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Management and Control of Pressurised Irrigation Networks using Hydraulic Modelitation. Application to an Irrigating Community in the Village of Sagunto (Valencia). Gestion et Control de Resseaux D’Irrigation a Pression, en utilisant une Modelisation Hidraulique. Application dans une Communaute D’Irrigants a la Village de Sagunto (Valencia). Sánchez G. 1 , Arviza J. 2 , Pelegri J., Felici S., Pelechano J., Perez JJ. ABSTRACT The lack of water in the last years has become a serious problem in agriculture. In order to make a better use of water, different pressurised irrigation systems have been developed. The increasing necessity to make an exhaustive control of these installations has caused the development of different automation systems that perform a constant management and automatic control of the whole installation. Together with the electronic advances, the development of various software applications has allowed the users to make a centralised control of all the automation electronic elements of the installation, so that all the programmed irrigations are carried out. This paper collects the first experiences in the installation in an irrigation community of an automation system developed by the Robotics Institute of the University of Valencia in collaboration with the rural engineering department of the Polithecnic University of Valencia. This communication gathers together for a concrete situation all the results obtained in the research and development of the projects PRIFEM-SERSIM 3 and SIDCEP 4 . In this paper, we expose the application of an automation system for agrarian exploitations with hierarchical computer architecture that from a central unit, is able to control the whole installation, even in the most remote locations. This control is transparent for the user. The software application performs the control and management 1 [email protected] Robotics Institute . University of Valencia. 2 [email protected] Rural Engineering Department. Polytechnic University of Valencia 3 PRIFEM-SERSIM, project supported by IMPIVA

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Page 1: Management and Control of Pressurised Irrigation …felici/papers/paper-18.pdf · Les objectifs principaux de cette communication, (résultat d'un processus de recherche, ... It has

Management and Control of Pressurised Irrigation Networks using Hydraulic Modelitation. Application to an Irrigating Community

in the Village of Sagunto (Valencia).

Gestion et Control de Resseaux D’Irrigation a Pression, en utilisant une Modelisation Hidraulique. Application dans une Communaute D’Irrigants a la Village de Sagunto (Valencia).

Sánchez G. 1, Arviza J.2, Pelegri J., Felici S., Pelechano J., Perez JJ.

ABSTRACT

The lack of water in the last years has become a serious problem in agriculture. In

order to make a better use of water, different pressurised irrigation systems have been

developed. The increasing necessity to make an exhaustive control of these installations

has caused the development of different automation systems that perform a constant

management and automatic control of the whole installation. Together with the

electronic advances, the development of various software applications has allowed the

users to make a centralised control of all the automation electronic elements of the

installation, so that all the programmed irrigations are carried out. This paper collects

the first experiences in the installation in an irrigation community of an automation

system developed by the Robotics Institute of the University of Valencia in

collaboration with the rural engineering department of the Polithecnic University of

Valencia.

This communication gathers together for a concrete situation all the results

obtained in the research and development of the projects PRIFEM-SERSIM3 and

SIDCEP4. In this paper, we expose the application of an automation system for agrarian

exploitations with hierarchical computer architecture that from a central unit, is able to

control the whole installation, even in the most remote locations. This control is

transparent for the user. The software application performs the control and management

1 [email protected] Robotics Institute . University of Valencia. 2 [email protected] Rural Engineering Department. Polytechnic University of Valencia 3 PRIFEM-SERSIM, project supported by IMPIVA

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of all the installation and have an internal hydraulic modelation of the network that

allows to schedule all the irrigations in an optimal way in real time, so that all irrigation

demands can be carried out without pressure losses.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Le systéme d'automatisation développé essaie de résoudre les nécessités du

maniement, du contrôle, de l'opération, du compteur et de la facturation pour des

réseaux collectifs d'arrossage par pression, en s'adaptant, en particulier, à des situations

oú les propriétés sont petites (les dimensions de I'exploitation étant de 0,5 á 1 hectare).

