management and exchange of geographic information … · geographic information in cambodia...

MANAGEMENT AND EXCHANGE OF

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN CAMBODIA

Proceedings of the First Workshop

5 - 6 March 2001

Organized by

Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC)

Supported by

GTZ/MRC Sustainable Management of Resources Project ( SMRP) GTZ Land Management Project (LMP)

Prepared by

Ith Sotha & Christoph Feldkötter

Phnom Penh

March 2001

List of Abbreviations

CGIN Cambodian Geographic Information Network

CMAC Cambodian Mine Action Center

CNMC Cambodian National Mekong Committee

DEM Digital Elevation Model

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Table of Contents

DFW Department of Forestry and Wildlife

DoF Department of Fisheries

EMIS Education Management Information System

ETAP Environmental Technical Assistance Program

FGDC Federal Geographic Data Committee (USA)

GD Geography Department

GDCG General Department of Cadastre and Geography

GDLMUP General Department of Land Management and Urban Planning

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation

ILO International Labour Organization

IRIC Integrated Resources Information Center

IT Information Technology

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

LMP Land Management Project (GTZ)

LUPU Land Use Planning Unit

MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

MIME Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction

MoE Ministry of Environment

MoEYS Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport

MoWRAM Ministry of Water Resources

MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transportation

MRC Mekong River Commission

MRCS Mekong River Commission Secretariat

PRASAC Support Programme for the Agricultural Sector in Cambodia

PRDC Provincial Rural Development Committee

RS Remote Sensing

RUA Royal University of Agriculture

SMRP Sustainable Management of Resources Project (MRC/GTZ)

USGS United States Geological Survey

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

WFP World Food Program

1. Introduction

2. Summary of Presentations and Group Discussions

2.1. Presentations

2.2. Group Discussions

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1. INTRODUCTION

In the past, ETAP / IRIC organized a series of workshops on Management and Exchange of Geographic Information in Cambodia on a regular basis. However, this activity was discontinued in 1997.

These workshops intended to co-ordinate the various activities in the GIS / RS sector. They provided opportunities for exchange of experiences between various government institutions using GIS / RS. Since 1997, there has been no formal co-ordination mechanism for GIS / RS.

Therefore, the Ministry of Land Management Urban Planning and Construction, through its Department of Geography, organized the workshop documented here as a follow-up activity to the ETAP / IRIC initiative.

Two GTZ-supported projects (the Sustainable Management of Resources in the Lower Mekong Basin Project – SMRPand the Land Management Project - LMP), assisted in organizing this workshop.

The objectives of the workshop were:

� to obtain an inventory of current GIS / RS activities in Cambodia � to obtain an inventory of common problems faced with GIS / RS � to provide an opportunity for exchange of experiences between various government institutions using GIS / RS � to provide an opportunity to establish working relationships for various government institutions using GIS / RS � to establish regular co-ordination mechanisms as follow-up to the workshop

The agenda of the workshop can be found in Annex 1.

2. SUMMARY OF PRESENTATIONS AND GROUP DISCUSSIONS

2.1 Presentations

Every participating institution / organization was invited to hold a short (5 - 10 minutes) presentation introducing itself. Presentations should follow this outline:

1. Description of Institution / Organization 2. Current Activities related to GIS/RS 3. Data Sets Used 4. Main Problems Faced (data accuracy, accessibility, sharing, ...)

A total of 18 short presentations were held by the participants. The list of presentations can be found in Annex 5. For most presentations, short handouts were distributed to the participants during the workshop. Hence, not all of these papers have been included in these proceedings. The editors have rather selected - as examples - one presentation dealing with GIS at the National Level (Annex 10), one presentation dealing with GIS at the Provincial Level (Annex 11), and one presentation dealing with GIS as seen from a Private Sector Perspective (Annex 12).

Since many more presentations by institutions / organizations than expected were held, the presentations on generic topics, which were scheduled for the afternoon of the first day (see Agenda in Annex 1), could not be held. These presentations are attached in Annex 13 to Annex 16.

2.2 Group Discussions

On the first day, all participating institutions / organizations that presented their work were asked to describe their main problems related to GIS / RS. The problems described were immediately documented by the workshop team. At the end of the first day, the problems were clustered. The following problem clusters were identified:

� Institutional Aspects � Technology, Software, Data Standards � Data inaccuracy, particularly related to boundaries

3. Recommendations

Annexes 1 – 16

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On the second day of the workshop the participants discussed and analysed the problem clusters derived from the presentations held on the first day in more detail during group work sessions (these sessions had been scheduled to start on the first day, but could only be held during the morning session of the second day due to the large number of presentations). Three groups of equal size were formed, and each group worked on a problem cluster.

To help structuring the discussions, all the groups were given the following set of guiding questions for their work:

1. Problem : clearly identify the problem, and try to eliminate redundancies from the problem cluster. 2. Cause : identify the cause(s) of the problem. 3. Solution : attempt to identify solutions for the problem. 4. Who is involved : attempt to identify institutions / organizations / persons that could contribute to solving the

problem.

The detailed results from the group work discussions are listed in Annex 4, Annex 5 and Annex 6.

3. RECOMMENDATIONS

The following gives a brief summary of the most important points raised during the group work sessions and gives recommendations on the further course of action. Points that were raised during the group work sessions, for which solutions can however not be implemented by the institutions / organizations participating in the workshop (e.g. the low government salaries or the absence of a reliable leveling network) will not be dealt with here.

The workshop came to the overall conclusion that the progress of GIS / RS work is hindered by a cluster of problems, most of which are caused by the lack of communication and coordination between institutions / organizations using GIS and RS.

Establish a GIS Coordination Body

One of the most apparent (perhaps even the single biggest) problem identified during the group work sessions is this lack of communication and coordination between institutions / organizations using GIS and RS. Therefore, all three group work sessions, independently from each other, recommended to establish a GIS Coordination Body which would assist to improve communication and coordination between institutions / organizations.

In the workshop plenary following the group sessions it was decided to immediately nominate a task force which would help to establish the GIS Coordination Body. The following persons were nominated to be members of this task force: Mr Ith Sotha (DG), Mr Chin Chharom (DG), Mr Willi Zimmermann (LMP), Mr Christoph Feldkötter (SMRP), Mr Jeffrey Himel (Aruna Technology Ltd.), Mr Dirk Vanderstighelen (MRCS).

By the time these proceedings are published, the task force has already completed its first working session. The task force can be contacted by email under the following adress: [email protected]

The workshop participants were further asked to express their interest in becoming members of a future GIS Coordination Body. It turned out that a large number of institutions / organizations was interested in such membership (see Annex 6).

It was recommended that the GIS Coordination Body should communicate with the various GIS users through monthly newsletters, email list serves, and the establishment of a web site.

Improve Public Access to Base Data Sets

The non-accessibility of standardized base data sets, such as scanned maps or geo-referenced satellite imagery, has been identified as another major obstacle. Useful data sets exist (e.g. scanned topographic maps in the DFW), but are not made publicly available for a variety of reasons.

The workshop plenary recommended that those institutions possessing base data sets, but as of yet unwilling to share them, should be encouraged and incentives should be given to them to place their data sets in the public domain. In case this encouragement leads nowhere, base data sets should be (re-)established jointly by a group of interested institutions / organizations (e.g. the topographic maps should be scanned again) and then placed in the public domain.

The workshop plenary recommended that activities such as placing data sets in the public domain or (re-establishing) them should be coordinated by the GIS Coordination Body discussed above.

Update the ETAP/IRIC Meta Data Base

Even if data sets are in the public domain, institutions / organizations are often not aware of their existence. Hence, another recommendation that goes hand in hand with placing data sets in the public domain is to update the ETAP/IRIC Meta Data Base. This Meta Data Base has been established in 1997 and has been partly updated once in early 1999.

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Since then, due to the lack of funding, no further activities have been carried out.

It has been recommended that this activity should be commenced as soon as possible. The minister of MLMUPC, in his closing speech (see Annex 3), has strongly supported this recommendation. By the time these proceedings are published, the task force (see above) has already started to work on updating the ETAP/IRIC Meta Data Base.

From Centralistic GIS to a De-Centralized GIS Network Solution

The at present rather centralistic nature of GIS activities was seen by many participating institutions / organizations as an obstacle for the development of GIS data usable at the local level. It was argued that the limited capacities (in terms of staff numbers) at the national level are not sufficient to satisfy local needs (e.g. at the provincial or district level).

