT table…”

50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT

The INSERT StatementThe INSERT Statement

Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement.

Only one row is inserted at a time with this syntax.

Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement.

Only one row is inserted at a time with this syntax.

INSERT INTO table [(column [, column...])]VALUES (value [, value...]);

INSERT INTO table [(column [, column...])]VALUES (value [, value...]);

Inserting New RowsInserting New Rows

Insert a new row containing values for each column.

List values in the default order of the columns in the table.

Optionally list the columns in the INSERT clause.

Enclose character and date values within single quotation marks.

Insert a new row containing values for each column.

List values in the default order of the columns in the table.

Optionally list the columns in the INSERT clause.

Enclose character and date values within single quotation marks.

SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc) 2 VALUES (50, 'DEVELOPMENT', 'DETROIT');1 row created.1 row created.

Inserting Rows with Null ValuesInserting Rows with Null Values

Implicit method: Omit the column from the column list.

Implicit method: Omit the column from the column list.

SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname ) 2 VALUES (60, 'MIS');1 row created.1 row created.

• Explicit method: Specify the NULL keyword.

• Explicit method: Specify the NULL keyword.

SQL> INSERT INTO dept 2 VALUES (70, 'FINANCE', NULL);1 row created.1 row created.

Inserting Special ValuesInserting Special Values

The SYSDATE function records the current date and time.The SYSDATE function records the current date and time.

SQL> INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, job, 2 mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, 3 deptno) 4 VALUES (7196, 'GREEN', 'SALESMAN', 5 7782, SYSDATE, 2000, NULL, 6 10);1 row created.1 row created.

The slide example records information for employee Green in the EMP table. It supplies the current date and time in the HIREDATE column. It uses the SYSDATE function for current date and time.

Inserting Specific Date ValuesInserting Specific Date ValuesAdd a new employee.Add a new employee.

SQL> INSERT INTO emp 2 VALUES (2296,'AROMANO','SALESMAN',7782, 3 TO_DATE('FEB 3, 97', 'MON DD, YY'), 4 1300, NULL, 10);1 row created.1 row created.

• Verify your addition.• Verify your addition.EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO----- ------- -------- ---- --------- ---- ---- ------ 2296 AROMANO SALESMAN 7782 03-FEB-97 1300 10

If a date is required to be entered in a format other than the default (for example, another century) and/or a specific time is required, use the TO_DATE function.

The example on the slide records information for employee Aromano in the EMP table. It sets the HIREDATE column to be February 3, 1997.

Inserting Values by Using Substitution Variables

Inserting Values by Using Substitution Variables

Create an interactive script by using SQL*Plus substitution parameters.Create an interactive script by using SQL*Plus substitution parameters.

SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc) 2 VALUES (&department_id, 3 '&department_name', '&location');

Enter value for department_id: 8080Enter value for department_name: EDUCATIONEDUCATIONEnter value for location: ATLANTAATLANTA

1 row created.

If you want to insert another rows, type run after the SQL prompt

Creating a Script with Customized Prompts

Creating a Script with Customized Prompts

ACCEPT stores the value in a variable.PROMPT displays your customized text.

ACCEPT stores the value in a variable.PROMPT displays your customized text.

ACCEPT department_id PROMPT 'Please enter the -

department number:'

ACCEPT department_name PROMPT 'Please enter -

the department name:'

ACCEPT location PROMPT 'Please enter the -

location:'

INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc)

VALUES (&department_id, '&department_name',

'&location');

Creating a Script to Manipulate Data

You can save your command with substitution variables to a file and execute the file. Each time you execute the command, it will prompt you for new values. Customize the prompts by using the SQL*Plus ACCEPT command.

The example on the slide records information for a department in the DEPT table. It prompts the user for the department number, department name, and location by using customized prompt messages.

Please enter the department number: 90

Please enter the department name: PAYROLL

Please enter the location: HOUSTON

1 row created.

Do not prefix the SQL*Plus substitution parameter with the ampersand (&) when referencing it in the ACCEPT command. Use a dash (-) to continue a SQL*Plus command on the next line.