Les objectifs principaux de cette communication, (résultat d'un processus de recherche,

de développement et d'expérimentation sur le champ), sont, d'une part, l'analyse de

l'architecture du système qui doit commander les mécanismes du contrôle et de

l'automatisation, et d'autre part, l'expérience obtenue de l'applícation sur une situation

réelle du systéme en ce qui concerne le fonctionnement, le niveau du contrôle et

l'adaptation aux conditions du milieu.

Dans la communication, il a été exposée l'applicatíon d'un système

d'automatisation pour des installations agraires ayant une structure d'architecture

hiérarchisée, dans laquelle l’unité centrale du processus peut contrôler le

fonctionnement et l'opération sur des parcelles arrosées localisées à grandes distances de

la source d'alimentation (Station de pompage, poupée,... ). Le système comprend une

unité centrale de traitement et une série d'unités éloignées qui ont besoin d'un software

spécifique pour garantír le contrôle de tous les éléments du système. Le contrôle

centralisé permet aussi de s'occuper du monitorage, en temps réel, du système global de

l'arrossage, en indiquant la moindre anomalie ou incidence du système.

Le système a été introduit au sein de la Comunidad General de Regantes sur le

territoire municipal de Sagunto (Valencia). Cette communauté comprend l'arrossage

d'une superficie totale de 3.244,7 hectares de culture d'agrumes, hectares divisées en 18

secteurs avec un fonctionnement autonome. La nécessité de moderniser les terres

4 SIDCEP, project supported by Generalitat Valenciana

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irrigables, pour rationaliser les faibles ressources hydriques, a produit la réalisation des

travaux nécessaires d'infrastructure pour distribuer l'eau à pression de la source

d'approvisionnement en eau jusqu’ à chacune des parcelles, en prévoyant l'installation

de, l'arrossage localisé à pression sur chaque parcelle. La nécessité de contrôler l'eau et

les engrais fournis par le réseau a fait nécessaire la prévision d'un système

d'automatisation, en acceptant I'installation du système ici exposé. En partículier, il a été

réalisée l'automatisation du secteur XIV sur une superficie totale de 180 hectares, en

satisfaisant les demandes hydriques de plus de 300 parcelles (des vergers). Dans ce

secteur, il a été installé 59 unités éloignées d'activation (URA), qui correspondent aux

59 multi-usagers envisagés (chacun d'eux satisfait l'arrossage de 3 à 8 parcelles), en

réalisant les manoeuvres d'ovverture et de fermeture des soupapes hydrauliques, ainsi

comme envoyant des signaux à l'unité centrale des volumes consommés, de la pression,

de la conductivité, ou du pH. Ces unités éloignées présentent la particularité d'être

capables d'activer jusqu’á 8 soupapes ou entrées de signal de compteur, de capteurs de

pression, de pH et de conductivité. En même temps, le systéme contrôle le

fonctionnement des groupes d'élévation nécessaires et les injecteurs d'engrais et de

produits chimiques.

Le software de contrôle développé permet le contrôle et le maniement d'un réseau

collectif d'arrossage à pression, Une des caractéristiques les plus remarquables est que le

software réalise une analyse hydraulique, en ternps réel, du réseau. En utilisant le

modèle hydraulique du réseau, l'état du fonctionnement du réseau peut être connu à

n’importe quel moment, en permettant la réalisation d'une programmation de l'arrossage

et en garantissant le fait que le réseau est capable de satisfaire les différentes demandes

du réseau.

L'application peut réaliser une programmation automatique en décidant quand et

comment doit s'arroser chaque parcelle. Cela permet d'optimaliser l'arrossage de telle

sorte que les paramètres énergétiques et agronomiques soient les plus adéquats et

économiques. Cette application s'adapte parfaitement á n'ímporte quel type

d'organisation, soit à la demande, soit à tour de rôle, soit mixte.

I1 est nécessaire de remarquer un autre élément, c’est l'utilisation du système de

communication sur une ligne d'alimentation qui utilise une modulation FSK, ce qui

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permet d’activer à partir d'une unité éloignée (URA) un nombre discret de soupapes. Ce

système atteint sa véritable dimension avec des systèmes sur des parcelles de petite

étendue, en réduisant signíficativement les prix, face aux systèmes déjà existants.