It was therefore strongly recommended that GIS activities should be de-centralized and organized as a GIS network. The capacity in selected lower-level offices, especially in provincial offices, should be strengthened.

Here again, it was felt that the GIS Coordination Body could play a vital role in transferring knowledge, skills and responsibilities from the national to the provincial levels.

Joint Training

It was found that similar technical training courses had been held redundantly in a number of institutions / organizations. Quite often, GIS training courses were reported to be attended only by small numbers of participants. There seems to be only very little technology transfer between institutions.

It was recommended that technical training should be coordinated more efficiently in the future, i.e. that institutions / organizations planning for training courses should inform others that might have similar training requirements. Once more, the GIS Coordination Body could assists with the coordination of training sessions and the technology transfer between institutions.

List of Annexes

Annex 1: Workshop Agenda

Annex 1 Workshop Agenda

Annex 2 Opening Speech by His Excellency Im Chhun Lim, Minister, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC)

Annex 3 Closing Speech by His Excellency Im Chhun Lim, Minister, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC)

Annex 4 List of Participants

Annex 5 List of Presenting Organizations / Institutions

Annex 6 Organizations / Persons interested in joining the GIS Coordination Body

Annex 7 Group Session 1



Annex 10 Presentation: GIS at the NATIONAL Level (MoEYS)

Annex 11 Presentation: GIS at the PROVINCIAL Level (CARERE)

Annex 12 Presentation: GIS as seen from a Private Sector Perspective (by Jeffrey Himel, Managing Director, Aruna Technology Ltd.)

Annex 13 Presentation: Meta Data and Data Sharing (by Willi Zimmermann, Land Management Project, MLMUPC / GTZ)

Annex 14 Presentation: The ETAP/IRIC GIS Meta Data Base (by Chin Chharom, GIS/RS Expert)

Annex 15 Presentation: Space Technology and Applications: Cambodia and ASEAN (by Chin Chharom, GIS/RS Expert)

Annex 16 Maps Projections and Geodetic Datums in Cambodia (by Ith Sotha & Christoph Feldkötter)

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Annex 2: Opening Speech by His Excellency Im Chhun Li m, Minister, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC)

Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Today, it is a great pleasure that the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) is organized and invited you to attend the Workshop on Management and Exchange of Geographic In formation in Cambodia in cooperation and supports from GTZ, Germany.

On behalf of the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction and myself, I would like warmly welcoming to all of you, who are presented here today.


To self-sustain the development of socio-economic and alleviate the poverty in Cambodia, it requires a good strategic planning, which can be used for analysis, evaluate, and understand in all sectors of the national socio-economic.

Part of this strategic planning is a land management. Followed with the national policy and suggestions from the provinces, the MLMUPC has identified its goal on developing a principal management plan for municipals and provinces, and a land management plan for urban and rural areas in orders to assist the local authorities manage and balance their land use in a sustainable manner.

The decentralization can be take place, unless we had a good land management plan for municipals and provinces, in that case we can avoid of losing balance between the use of land like it was happened in other countries.

DAY 1 – Monday 05 March 2001

08.30 - 08.50 � opening speech by the minister

08.50 - 09.00 � break

09.00 - 10.15 � introduction of workshop objectives + agenda � presentations by participants introducing their organization + work

10.15 - 10.30 � coffee break

10.30 - 12.00 � presentations by participants introducing their organization + work

12.00 - 13.30 � lunch break

13.30 - 15.00 � presentations by participants introducing their organization + work � Coordinate Systems & Map Projections in Cambodia (Mr Ith Sotha + Mr Christoph

Feldkötter) � Meta Data & Data Sharing (Mr Willi Zimmermann + Mr Chin Chharom) � Space Technology Applications in Cambodia and ASEAN (Mr Chin Chharom)

15.00 - 15.30 � Discussion / identification of common problems

15.30 - 15.45 � coffee break

15.45 - 17.00 � group sessions: solutions to common problems

DAY 2 - Tuesday 06 March 2001

08.30 - 09.30 � group sessions: solutions to common problems

09.30 - 10.30 � plenary session: presentation of group discussions

10.30 - 10.45 � coffee break

10.45 - 12.00 � plenary session: formulation of follow-up proposals

12.00 - 13.30 � lunch break

13.30 - 15.30 � plenary session: final discussion, wrap-up

15.30 - 15.45 � coffee break

15.45 � report to the minister

� closing speech by the minister

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To make this happened, it is necessary to have good information, particularly the good and up to date geographical information/data. On the other hand, it is also necessary to have the participation from all Governmental agencies, International/Non-governmental organizations, and related institutions in orders to achieve an accurate and standardize in the development of geographic information/data, since it was inter-related in many areas.


At present in Cambodia, the used and development of geographical data through the implementation of GIS and RS were steadily increased in a number of governmental agencies and organizations. With this fast growing technology, from day to day, it allows us to capture a huge amount of geographical data. However, the lack of data management, the lack of cooperation, and the lack of mutual understanding between the users were led to slow development of the technology as well as inaccurate of those geographical data.

In contribution to solve these problems, the Royal Government of Cambodia has issued number of sub-decrees and regulations such as the sub-decree on " Production, Management, and Exploitation of the Kingdom of Cambodia’s Map". In the past, numbers of workshops and user’s group meetings were also conducted; from then there was an initiative idea on the establishment of national coordination mechanism responsible for data management and exchange between the users.

Therefore, in the next two days workshop, I hope, it will be a floor for all the participants who came from difference institutions to establish a good working relationship, to exchange their ideas and experiences in relation to the used and development of geographical data/information. At the same, it will be an opportunity for all participants to present of what they have and had done, and what are needs to be done in orders to avoid the data duplication and inconsistent, which are wasted lots of times and resources. In this workshop, I also hope that the participants will identify the common problems, which are the obstacle to the development of GIS and RS in Cambodia, and of course the principle solutions to solve the above problems.


On behalf of MLMUPC, I deeply thank GTZ, Germany for their cooperation and supports for this workshop.

At last, I would like to thanks again for your attention and participation in this workshop.

May I wish the workshop all the best, and announce to open the workshop from now on.

Thank you.

Annex 3: Closing Speech by His Excellency Im Chhun Li m, Minister, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC)


First of all, may I congratulate the fruitful results achieved during the last two days of the workshop. On behalf of MLMUPC, I am very much appreciated to all participants, who have been working hard in exchanging their ideas and experiences to find out problems and solution regarding the management and exchange of geographic information in Cambodia in order to develop Cambodian socio-economic and poverty alleviation.


According to the report of workshop, I very proud that all participants are willing to develop a good Cambodian geographic information systems, which could be used as a basic tool for development in all areas. In the report was also shown that there are still many things required all of us to work hard and all agreed that there were lacks of cooperation in geographic information issue.

For example, in the report was stated about inaccurate and un-standardize data, thus to overcome these such of problems we must strictly follow the sub-decree on management and exploitation of the Kingdom of Cambodia’s map. Beside that, I also support the initiatives such as establishing the national coordination mechanism, publishing GIS journal, identification of existing geographic data and standardize in order to develop good geographic information system for Cambodia.

I think these are good starting points to eliminate all difficulties as we had in the past and toward national unity of geographic information. Thus, I strongly support the request of updating existing metadata database, in which can be used for data exchange between the institutions. Once again, I support and request to all institutions to cooperate with the updating of metadata database to be completed and most up to date.

The workshop was participated from representatives of 18 institutions, these are the good sign and I hope such cooperation will actively continued in the future. I also support the establishing of GIS Task Force, which is a central point

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in coordinating GIS activities. In each major GIS data creator and user institutions, I think, should nominated a focal person in those institutions, which will be used as a contact person and assisting the GIS task force.

On behalf of ministry, I very much appreciated the initiative of assisting in strengthening the Geography Department to be more capable providing geographic services. It is true that in the decentralization policy required the strengthening of technical capability at the provincial and lower level, however, in Cambodia this such of highly technical issues required to strengthen from the central level then it will support and extend their knowledge to the lower level (institution). This process in Khmer proverb we called "having chicken before egg". Here, it means that not necessary to have chicken then having eggs but it could be having both at the same time and it could runs parallel. As today workshop, it was discontinued for sometime and today we started it again, and it was very important to strengthening at the central level toward national unity then seeks for a better solution to support other institutions.