.

SQL> CREATE TABLE MANAGERs (ID NUMBER(4),

2 NAME VARCHAR2(10), SALARY NUMBER(7,2), 3 HIREDATE DATE);

جدول تكوين تم

Copying Rows from Another Table

Copying Rows from Another Table

Write your INSERT statement with a subquery.

Do not use the VALUES clause.Match the number of columns in the

INSERT clause to those in the subquery.

Write your INSERT statement with a subquery.

Do not use the VALUES clause.Match the number of columns in the

INSERT clause to those in the subquery.

SQL> INSERT INTO managers (id, name, salary, hiredate) 2 SELECT empno, ename, sal, hiredate 3 FROM emp 4 WHERE job = 'MANAGER';3 rows created.3 rows created.

Changing Data in a TableChanging Data in a TableEMPEMP

“…“…update a row update a row in EMP table…”in EMP table…”

EMPEMP

EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT 10 7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30 7782 CLARK MANAGER 10 7566 JONES MANAGER 20 ...

20

EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT 10 7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30 7782 CLARK MANAGER 10 7566 JONES MANAGER 20 ...

The UPDATE StatementThe UPDATE Statement

Modify existing rows with the UPDATE statement.

Update more than one row at a time, if required.

Modify existing rows with the UPDATE statement.

Update more than one row at a time, if required.

UPDATE tableSET column = value [, column = value, ...][WHERE condition];

UPDATE tableSET column = value [, column = value, ...][WHERE condition];

Updating Rows in a TableUpdating Rows in a TableSpecific row or rows are modified when

you specify the WHERE clause.

All rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE clause.

Specific row or rows are modified when you specify the WHERE clause.

All rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE clause.

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = 20 3 WHERE empno = 7782;1 row updated.1 row updated.

SQL> UPDATE employee 2 SET deptno = 20;14 rows updated.14 rows updated.

SQL> UPDATE employee 2 SET deptno = 20;14 rows updated.14 rows updated.

Updating with Multiple-Column Subquery

Updating with Multiple-Column Subquery

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET (job, deptno) = 3 (SELECT job, deptno 4 FROM emp 5 WHERE empno = 7499) 6 WHERE empno = 7698;1 row updated.1 row updated.

Update employee 7698’s job and department to match that of employee 7499.Update employee 7698’s job and department to match that of employee 7499.

Updating Rows Based on Another Table

Updating Rows Based on Another Table

Use subqueries in UPDATE statements to update rows in a table based on values from another table.Use subqueries in UPDATE statements to update rows in a table based on values from another table.

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = (SELECT deptno 3 FROM emp 4 WHERE empno = 7499) 5 WHERE job = (SELECT job 6 FROM emp 7 WHERE empno = 7788);2 rows updated.2 rows updated.

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = (SELECT deptno 3 FROM emp 4 WHERE empno = 7499) 5 WHERE job = (SELECT job 6 FROM emp 7 WHERE empno = 7788);2 rows updated.2 rows updated.

UPDATE emp *ERROR at line 1:ORA-02291: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - parent key not found

UPDATE emp *ERROR at line 1:ORA-02291: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - parent key not found

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = 55 3 WHERE deptno = 10;

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = 55 3 WHERE deptno = 10;

Updating Rows: Integrity Constraint Error

Updating Rows: Integrity Constraint Error

Department n

umber 55 does n

ot

existDepartm

ent number 5

5 does not

exist

“…“…delete a row delete a row from DEPT table…”from DEPT table…”

Removing a Row from a Table Removing a Row from a Table DEPT DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ---------- -------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT 60 MIS ...

DEPT DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ---------- -------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 60 MIS ...

The DELETE StatementThe DELETE Statement

You can remove existing rows from a table by using the DELETE statement.You can remove existing rows from a table by using the DELETE statement.

DELETE [FROM] table[WHERE condition];

DELETE [FROM] table[WHERE condition];

Deleting Rows

You can remove existing rows by using the DELETE statement.