L'expérience obtenue au sein de la Comunidad de Regantes à Sagunto est

positive. Jusqu’à présent, le système permet de contrôer les souspapes électriques, les

capteurs de pression, le pH, la conductivité, ainsi comme les groupes d'élévation

l'injection d'engrais et le nettoyage automatiques des filtres. L'obtention des registres

du débit, de la pression, du pH de manière continue permet d’introduire des

corrections, des modifications el des améliorations rapidement. Le système développé

de communication et d'alímentation est en train de résulter très fiable sous n'importe

quelle condition climatique ou fonctionnelle. Le modèle hydraulique permet de

contrôler, le fonctionnement du réseau à chaque instant, et avec les registres de

pression et de débit, le réseau peut être régler, et il permet d'étudier, de façon

substantielle la réponse du réseau face à des situations différentes de consommation et

à des modifications ou agrandissements éventuels à lintérieur du réseau. Cette

cractèristique fait que le sustème présenté soit différent el unique par rapport à dáutres

applications existantes.

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1. INTRODUCTION

PRIFEM system performs the control and monitorisation of a whole irrigation

installation. Irrigation installations have a quite number of different elements to control;

electrovalves to open or close, sensors to read, and all these elements are distributed in a

wide area. Yet we wish to perform a centralised control, so we need to have a

distributed control system. To achieve full control of the whole installation, PRIFEM

system is based on a distributed hierarchical computer architecture. It allows us to have

a virtual representation of the whole system in the central unit, and then the whole

system can be controlled and monitorised through the central unit.

Next figure shows a general schematic of an irrigation system using PRIFEM.

Figure 1. Example of irrigation installation using PRIFEM system. There is a central

unit and several distributed units. The communication is carried out by

modem, radio or power cable.

Exemple d’installation d’irrigation à pression en utilisant le système

PRIFREM. Il y a une unité central et d’autres unités distribuées. La

communication se fait par modem, radio ou cable d’alimentation.

UDA

UDA

UDA

UDA

UDA

UC

UDA

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2. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

It has been developed a communication protocol by power lines for a control

system in agrarian installations. These systems have two main features: large distances

among their different elements (central unit, distributed units…) and the need to

establish communication among them. In order to give a low cost solution to these

problems, the system uses the power lines as the communication media among all

elements. The system also need a high reliability and a response time not too critic. To

achieve all these objectives, it has been implemented a new medium access protocol.

Their basic qualities are: master-slave system, low transmission rate and fault tolerance;

error detection during communication using Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC). The

physical layer uses FSK modulation and Manchester code.

Figure 2. Scheme of communication between a master and an slave unit.

Schème de communication entre unité “maître” et une autre “serf”.

In the last years, a great demand for technology has arises in the rural

environment due to the necessary modernisation of the agrarian control systems. It is

necessary a power wire laying to carry out activation of the remote elements, so the

simplest and cheapest way to perform the communication is to make use of this power

wire.

The physical medium to carry out the communication between the central unit

(master) and the remote units (slaves) is a two line wire, with a 1.5 mm section and the

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minimum basic protection. It has been tried to be the most economical physical medium

for communication of all available in the market nowadays.

It has been chosen FSK modulation because it assures noise immunity. This is

because it is a digital modulation, and it is modulated with two different frequencies. It

is also modulated over the 50 Hz carrier, so its attenuation in medium distances is

minimum. Manchester code is also used to avoid synchronisation problems in the

receptors.

Maximum distances for the exploitation are about 5 Km, but the system is

prepared for distances up to 10 Km.

The installation in Sagunto irrigation community is made up by:

- A central unit; this is a PC that performs the centralised control and management of

all the agrarian exploitation.

- A master unit, this unit performs the communication with the remote elements by

the power wire. This unit communicates with the PC by the serial port with the

RS-485 protocol.

- Several remote (slaves) units, this units perform the activation of the electrovalves

and read analogue/digital sensors such as flow counters. They may be situated large

distances from the master unit, spread over the whole agrarian exploitation.