In the short future, there will be a decentralization and commune election in early 2002. To support this process and development policy at the commune-village level, it is necessary to have good information for each commune, particularly the geographic information such as administrative boundary, land boundary, commune property information, etc. in order to allowing them develop its own commune. With regards administrative boundary, we have been agreed with the Ministry of Interior to carry out survey of commune boundary after the commune election. It is true that the Royal Government requires the number, size and name of those villages-communes to be officially declared according to the election law but after the election the MLMUPC, especially, Geography Department and General Department of Cadastre and Geography will cooperate with Ministry of Interior to re-define the administrative commune boundaries to have better accuracy contributing to the sustainability of the decentralization policy after the commune election. Regarding land demarcation and information about commune, I hope that the international and non-governmental organizations who are interested in these issues will cooperate with us in implementation a number of case studies such as today we have been working with GTZ having Mr. Willi implementing a pilot project on land and village-communes properties inventory and registration.

Therefore, I also hope that the international and non-governmental organizations,, who interested will participated with us in another important workshop contributing to the commune decentralization policy that will be held from 15 to 16 March funded by GTZ in title Participatory Land Use Planning. This is a very good step, starting from today workshop. Thus, after this workshop we need to establish a GIS Task Force that will work in a number of tasks such as prepare a work plan, budget proposal in order to seek for support from donors, etc.

Once again, I am deeply thanks GTZ for their supports and cooperation in organization this workshop and appreciated for the participation of all participants represented various institutions.

I hope this such of meeting will continues in the future on regular basis.

At last, I would like to thanks again for your attention and participation in this workshop.

May I wish the workshop all the best, and announce to close the workshop from now on.

Thank you

Annex 4: List of Participants

Name Organization / Institution

H.E Ty Yao Secretary of State MLMUPC

H.E Nou Sang Khan Secretary of State MLMUPC

H.E Rath Sarin Under-Secretary of State MLMUPC

H.E Mam Sophana Under-Secretary of State MLMUPC

H.E Prom Sidhra Under-Secretary of State MLMUPC

H.E Keo Khemara Under-Secretary of State MLMUPC

H.E Keut Sareth Under-Secretary of State MLMUPC

H.E Sek Setha Director General GDCG

H.E Thou Thon Director General GDCG

H.E Duch Vontito Director General GDA

Ms. Ou Vaddy Deputy Director General GDLMUP

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Mr. Hang Bunnak Deputy Director General GDLMUP

Mr. Cheam Sophal Chief Training Center

Mr. Te Navuth MoWRAM

Representative National Institute of Statistics

Mr. Toch Sophon Dept. of Geology / MIME

Mr. Pong Pitin EMIS Center / MoEYS

Mr. Ian Attfield MoEYS

Mr. Touch Vina MoE

Representative National Mekong Committee

Mr. Nuth Sakhan Dept. of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement

Mr. Long Chheang Dept. of Fishery

Mr. Kimhean Chansopeaktra Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife

Mr. Khum Thoeun Royal University of Agriculture

Mr. Kep Kan Dept. of Geography / MoDefense

Mr. Hong Silin Ministry of Interior

Mr. Chhouk Chhay Horn University of Technology

Mr. M. Ramachandran WFP

Mr. Sik Boreak WFP

Mr. Kim Veng FAO Siem Reap

Mr. Etienne Delattre FAO Siem Reap

Mr. Hans Helmrich GTZ / SMRP

Mr. Christoph Feldkötter GTZ / SMRP

Mr. Willi Zimmermann GTZ / LMP

Mr. Michael Becker GTZ / LMP

Ms. Julia Stolle GTZ / LMP

Mr. Dirk Vanderstighelen MRCS

Ms. Manithaphone Mahaxay MRCS

Dr. Wolfram Jäckel PRASAC

Mr. Graeme Brown UNDP / CARERE

Mr. Allistair Stephens UNDP / CARERE

Ms. Edith O’Shea UNDP / CARERE

Mr. Ben Hammond UNDP / CARERE / Dept. of Environment

Mr. Doekle Geert Wielinga ILO

Ms. Kristen Morton LUPU Battambang

Ms. Karen McLennan WWF

Mr. Veikko Jantunen FINNMAP Cambodia

Mr. Jeffrey Himel ARUNA Technology Ltd.

Mr. Lor Davuth Technical Department / GDCG

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Annex 5: List of Presenting Organizations / Institut ions

FINNMAP

ARUNA Technology Ltd.

WFP (World Food Programme)

Dept of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture)

EMIS (Education Management Information System Office, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport)

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Mines and Energy

Land Management Project (Ministry of Urban Planning, Land Management and Construction / GTZ)

RUA (Royal University of Agriculture)

Dept of General Administration (Ministry of Interior)

Institute of Technology Cambodia

Participatory Natural Resource Management Project (FAO Siem Reap)

Mekong River Commission Secretariat, Technical Support Division

PRASAC (Support Programme for the Agricultural Sector in Cambodia)

Department of Fisheries (Ministry of Agriculture )

Community Based Natural Resources Management Project (Carere Ratanakiri)

WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)

Dept of Geography (Ministry of Urban Planning, Land Management and Construction)

Annex 6: Organizations / Persons interested in joini ng the GIS Coordination Body

Mr. So Vanna Technical Department / GDCG

Mr. Ith Sotha Geography Department / GDCG

Mr. Chin Chharom Geography Department / GDCG

Mr. Leang Monirath Geography Department / IRIC

Mr. Chhun Bunlong Geography Department / IRIC

Lmut Samka TVK

He Sophannara GDCG

Mr. Neath Net WCS

Mr. Moni Choth MoWRAM

Organization Name Email Phone # Status

WFP Sik Boreak [email protected] 023 212137 / 8 M

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Status

M - would like to become Member

I - would like to receive Information

Annex 7: Group Session 1

Main Topic: Institutional Aspects at the National a nd Provincial Level

Topic 1: Cooperation between Institutions

The following problems have been identified:

� There is a lack of agreed upon agency responsibilities. � There is no commonly available information on who is doing / having what. � The same type of data (e.g. roads, national park + concession boundaries) are created by different institutions with

- as can be expected - different results. � Data bases are often isolated and fragmented ("copies of copies of copies..."), even within single institutions. � Important data sets (such as base data in usable format: topo maps, satellite images) are not in the public domain. � It is unclear to what extents are the owners of data sets willing / able to share. � It is unclear which data sets are free / confidential / publicly available. � Persons dealing with sensitive / political data are afraid to share. � Some key persons do not like to share information. � Even between offices in the same institution data are often not shared. � Foreign advisors are the main (and perhaps often the only) channel of data exchange between departments. � Data users do not pay for cost of production to data producers, hence data producers are reluctant to share.

The causes for these problems have been identified as follows:

Aruna Technology Ltd. Jeffrey Himel [email protected] 023 210564 M

FAO Siem Reap Kim Veng

Etienne Delattre

[email protected] 063 963461

063 963525

M

Institute of Technology Chhouk Chhay Horn [email protected] 011 955677 I

MoEYS Pong Pitin [email protected] 011 971185 I

Dept of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement

Nuth Sakhan [email protected] 012 942959 I

WCS Neath Net [email protected] 023 217205 M

IRIC Leang Monirath [email protected] 012 951613 M

MoE Touch Vina [email protected] 011 823372 M

DG Kep Kan 011 974067 I

IRIC Chhun Bunlong 011 873428 M

RUA Khum Thoeun [email protected] 012 868827 M

MoWRAM Moni Choth [email protected]

[email protected]

023 724389 M

DG GDMR MIME Toch Sophon [email protected] 012 828361 M

MLMUPC Keo Khemara [email protected] 012 810920 I

ILO Doekle Wielinga [email protected] 012 900424 M

LUPU Kristen Morton [email protected] I

GTZ LMP Willi Zimmermann [email protected] 016 880237 M

GTZ LMP Michael Becker [email protected] M

GTZ SMRP Christoph Feldkötter [email protected] 012 982570 M

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� Financial, human and technical resources are lacking. � There is an overall lack of formal links between government institutions. � There is an overall lack of inter-institutional networking within government. � Existing organizational regulations are not followed and used. � There are no clear mandates who should (a) produce and (b) distribute a certain type of data. � There are no clear rules or mandates for sharing of data. � Costs of data production are high, copy rights are unclear Þ data have a high economic value.