In the syntax:

table is the table namecondition identifies the rows to be deleted and is composed of column

names, expressions, constants, subqueries, and comparison operators

Specific rows are deleted when you specify the WHERE clause.

All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the WHERE clause.

Specific rows are deleted when you specify the WHERE clause.

All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the WHERE clause.

Deleting Rows from a TableDeleting Rows from a Table

SQL> DELETE FROM dept 2 WHERE dname = 'DEVELOPMENT'; 1 row deleted.1 row deleted.

SQL> DELETE FROM dept 2 WHERE dname = 'DEVELOPMENT'; 1 row deleted.1 row deleted.

SQL> DELETE FROM department;4 rows deleted.4 rows deleted.

SQL> DELETE FROM department;4 rows deleted.4 rows deleted.

The slide example deletes the DEVELOPMENT department from the DEPARTMENT table

The second example on the slide deletes all the rows from the DEPARTMENT table because no WHERE clause has been specified.

Deleting Rows Based on Another Table

Deleting Rows Based on Another Table

Use subqueries in DELETE statements to remove rows from a table based on values from another table.

Use subqueries in DELETE statements to remove rows from a table based on values from another table.

SQL> DELETE FROM emp 2 WHERE deptno = 3 (SELECT deptno 4 FROM dept 5 WHERE dname ='SALES');6 rows deleted.6 rows deleted.

The example on the slide deletes all the employees who are in department 30. The subquery searches the DEPT table to find the department number for the SALES department.

Deleting Rows: Integrity Constraint Error

Deleting Rows: Integrity Constraint Error

SQL> DELETE FROM dept 2 WHERE deptno = 10;

SQL> DELETE FROM dept 2 WHERE deptno = 10;

DELETE FROM dept *ERROR at line 1:ORA-02292: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - child record found

DELETE FROM dept *ERROR at line 1:ORA-02292: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - child record found

You cannot delete a row

that contains a primary key

that is used as a foreign

key

in another table.

You cannot delete a row

that contains a primary key

that is used as a foreign

key

in another table.

Database TransactionsDatabase Transactions

Consist of one of the following statements:DML statements that make up one

consistent change to the dataOne DDL statementOne DCL statement

Consist of one of the following statements:DML statements that make up one

consistent change to the dataOne DDL statementOne DCL statement

Database TransactionsDatabase Transactions

Begin when the first executable SQL statement is executed

End with one of the following events:COMMIT or ROLLBACK is issuedDDL or DCL statement executes (automatic

commit)User exitsSystem crashes

Begin when the first executable SQL statement is executed

End with one of the following events:COMMIT or ROLLBACK is issuedDDL or DCL statement executes (automatic

commit)User exitsSystem crashes

Advantages of COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements

Advantages of COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements

Ensure data consistencyPreview data changes before making

changes permanentGroup logically related operations

Ensure data consistencyPreview data changes before making

changes permanentGroup logically related operations

DELETEDELETE

Controlling TransactionsControlling TransactionsTransactionTransaction

Savepoint ASavepoint A

ROLLBACK to Savepoint BROLLBACK to Savepoint B

DELETEDELETE

Savepoint BSavepoint BCOMMITCOMMIT

INSERTINSERTUPDATEUPDATE

ROLLBACK to Savepoint AROLLBACK to Savepoint A

INSERTINSERTUPDATEUPDATEINSERTINSERT

ROLLBACKROLLBACK

INSERTINSERT

An automatic commit occurs under the following circumstances:

DDL statement is issuedDCL statement is issuedNormal exit from SQL*Plus, without explicitly

issuing COMMIT or ROLLBACKAn automatic rollback occurs under an

abnormal termination of SQL*Plus or a system failure.

An automatic commit occurs under the following circumstances:

DDL statement is issuedDCL statement is issuedNormal exit from SQL*Plus, without explicitly

issuing COMMIT or ROLLBACKAn automatic rollback occurs under an

abnormal termination of SQL*Plus or a system failure.