The following solutions have been proposed:

� A GIS Coordination Body and / or mechanism for creating transparency and facilitation of sharing should be designated.

� Make sure that the relevant government hierarchies allow and support the coordination work for sharing data. � The GIS Coordination Body should have access to financial resources and time. � Clarify necessary profile of the lead organization within the GIS Coordination Body. � Clarify membership in the Coordination Body and its mandates / functions / tasks. It has been strongly

recommended that membership in / association with the Coordination Body should be open. � Main tasks of the Coordination Body could be to (a) update meta data, (b) channel request and (c) share info and

build consensus. � The meta data base should contain: what institution (a) has which data and (b) is active in what kind of data

production activity. � Share information through: Internet Home Page, Regular Newsletter, List Server. � Build consensus among members of the Coordination Body on (a) what to share and (b) how to address difficult

issues. � Create attractive incentives and recognition for networking / sharing of information. � Create rewards for tangible contributions (data creation, training, etc.). � In case an institution has data important for the public, but does not share them, the data have to be produced

again through a joint effort of the Coordination Body.

The following organizations / institutions should be involved in the GIS Coordination Body:

� Government Ministries (MLMUPC, MAFF, MoE, MPWT, MoWRAM, etc.) and their respective departments (DG, DFW, DoF, etc.).

� National / international organizations and NGOs (FAO, ILO, MRCS, CARERE, etc.). � Private sector companies (Aruna Technology Ltd., FinnMap, etc.) � An initial task force should be established, members of which should be Mr Ith Sotha, Mr Chin Chharom, Mr Willi

Zimmermann, Mr Christoph Feldkötter, Mr Jeffrey Himel, Mr Dirk Vanderstighelen. � The DG should be nominated as the lead organization in the Coordination Body.

Topic 2: Sustainability of GIS Units


� Every department wants its own (new) GIS unit while other (existing) units "die". � This leads to discontinuation of services and product development. � The picture of actual, functioning capacities is distorted. � Donor and government resources are used inefficiently. � Planning and investment policy of donors and government does not meet reality and needs. � Donor funding is insufficiently coordinated. � Human resources are lacking. � Data are lacking. � Access to GIS training and technology support is lacking. � It is often not clear whether GIS units are "camouflaged companies" or government agencies.


� Government salaries are too low. � Government based GIS units are driven by donor funding. � Government based GIS units are not driven by institutionalized economic interest. � Government based GIS units do not generate revenues for investments / staff salaries.


� Concepts to partly privatize GIS data production / storage / distribution need to be developed. � Doing this, the following issues have to be kept in mind: (a) data standards / ownership / control, (b) revenue

creation, (c) capacity building, (d) effective use of public spending, (e) providing good services to clients, (f) minimizing influence from donors, (g) creating sustainability of production of improved data sets.

The following organizations / institutions should be involved in the above activities:

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� The national GIS Coordination Body (see Group Session 1 - Topic 1) should have a leading role in initializing the discussions about privatization.

Topic 3: Use of GIS in the Provinces


� Only very few provincial service units exist or are only just being built up. � Provincial level GIS users are in touch with each other, but not linked with national level. � Provincial data bases are not incorporated in national data sets. � Isolated initiatives of provincial GIS users might face / cause problems. � Support from national GIS units to provincial GIS units is not regularized. � No systematic use is made of experiences in already well established GIS units.


� Build up regular list serve (email / newsletter / fax notification) to provincial GIS offices by Coordination Body. � Build up meta data base that covers provincial activities by Coordination Body. � National level GIS users should facilitate provincial offices. � Make short publications, notes, write ups, guidelines. � Established provincial GIS offices should provide short courses on GIS establishment to other provincial offices.


� The national GIS Coordination Body (see Group Session 1 - Topic 1). � The provincial GIS office of FAO Siem Reap.


Main Topic: Accuracy of Mapping and Data Accessibil ity

Topic 1: Overall Coordination among Institutions

The following problem has been identified:

� There is a lack of communication at all levels of government.

The cause for this problem has been identified as follows:

� Overall coordination is missing.

The following solution has been proposed:

� A GIS Coordination Body needs to be established that meets regularly. This recommendation has been made because the proposed solutions for most of the problems discussed below heavily depend on the existence of such a coordination group. Note that Group Session 1 (see Annex 7) has made an identical recommendation under its Topic 1.


� Setting up a GIS Coordination Body requires a joint effort of the major actors in the GIS sector, such as the MLMUPC, MAFF, MPWT, MoE etc.

Topic 2: Overall Lack of Mapping Accuracy


� Overall accuracy of mapping is low ð accuracy of boundaries is low. � Example: the protected area boundaries have to be re-mapped because the original delineation was based on

inaccurate maps. � Administrative mapping does not use GIS / survey equipment.


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� Not enough knowledge about what base maps exist. � Base maps are not available. � New villages do not exist in village data base. � Commune boundaries are not known / unclear / not updated. � Lack of human resources / low technical experience in GIS.


� Approach the Department of Forestry and CMAC to make digital base data accessible (1:50.000 scanned maps). � Coordinate the distribution of 1:100.000 JICA data set with MPWT. � Provide accurate digital base data in the public domain. � Place satellite (e.g. Landsat) data in the public domain. � Make announcement that the above digital base data are available. � Oblige involved departments to use the same digital base data (1:50.000 digital maps). � Establish mechanism to continuously update the commune / village data base. � Publicly inform on flight plans for new aerial photography. � Produce ortho photos and make them available in the public domain. � Share experiences with GIS technology / techniques. � Support Department of Geography to provide the above digital base data for users. � Provide coordinated funding for DG to improve overall quality of services.


� Department of Geography. � GIS Coordination Body. � Donor community (funding for DG).

Topic 3: Mapping of State and Concession Land


� Forest / land / fishing concession boundary data are not available. � Concession boundaries are not known to local institutions. � Information about private / military land is lacking. � State land has not been identified and surveyed on the ground.


� Legislation on demarcation of state land is not yet in place. � There is no public display of concession maps. � Little cooperation between Fisheries, Forestry, Environment, Land Management, etc. � Every department is using only their own maps and data.


� All concerned institutions / organizations need to be informed about new developments in land legislation.

� All departments should agree on one concession map and coordinates of boundaries.

� Maps showing concession and state land should be publicly displayed. � Accurate digital data base need to be provided and all ministries / departments need to be obliged to use these

data base. � Joint effort to identify state land on aerial photography (ortho photos).


� The Council for Land Policy and those ministries / departments associated with it (to cover legislative aspects). � MLMUPC / DG � The GIS Coordination Body (to cover technical aspects).

Topic 4: Problems with Centralized Mapping


� Admin boundaries produced at national level are inaccurate. � Centralized mapping does not capture "peoples boundaries" (such as communes). � Capacities are lacking at provincial and local levels.

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� Lack of funds and policy to strengthen provincial and local capacities.


� Build links between existing GIS units at local and central levels for capacity building. � Communicate standards developed and used at national level to provinces (such as the coding system for villages

and communes).


� Department of Geography. � GIS Coordination Body.

Topic 5: Secrecy and Competition


� GIS units try to keep their data secret ð duplication (e.g. fishing lot boundaries were simultaneously and independently done by MRCS, DFW, DG, FAO Siem Reap).


� Institutions / individuals hope to make money with their data. � NGOs contract GIS units and thus bypass government.


� Role / status of GIS units needs to be clarified within institutions. � Government needs to be advised on optimal use of GIS technology. � Transparency about GIS units and their activities has to be created.


� GIS Coordination Body.


Main Topic: Technology/Software / Data Sets / Standard s

Topic 1: Overall Data Quality


� The overall quality of GIS data is low. � Mismatch of GIS data causes additional work.


� Lack of large scale maps. � Lack of quality control. � Lack of human resources. � Lack of support to the responsible agencies. � Lack of funds to implement activities.


� Quality control parameters and procedures need to be defined. � Conduct quality control training programs (short, medium, long term). � Encourage motivation of staff.


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� DG (technical implementation) � Concerned donor agencies (funding and support).

Topic 2: Quality and Topicality of Land Use and Cadastral Data


� Aerial photography is out dated in areas of fast development. � GIS data derived from these photos are outdated.


� Land use situation has changed substantially.


� Update photography / GIS data sets for selected areas.


� MLMUPC � LMP (support)

Topic 3: Quality of Elevation / Leveling Data


� Absence of accurate base level information. � Accurate elevation data are missing. � There is no reliable leveling network.


� Most existing maps / data are at too small scale. � Benchmarks and trigonometric points are unknown / have been lost.


� Update data for selected areas. � Try to find old benchmarks. � Re-establish leveling networks. � Leveling survey in certain areas.


� DG � MoWRAM � MPWT

Topic 4: Problems with Toponymy


� Widespread confusion about toponymy. � Need for standardization of Khmer fonts.


� Stakeholders are not informed about existing translation / transcription standards and conventions. � Different Khmer fonts are used.


� Inform stakeholders about existing translation / transcription standards and conventions. � Conduct a survey on optimized use of Khmer fonts. � Identify standard font(s) for all users.

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� Identify technical support to fit Khmer font(s) into GIS software.


� National committee for geographical names. � DG

Topic 5: Availability of Meta Data


� A general uncertainty about which data sets exist. � The existence of many data sets is only informally known. � Newsletter on GIS does not exist.


� Lack of Coordination Body regarding meta data base / newsletter.


� A GIS working group needs to be set up. � Establish a GIS home page (web site) and / or newsletter. � Development of an updated meta data base based on the former IRIC work.


� GIS working group to be initialized by DG, GTZ projects, MRCS, other involved government institutions. � GIS working group to start web site / newsletter / meta data base.

Annex 10: Presentation: GIS at the NATIONAL Level (Mo EYS)

Cambodian Education Sector Use of GIS

� Functional, integrated GIS database has been operational since 1999, within the Education Management Information System (EMIS) Office, Department of Planning, MoEYS. EMIS staff trained to operate the system independently.

� The main uses of GIS in education has been to:

1. prepare and distribute education infrastructure maps to all interested parties: province, district offices, donor projects, etc.

2. use in national level education equity and access analysis 3. preparation of emergency flood relief program, September / October 2000 4. identify and project construction needs and create a 5 year facility development plan. Support school construction

work in the field. 5. graphic presentation of education outcomes with spatial variations (see web site maps: www.moeys.gov.kh)

� The MoEYS is not a collector of primary GIS data, but is the main collector of education attribute data about schools and the educational characteristics of provinces, districts and villages.

� Main data-sets used originate from the Geographic Department, EMIS and the national demographic census. � Geo-data levels created by MoEYS are all stored and used within MapInfo format, which may easily be exported

into ArcView and other standard formats. Some data-sets are stored within an Access database. Data includes:

1. School positions (derived from census village positions, not GPS): point 2. School catchment area maps with project populations from the census: polygon 3. Primary school clusters: polygon

� Problems and data needs:

1. Quality and out of date topographic data-sets, in particular roads (with conditions), land use. 2. No consistent water polygon layer. 3. No polygon map layer predicting flood risk 4. Updates to the 1998 census village database and changes to the districts / communes. 5. Ability to easily correlate existing data-sets derived from the old maps with modern GPS readings (WGS84 map

datum).

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6. Access to specialist resources and support: technical advise, large plotters, ready to use raster images (satellite imagery, scanned topographic maps on CD).

� Strongly endorse data sharing and co-ordination mechanisms.

Annex 11: Presentation: GIS at the PROVINCIAL Level (CA RERE)

GIS and Land Use Planning with CARERE/UNDP/PRDC in Ratana kiri

The Organisation

CARERE/UNDP operate in co-operation with the Ratanakiri Provincial Government through the Provincial Rural Development Committee.

Goals and Objectives

The goal of such work is to support and undertake land use planning to promote community based natural resource management and conflict resolution (between communities and between communities and outside stakeholders).

This objective is seen as particularly important as the land in Ratanakiri is the traditional domain of indigenous people. In addition to this it has been estimated that 115% of the land area of the province has been "allocated" to land and forest concession and to Protected Areas (this is without the consideration of the need for community and private land).

The GIS Unit:

To support this objective, a small provincial GIS unit is in formation. See diagram for proposed structure.

Activities to Date

� Mapping of traditional land management in target communes. � Training of staff and community people. � Adapting Department of Geography data sets to make them more useable in Ratanakiri. � Commenced development of a land use theme. � Air-photos taken over areas of most rapid change and interest.

Work Planned

� Training on Air-Photo Interpretation � Mapping within the CARERE Local Planning Process 9 communes in 2001. � Community Organisation building and land use planning and (involving training and mapping) mapping in 6 target

communes. � Mapping by NGOs and other Departments � A provincial workshop discussion on mapping aimed at drawing together all the stakeholders. � Possibly a case study on using air-photos in preparing initial land tenure maps.

Problems and Challenges

We need land use planning, and therefore GIS, to decentralize. The provincial level is the most logical level to facilitate land use planning. It is in touch with both local and national level and can play a major role in land use planning.

One problem has been centralization, where concessions and the like are imposed from the national level.

Our biggest problem is our own technical capacity. No-one else can really do the work that we need to do – it relies on defining social boundaries. We believe that much of this information needs to be provincially collected.

National level support for provincial initiatives would be extremely useful – particularly for technical support.

What Geodetic Datum are people going to use?

An absence of base-level information makes things difficult. We need to communicate so that information is useful for all. (roads, villages, digital terrain model)

The coding information within the Dept of Geography is not the most useful for Ratanakiri. We need to come up with coding information that is mutually useful. Ratanakiri can then.

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People keep using dubious and inaccurate data to produce pretty maps without consideration of the dubious and inaccurate nature of the data.

Annex 12: Presentation: GIS as seen from a Private Sect or Perspective (by Jeffrey Himel, Managing Director, Aruna Technology Ltd.)

Corporate Profile - Aruna Technology Ltd.

Cambodian company started in mid-1997.

Distributor of ESRI Software (ArcView and ARC/INFO), PCI Geomatics Software, Garmin GPS Equipment, RADARSAT, LandSAT, IRS and IKONOS Satellite Imagery, Sensors and Software Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) equipment and software.

Value-added and consulting services for natural resource management & development applications.

Key Strategy - Develop and Support User Community

� Sustainability of business depends on having a market for our products & services � Work with local institutions to develop skills and demonstrate utility of technology � Achieve success in pilot applications in order to prove benefits to wider audience while training staff and earning

revenues

Main Project Sectors

� Hydrology - flood monitoring and irrigation � Agriculture - rice crop monitoring, forestry � Disaster Management and Response � Environment - impact assessment, baseline studies, monitoring, protected areas � Rural Development - infrastructure management, PRA, land use planning � Mapping - updating and improving existing data, delineating areas, analysis

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Project Experience - Flood Monitoring

� Pilot Project 1997 with World Food Programme - "Flood Monitoring with Radar Satellite Imagery for Food Security Vulnerability Assessment"

� Year 2000 Flood Emergency - Near Real Time imagery acquired and processed for Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MoWRAM)

Project Experience - Irrigation Consulting

� Integrating aerial ortho-photography into project assessment and design with GTZ in Kampong Thom and Kampot � Use of archived satellite imagery and aerial ortho-photography to determine likely flooded area of Stung Chinit

project in Kampong Thom for Asian Development Bank

Current Activities - Orthophoto Production at Geogra phy Department

� Working with staff to produce cheaper and faster ortho-photographs for emergency rehabilitation projects of ADB and World Bank to enable project preparation and design

� Support department to update existing data sets and produce posters for revenue generation

Current Activities - Battambang Department of Enviro nment Satellite Image Preparation

� Acquisition and processing of LandSAT-7 and India Resource Satellite (IRS) data for Western Battambang to enable demarcation and planning of wildlife reserve in a period of rapid development

Current Activities - "Development of Long-term Envir onmental Monitoring and Management Systems in the Mekong River Basin Using RADARSAT Technology"

� Using AIRSAR data over Mekong River Basin to determine its capability for monitoring the environment � Enable research into characteristics of the next RADARSAT satellite system so can be operational quickly

Current Activities - Research into Historical Land and Water Management in Kampong Thom

� Using aerial photography from 1953 and 1992 as well as satellite imagery to determine changes in land use and methods of managing soil and water during the different eras of Cambodian history from Sambor Prei Kuk through the Khmer Rouge to the present day

Data Sets Used

� Ministry of Public Works and Transport Reconnaissance Survey Project 1:100,000 scale GIS data sets and satellite imagery