Implicit Transaction Processing

Implicit Transaction Processing

State of the Data Before COMMIT or ROLLBACK

State of the Data Before COMMIT or ROLLBACK

The previous state of the data can be recovered.

The current user can review the results of the DML operations by using the SELECT statement.

Other users cannot view the results of the DML statements by the current user.

The affected rows are locked; other users cannot change the data within the affected rows.

The previous state of the data can be recovered.

The current user can review the results of the DML operations by using the SELECT statement.

Other users cannot view the results of the DML statements by the current user.

The affected rows are locked; other users cannot change the data within the affected rows.

State of the Data After COMMIT

State of the Data After COMMIT

Data changes are made permanent in the database.

The previous state of the data is permanently lost.

All users can view the results.Locks on the affected rows are released;

those rows are available for other users to manipulate.

All savepoints are erased.

Data changes are made permanent in the database.

The previous state of the data is permanently lost.

All users can view the results.Locks on the affected rows are released;

those rows are available for other users to manipulate.

All savepoints are erased.

Committing DataCommitting Data

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = 10 3 WHERE empno = 7782;1 row updated.1 row updated.

SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = 10 3 WHERE empno = 7782;1 row updated.1 row updated.

Make the changes.Make the changes.

• Commit the changes.• Commit the changes.SQL> COMMIT;Commit complete.Commit complete.

The slide example updates the EMP table and sets the department number for employee 7782 (Clark) to 10. It then makes the change permanent by issuing the COMMIT statement.

State of the Data After ROLLBACK

State of the Data After ROLLBACK

Discard all pending changes by using the ROLLBACK statement.Data changes are undone.Previous state of the data is restored.Locks on the affected rows are released.

Discard all pending changes by using the ROLLBACK statement.Data changes are undone.Previous state of the data is restored.Locks on the affected rows are released.

SQL> DELETE FROM employee;14 rows deleted.14 rows deleted.SQL> ROLLBACK;Rollback complete.Rollback complete.

Rolling Back Changes to a Marker

Rolling Back Changes to a Marker

Create a marker in a current transaction by using the SAVEPOINT statement.

Roll back to that marker by using the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT statement.

Create a marker in a current transaction by using the SAVEPOINT statement.

Roll back to that marker by using the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT statement.

SQL> UPDATE...SQL> SAVEPOINT update_done;Savepoint created.Savepoint created.SQL> INSERT...SQL> ROLLBACK TO update_done;Rollback complete.Rollback complete.

Statement-Level RollbackStatement-Level Rollback

If a single DML statement fails during execution, only that statement is rolled back.

The Oracle Server implements an implicit savepoint.

All other changes are retained.The user should terminate transactions

explicitly by executing a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement.

If a single DML statement fails during execution, only that statement is rolled back.

The Oracle Server implements an implicit savepoint.

All other changes are retained.The user should terminate transactions

explicitly by executing a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement.

Read ConsistencyRead ConsistencyRead consistency guarantees a

consistent view of the data at all times.Changes made by one user do not

conflict with changes made by another user.

Read consistency ensures that on the same data:

Readers do not wait for writersWriters do not wait for readers

Read consistency guarantees a consistent view of the data at all times.

Changes made by one user do not conflict with changes made by another user.

Read consistency ensures that on the same data:

Readers do not wait for writersWriters do not wait for readers

Implementation of Read Consistency

Implementation of Read Consistency

UPDATE empUPDATE empSET sal = 2000SET sal = 2000WHERE ename = WHERE ename = 'SCOTT';'SCOTT';

DataDatablocksblocks

RollbackRollbacksegmentssegments

changedchangedand and unchanged unchanged datadata

before before changechange“old” data“old” data

User AUser A

User BUser B

ReadReadconsistentconsistentimageimage

SELECT *SELECT *FROMFROM emp;emp;

SummarySummary

Description

Adds a new row to the table

Modifies existing rows in the table

Removes existing rows from the table

Makes all pending changes permanent

Allows a rollback to the savepoint marker

Discards all pending data changes

Statement

INSERT

UPDATE

DELETE

COMMIT

SAVEPOINT

ROLLBACK