� Geography Department 1:50,000 scale GIS data sets � FINNMAP 1992-1996 aerial photography at 1:25,000 scale � USGS 1:50,000 scale Topographic Maps from 1960’s � Various satellite imagery acquired by Aruna

Main Problems Faced - Access to Data

� Cambodian institutions at MPWT, CNMC and Geography Department have provided excellent cooperation and share their data

� Mekong River Commission archived data and Watershed Classification Project data not accessible at present � Confusion as to Private/Public sector roles and rights

Main Problems Faced - Quality Control and Standards

� Lack of Quality Control and major issue in existing GIS data sets - many errors seen � Lack of standards and agreed upon agency responsibilities � Need to check and verify data sets, share them so that everyone is working from the same basis - otherwise errors

will proliferate and nothing will match

Main Problems Faced - Lack of Up-to-date Data and Ke y Data Sets

� Lack of DEM a large problem in ortho-rectification of satellite and aerial photo imagery � Existing data often very out of date � Existing data at too small a scale and needs to be progressively improved

Key Issues for Discussion

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� Ensuring resources are available for work to be done while data is still shared - how to support and protect local institutions while promoting the wider use of the data

� Copyright issues poorly understood and seldom considered

Annex 13: Presentation: Meta Data and Data Sharing (b y Willi Zimmermann, Land Management Project, MLMUPC / GTZ)

1. META DATA

Definitions

Meta data may be defined as information regarding

The location, the source, the content, the relationships, the representation, the use context of the data or other specifics in relation to actual data in order to find, query, analyze or present data in existing databases.

A meta-database is thus a database that has been designed and implemented to hold the requisite meta data. It operates in the exactly the same way as a 'normal' database, although the underlying data model reflects a quite different content.

The definition of 'meta data' given above is deliberately non-specific; the level and detail at which meta data is collected and recorded is entirely flexible and is determined by the designer of the meta-database. However, meta-databases should provide:

� data needed to determine the sets of data that exist for a geographic location (availability) � data needed to determine if a data set meets a specific need (fitness for use) � data needed to acquire an identified data set (access) � data needed to successfully transfer and use a data set (transfer)

At the highest level, a meta-database can essentially be a "catalogue" of organisations, for example "Catalogue of Data Sources" (CDS). These catalogues can record detailed operational details of the organisations (postal address, telephone numbers etc.) and describe, in broad terms, the data management areas of the organisations. (What data exist? Who may have data I need?)

One level below, catalogue-type meta-databases such as the MEKONG INFO can additionally hold information on the specific data sets that the organisations manage. (What kind of data sets does the organization have? Do they suit my needs?)

At the lowest level, a meta-database holds complete information of the data structures and data definitions of a database (Are the data suited to my needs? How can I access the data? How can I transfer them to my system?). This kind of information is often referred to as a "data dictionary", and is normally too detailed to be maintained except within the organization concerned. A standard mode of operation for data dictionaries is defined by the Information Resources Dictionary System (IRDS). The terms "meta-database" and "data dictionary" are frequently used interchangeably.

Table 1: Meta data Elements

Spatial Meta Data Management

Meta data development should be an integral part of any database production cycle. It is equally important to tabular and spatial databases. However, spatial meta data management is a particularly difficult task.

The difficulty lies in the very nature oft the spatial data itself. Spatial data sets are typically large in volume and contain a large number of different object types, resulting in complex database schemata. Their heterogeneous nature further compounds the difficulty: spatial data frequently come in different data formats such as vector (topological, non-topological), raster, triangulated irregular network (TIN), object-oriented, tabular, and text. They come from heterogeneous sources, each with its own terminology and associated definitions (or lack thereof). Spatial data vary greatly in spatial and

Organizational Level Meta Data Element Purpose

Sector, area or theme Data catalogue (level 1) Which organization manages data I may need? (availability)

Institutional level Data catalogue (level 2) What kind of data does the organization manage? (availability, access)

Database level Data dictionary Do the data sets satisfy my needs? How can I use them? (fitness for use, transfer)

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temporal resolution and range widely in quality. This enormous diversity represents a formidable task and challenge for those setting out to document spatial data sets; yet, they must be documented if they are to be used by people other than their creator.

Spatial meta data management includes the following aspects:

� Inventorying existing data holdings � Defining the names and data items to facilitate understanding, to create a common basis for communication and

data sharing across user domains � Building a keyword list of names and definitions using a standard thesaurus � Indexing the inventory and the keyword list for access � Recording processing steps performed on the data including those involved in the initial collection � Documenting the data structures used and the data model implemented � Recording the logical and the physical database schema � Documenting the relationships between data items in different data sets as well as between individual data sets � Recording the processing steps performed on the data including pre-collection decisions, collection methods,

conversion, and post-conversion editing and analyses � Documenting the representation chosen for the data � Documenting application-specific meta data including flowcharts for macro language programs � Updating the meta-database in a consistent fashion and at regular intervals

The growing obligation for public or private data holders to share or publish their data requires common meta data standards to facilitate the use of existing spatial data and spatial data products within and across organisations and across hardware and software environments.

Meta Data Standards for Spatial Data

Standards establish a common ground on which to work and to build on. As such, they facilitate understanding and communication between people from different backgrounds and different levels of expertise. They ensure that we yield a consistent and uniform product and, based on standardized input and standardized operations on that input, they allow us to evaluate the quality of the output product. Standards facilitate the sharing of spatial data and spatial data products within and across organisations and across hardware and software environments.

In the context of spatial data sharing two standards are essential:

� a standard that will provide us with the information we need to evaluate and use spatial data (meta data standard) � a standard to physically exchange spatial data across networks and different software and hardware platforms

without loss of data (data transfer standard).

As an example the Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC Standard (USA) is composed of seven non-hierarchical and non-ordered categories allowing flexibility for its implementation. It requires all federal agencies to document their spatial data holdings and make spatial meta data accessible to the National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse. The seven categories are

� Identification Information � Data Quality Information � Spatial Data Organisation Information � Spatial Reference Information � Entity and Attribute Information � Distribution Information � Meta Data Reference Information

2. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DATA SHARING

Information in it itself has no value. "information not used is information better not col lected". What we need is information which allows the right decisions to be made at the right time. The information forming the basis of these decisions has to be reliable, up-to-date and easy to understand.

Important questions to be considered in the first phases of implementation of GIS CAMBODIA are:

� From what derives geographical information its economic value? � How can the economic value of GIS be assessed? � Is Geographical Information a "public good" or a "marketable" product? � Who should fund GIS in Cambodia � Should investments start now or later? � What are the organizational challenges to improving economics of GIS?

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Present situation

� The geographic information sector (map production and geographical data bases) accounts for approximately 0.5% of the GNP in most industrialized countries. For Cambodia, the corresponding figure is estimated 0.1% of far lower GNP's.

� The resultant paucity of information hinders political and economic development. � Cambodia was once well mapped and a geodetic horizontal and vertical reference system and network established

(Triangulation and Levelling Networks), as the colonial power sought to administer and exploit the natural resources of the colony, these basic investments have not been maintained.

� In many cases, data are compiled solely for project purposes without regard to other potential multi-purpose uses. The result is that data available are unwieldy-and difficult to collocate in productive ways.

� Thus far, central decision makers in Cambodia have not emphasized the need for geographical and environmental information.

� Donors have thus far been only moderately helpful, as their involvement has usually been limited to short-term projects of limited geographic extent.

� Although the need for information is universally acute, Cambodia lack the financial resources and professional capability to acquire and manipulate data.

� Electronic networks for information sharing will play an increasing role in Cambodia and ASEAN countries. � The international community is subsidizing the GIS market without monitoring the negative consequences for the

development of the private sector. � A shift from do it yourself in GIS to outsourcing and involvement of the private sector is badly needed in

Cambodia.

ECONOMIC VALUE of GIS in CAMBODIA

� All Ministries and Organisations given the mandate to manage natural resources, the environment and the land need an information system in order to put together and analyze data from the various sectors.

� Lack of co-ordination and co-operation between ministries and institutions responsible for resource management and environmental issues represents the normal state of affairs. This represents the biggest bottleneck for implementation of cost-efficient GIS.

� Sector-integrated information presented in an easily understandable way is a basic tool for improved decision making.

� There seems to be a big potential in achieving tangible benefits through improving information management by implementation of GIS.

� Countries in that have started this process have experienced an increased number of users that get access to information much more cost-efficient than before.

� The potential for large intangible benefits also exists through improved resource management such as efficient implementation of National Environmental Action Plans.

� The establishment of an GIS in a country is probably the only cost-efficient way to improve availability of environmental information for decision making. This gives however no guarantee for improved decisions!

� The value of project-oriented information can be increased manifold if it is taken care of and made available in a standardized form (GIS).

� Up-to-date and reliable information about our natural resources and human resources is crucial as a basic tool for international consensus and action.

GIS -A "public good" or a " marketable product"?

� National map series or digital data bases, environmental information and environmental reference data bases as well as META data should be "public goods" (can not be provided by the market).

� Copies of data sets and information service should be provided at marginal costs � Value-adding services should be paid in full by the market

Who should fund GIS in CAMBODIA

� GIS in Cambodia can be funded by both the public and the private sector. � Basic GIS should be funded through grants from the donor society � Public value adding (information for specific public needs) should be funded by the Government, when appropriate

through loans/soft loans from the donor society. � Private value adding should be funded through the market

Should GIS investments in CAMBODIA start now or later ?

� In general, the later the start-up, the greater the cost of establishing databases and the longer the time before benefits are realized.

� The relevant technologies are available, so they no longer represent a bottleneck. � All technologies now evolve continuously, so there is no single optimal time to start. � Late start postpones benefits and thereby lessens project profitability. � Cambodia has started GIS-investments sector oriented and donor driven. Efficient cross-sectoral implementation is

dependent on the right approach.

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Should GIS investments be aggressive or within normal budgets?

� Think big but start prudently, ensure continuously monitoring of the usefulness of the information provided. � In switching from conventional means to GIS, major investment should be carried out in the initial implementation

phase in order that the project be profitable. � Data should be rapidly converted to standardized digital form. � Several themes pertaining to a region or area can synergistically increase benefits to users.

Geographical Coverage and Economics

� At least one theme covering an entire region or administrative area of responsibility has to be converted before benefits may be realized.

� Stage-by-stage conversion of an GIS, whereby conventional and digital data may be used simultaneously, should be avoided.

� Managerial organisations have the greatest needs for coverage of entire regions or areas, while organisations operating on a project basis have more specific needs.

� The greatest beneficial effect for the community is achieved in cases where full coordination has been established between different organisations using the same geographical information and where professional services like data capture are provided by the private sector.

Organizational challenges for introduction of new G IS

� Executive involvement is crucial to success � Organizational problems are usually greater than technical problems. � The introduction of GIS effects changes in existing routines for information interchange between, and within,

individual units of an organization. Normally information flow becomes less bureaucratic. Altered work routines require organizational changes, normally in a less hierarchical direction.

� Inter-institutional co-operation and coordination requires a new culture of networking and partnership. � Rules and principles for data sharing and cost recovery between governmental institutions, the international

community and the private sector have to be developed step by step. � The organizational alterations should be tested before being finally enacted. � Long-term organizational changes may be made after the initial operational phase of a new GIS facility. � GIS can be introduced centralized or as a network. A network solution with a "hub" responsible for guidelines

and co-ordination (Dept. Geography) has the highest benefit potential but requires also a higher level of co-ordination and co-operation.

In Cambodia the establishment of a CAMBODIAN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION NETWORK (CGIN) has been proposed (ETAP, 1997). The CGIN should develop through a decentralized database and build upon existing and separate GIS units. Such a formal network might come or not in the near future. But it should not hinder us to initiate an informal GIS NETWORK CAMBODIA already now, build a META data infrastructure and generate a new culture of partnership between the sectors using GIS as a catalyst for development.

Annex 14: Presentation: The ETAP/IRIC GIS Meta Data Bas e (by Chin Chharom, GIS/RS Expert)

Introduction

� In the first " National Workshop on Information Management through Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems", April 1996, organized by Environmental Technical Advisory Programme (ETAP)-UNDP: has identified the lack of a catalogue on already existing digital map layers within Cambodia.

A Follow-Up

� Later, follow up through RS/GIS user’s group meetings with number of Governmental Agencies and International/Non-Governmental Organizations, ETAP had developed a procedure for data collection and meta-database distribution.

Procedure for Data Collection

� There were three methods, as agreed in the RS/GIS User Group Meeting in January 1997. � To have IRIC staff visiting their offices to collect and assist filling up the data sheets. � Preferred to receive the forms, and would fill in the sheets themselves. � Preferred to receive an empty digital database table, then would enter directly into it themselves.

Meta-Database Distribution

� The first version of meta-database was distributed in the form of hard-copy (book) and soft-copy (CD-ROM).

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� The soft-copy was also included all digital map layers produced by IRIC and GIS Unit of the MoE. Those layers were in PC-Arc/Info format, which can be open directly using PC Arcview or converted into other formats to be used with other GIS software.

The Meta-Database

� Definition: is a data base catalogue. It is a database with information describing the data held in other databases. � The Cambodian GIS Meta-Database has developed by ETAP/UNDP using RDMS Microsoft Access. � It’s contained general contact information, coverage information and its status, source of information, its availability

and accessibility.

Meta-Database: The Version 1.0

� The version 1.0 has been completed in July 1997. It contained 130 records (layers) provided by: Agricultural Soil Unit (MAFF), Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project, CNMC/Tonle Sap Development Strategy Project, Department of Forestry and Wildlife (MAFF), Geography Department, GIS Unit Ministry of Environment, Integrated Resource Information Center (IRIC), Land Use Mapping Office (LUMO)

� The hard-copy has been printed and distributed along with the soft-copy (CDROM). The external CD Readers were also provided.

Meta-Database: The Version 1.1

� After the workshop on "Environmental Data and Information Management", 22 December 1998, Lucky Star Hotel, Phnom Penh, all participants agreed that it was necessarily to update the meta-database. However, there was no source of funding to carry out the update yet.

� IRIC with its own resources and the support from Tom Kunneke (former IRIC’s advisor), on behalf of Geography Department, has sent out the information sheets to various institutions.

� There was a revised of its data structure and user interface. � As the results, another 105 records (layers) were updated by March 1999. Thus, the version 1.1 hold up to 235

records. � In this update exercise, we had also received information from additional institutions, which not joint in the Version

1.0. � Due to the lack of financial supports, very limited number of hard-copy and soft-copy were produced and

distributed.

Meta-Database: The Problems

� There were duplications among layers recorded. For example, one layer has been submitted by several institutions, as a result, it was recorded several times.

� There information has been recorded as it was provided by the institution, there was no verification of the quality nor accuracy of those information yet.

� It’s out of date. � It’s need an effort, time and resources to maintain and keep it up to date. � It’s needs the participation and contribution from all the users.

What should we do next?

� Update the meta-database to most up to date information as it existed today. � Participate and contribute to the update information, if you do have newly created data. � Tell your friends, to contribute and participate with the update process as well. � Finance, support, and facilitate the update activities in whatever way you could. � A regular update schedule needs to be set. � Think about the quality of meta-data. Should we eliminate the duplicate layers? How about the out of date layers? � Think about what is the best way to update or exchange the updated information. How to convince those who are

not willing to share or update their GIS data?

How we do it?

� Register your contact information and your institutions by telling briefly of what you are doing or having in relation to GIS/RS activities.

� With the above provided information, we will send you the information sheets for you to fill up, then send us back the sheets with filled information.

� Any questions on how to fill up information sheets, assistant should be provided. (Who?) � Carry out data entry. (Who?) � Publish the update information, and distribute to all users. (Financial supports?) � Option: the updated information place on the Internet, interested users can be downloaded from there. � Other options as identified by the Workshop.

Conclusion

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� Your participation and contribution were crucial and needed. � Without financial supports, the update can not be take place. How can we do about that? � The coordination mechanism needs to defined and accepted among the users. � Please remember, the meta-database is yours.

Annex 15: Presentation: Space Technology and Applicat ions: Cambodia and ASEAN (by Chin Chharom, GIS/RS Expert)

Introduction

� Cambodia has entered as the tenth member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) � There were many activities, which Cambodia needs to catch up with others ASEAN countries. � One of them is Science and Technology

Committee on Science and Technology (COST)

� COST has plays an important role in promoting sustainable economic growth by continuing its efforts in human resource development, research and development, technology transfer, and S&T information dissemination.

ASEAN Science Fund (ASF)

� Each member of ASEAN COST has agreed to contribute of $M1 payable over a period 10 years, with 1999 as the starting year.

� AFS is used in conjunction with the fund donated by Donors countries to carry out its operations. � The COST-40th meeting in Chiang Rai, November 2000, has nominated Cambodia National COST Chairman,

Excellency Ngep Bunchin to be the Chairman of its Advisory Committee.

COST’s Meeting

� COST members are agreed to meet twice a year to review activities of each sub-committee, review the ASF, endorse the proposals proposed by its sub-committees, and carry out others necessarily decision-making.

� Next COST’s meeting (COST-41th) will be held in May 2001, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

COST and Its Sub-Committees

� COST comprises of nine sub-committees to carry out specific S&T activities. � Sub-Committee on Food Science and Technology, Representative: Min of Commerce � Sub-Committee on Meteorology and Geophysics, Representative: MOWRAM � Sub-Committee on Microelectronics and Information Technology, Representative: MPTC � Sub-Committee on Materials Science and Technology, Representative: MOEYS � Sub-Committee on Biotechnology, Representative: MAFF � Sub-Committee on Non-conventional Energy Research, Representative: MIME � Sub-Committee on Marine Science, Representative: MoE � Sub-Committee on Science and Technology Infrastructure and Resources Development (SCIRD) , Representative:

MPWT � Sub-Committee on Space Technology and Applications (SCOSA), Representative: MLMUPC

SCOSA

� In COST 38th Meeting October 1999, Singapore, has formally endorsed the elevation of ASEAN Experts Group on Remote Sensing (AEGRS) to Sub-Committee on Space Technology and Applications (SCOSA).

� In COST-39th, endorsed Malaysia to be the Chairman for this sub-committee.

SCOSA: Main Objective

� The main objective of SCOSA is to enhance collaboration in space and related technologies, and to formulate, and implement programmes towards the operationalization of these technologies for sustainable development planning in the ASEAN region.

SCOSA: Areas of Concerned

� SCOSA is focused on Remote Sensing, GIS and Satellite-Based Positioning Systems, on Satellite Communications, and on Space Science and Satellite Technology

� SCOSA-2 has agreed to remove subject Satellite Meteorology from its ToR.

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SCOSA: How and When we meet?

� SCOSA has agreed to meet twice a year, one with only ASEAN member countries, others includes also non-ASEAN and Space Companies concerned.

� SCOSA-1 was held on 2-4 May 2000, Manila, Philippines. � SCOSA-2 was held on 30-31 October 2000, Chiang Rai, Thailand. � SCOSA-3 will be held in May 2001, Phnom Penh, Cambodia along with COST-41th. In this meeting, SCOSA will

also invites Non-ASEAN member countries and Space related companies to attend as well.

SCOSA: Partners & Cooperation

� In SCOSA-1 meeting, has attended and presented a proposal by a number of Space Institutions and related, such as NASA, Space Imaging Inc., NASDA, NPO Mashinostroyenia of the Ruassin Federation, AIT, SaTReC of Republic of Korea, Synetix Inc., SPOT Asia, The Indian Space Research Organization, etc.

� ASEAN-India: has agreed on the following areas of cooperation under the ASEAN-India Collaboration on Space Technology and Applications: a) capacity-Building, including training, formal education, on-job attachment and exchange of scientist; and b) use of IRS data for environmental management such as marine and coastal management.

� ASEAN-EC: the European Space Agency (ESA) is under consideration of possible cooperation with SCOSA member countries.

� ASEAN-NASA: invited SCOSA to consider the possibility of using the PACRIM-3 Mission, tentatively scheduled in 2003, for undertaking a regional project in addition to national project requirement.

� ASEAN-AIT/NASDA: has agreed in joint cooperation in the caravan training programme. In facts, Cambodia had received this such of training last year.

� ASEAN-China Remote Sensing Cooperation: after the workshop held in July 2000, Panzihua City, China, four projects were recommended for implementation: Forest Fire Management, Flood Prediction, Monitoring and Assessment using RS and GIS, Application of RS in Water Resource Management, Application of Remote Sensing in Agriculture

� ASEAN-Australia: has completed its first phase with AEGRS. The Second phase, AUSLIG had suggested to focus on the technology for information extraction such as data fusion and automatic feature extraction for map production and updating purposes.

SCOSA: Project Activities

� ASEAN from Space Book: It’s almost completed, and will consider for final funding in the SCOSA-3 meeting. � SCOSA homepage: SCOSA-2 has agreed to build its homepage within ASTNET. The homepage will link to the

relevant homepages of Member Countries, and also links to the Space Technology and Applications Directory. � SCOSA is under preparation to the 6th ASEAN Science and Technology Week (ASTW) will be held from 10-21

September 2001 in Brunei. The following heading has been proposed: Satellite Monitoring of the Global Environment, Natural Resource Management for Economic Development, Disaster Management: Early Warning and Damage Assessment, Food Supply for Future Development and Security

Conclusion

� In Cambodia, the mechanism of Space Technology and Applications coordination was officially existed � It is necessarily that Cambodia strengthen their capability in orders to catch up with countries in the region. � Cambodia is not alone. It’s already in the network with the region.

Annex 16: Maps Projections and Geodetic Datums in Ca mbodia (by Ith Sotha & Christoph Feldkötter)

Introduction

� Maps are FLAT, but the surfaces they represent are CURVED. � Transforming curved space onto a two-dimensional map is called PROJECTION. � A projection converts data from a geographical location (latitude and longitude) on a spheroid to a representative

location on a flat surface.

Map Projections used in Cambodia

� Universal Transverse Mercator - UTM 1:50,000 Maps � Gauss-Krueger - Russian/Vietnamese (?) 1:100,000 Maps � Lambert Conformal Conic - UNTAC 1:500,000 Briefing Map � Bonne Conic - 1:100,000 Indochina Map (SGI early 1900s)

Map Projections - Problem

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� Data digitized from maps with different map projections do not match. This problem can often be corrected.

Geodetic Datums - Definition

� A Geodetic Datum provides a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the Earth. � It defines origin and orientation of latitude and longitude lines. � LATITUDE and LONGITUDE can be DIFFERENT on different maps.

Geodetic Datums used in Cambodia

� WGS84 - UTM 1:50,000 Maps � Indian 60 - UTM 1:50,000 Maps � Indian 54 - UTM 1:50,000 Maps, 1:100,000 JICA Maps � Pulkovo 1942 - Russian/Vietnamese (?) 1:100,000 Maps

Geodetic Datums - Problem

� Even if maps are in the same map projection, differences in the geodetic datum cause big offsets. � Data digitized from maps with different datums do not match. This can often be corrected.

Map Scale & Map Accuracy

� The positional accuracy of a map depends on its scale. � Map Accuracy Standard: "No more than 10 % of the well-defined map points shall be further away from their true

position than X meters."

USGS Map Accuracy Standards

Map Scale - Problem

� The lower the map scale, the lower the positional accuracy. � Data digitized from maps at different scales do not match. This problem can normally NOT be corrected.

GPS + Projections / Datums

� GPS measurements are normally based on a map projection (unless the receiver is set to Lat/Long) . � GPS measurements are always based on a geodetic datum (by default WGS84).

Correction of Mismatches

What is the Current Situation?

� Most GIS data sets are based on the 1:50,000 American (and later Vietnamese) maps. � The known conversion parameters from Indian 1960 to other geodetic datums are only approximations. � GPS measurements are based on various projections and datums.

What needs to be done immediately?

Map Scale Meters at Map Scale Millimeters on Paper

1:10,000 8 0.8

1:50,000 25 0.5

1:100,000 50 0.5

1:250,000 100 0.5

1:500,000 250 0.5

Mismatch due to different Correction possible? What is needed?

Projection Yes: Re-Projection Projection + Parameters

Datum Yes: Re-Projection Datum + Parameters

Scale NO ---

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� All data digitized from maps and/or all GPS measurements should be accompanied by documentation. � The documentation should contain (amongst others): � the projection name + parameters (e.g. UTM Zone 48, Central Meridian 105 East, ...) � the datum name + parameters (e.g. Indian 1960, Spheroid Everest, ...)

Which Long Term Actions are required?

The use of projections / geodetic datums needs to be standardized.

Concerned agencies need to discuss whether WGS84 or a new local datum should be used in the future.

The existing base maps need to be revised / updated by the agencies officially in charge.

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management and exchange of geographic information … · geographic information in cambodia...

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