Electrovalve 1 Flow Counter 1

Remote Unit 1

Electrovalve 2 Flow Counter 2

Remote Unit 2

Electrovalve 3 Flow Counter 3

Remote Unit 3

Master Unit

Central Unit

Figure 3. General diagram for the installation in the Sagunto agrarian exploitation.

There is a central unit, a master unit and several remote units. Each remote

unit can control several electrovalvules and read several sensors (flow

counters).

Diagrame général pour l’installation dans la Communauté d’Irrigants de

Sagunt. Il y a une unité centrale, une unité “maître” et d’autres remotes.

Chaque unité remote peut controler beaucoup d’electrovalvules et lire

beaucoup de senseurs (Comptateurs volumetriques).

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3. SOFTWARE APPROACH

At the top level of the hierarchy of PRIFEM system, is running an application

which runs under MicroSoft Windows95. This application performs a centralised

control, as well as the irrigation scheduling of an agrarian exploitation.

PRIFEM application performs an hydraulic analysis of the water distribution

network, by calculating the water flow throw each line and the pressure in each node of

the network. The network is working properly if the pressure in every extreme node is

within a given boundary, in other case the network has not capability enough to attend

all the irrigation demands and it causes a pressure fall. The application prevents from

this situation by analysing the network in advance, so when irrigations are actually

carried out, it can be assured that the network will work in a proper way. In the next

picture we can see an example of irrigation network in the PRIFEM application:

Figure 4. Graphic representation of an irrigation network in PRIFEM application.

Nodes are represented by circles and Pipes are represented by lines.

Répresentation grafhique d’un resseau d’irrigation dan l’application

PRIFREM. Les noeuds se représentent par des rondes et les conductions par

des lignes.

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Irrigations are defined by users, who can either specify the initial time of the

irrigation or let the application choose it. In the latter case, if the application chooses the

initial time of the irrigation, it uses an scheduling algorithm that optimises the electrical

cost by scheduling irrigations in the night hours, when it is possible, to take advantage

of the low demand night time with cheaper cost in the electrical tariff. In any case,

whenever a new irrigation is defined, the application analyses the network to assure that

it is possible to carry out the new irrigation in that time. In figure 4, we can see an

example of irrigation scheduling made by PRIFEM application.

Figure 5. Diagram for scheduled irrigations. Irrigations are represented by

rectangles in each line, and each line is associated to a patch. Each irrigation has an

initial and ending time. The demanded water for each patch is represented by the width

of the rectangle and the duration by its length.

Diagrame de planification d’irrigations. Les irrigations se représentent

par des carrés en chaque ligne, Et l’eau demandée par le morceaux de terre se représente

par le gros du carré et la duration par sa longeur.

This system makes it possible to work with the environment and to simulate this

as a centralised system. The application schedules the irrigations analysing the

hydraulic network to check the proper functioning of an irrigation exploitation. The

modelling can be use to scope and design an irrigation network and to evaluate the

functioning of it.

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4. SAGUNTO EXPLOITATION

As a consequence of the necessity of rationalising water resources, the irrigation

community of Sagunto decided to carry out a progressive modernisation of the current

irrigation systems. This system were superficial methods that guaranteed the water

supply through a network irrigation channels and ditchs. In this system the control of

the distributed water was almost non-existence and the global water losses were quite

large. This community manages the irrigation of 3244,7 ha of citric trees (orange and

tangerine trees) in the most part of it. The property distribution is characterised by an

smallholder structure, where the medium size of the patches varies from 0,5 to 1 has.

The irrigations functioning is organised in 18 sectors with autonomous functioning.

In 1997, it was approached with general character and in a sequential way the

project for the modernisation of the irrigation system. It has been adopted as the most

suitable in patches the pressurised localised irrigation. This has compelled to make a

project for the pressurised irrigation network. The project and following installation was

carried out by a collaboration agreement between the Polytechnic University of

Valencia and the irrigation community. Due to the specific features of the irrigation

community and the high profitability of the crops, it was planned the installation of an

automation system developed by the Robotics Institute of the University of Valencia

and the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The features of the system were completely

suitable for the community requirements.

The basic premises demanded to the automation system were the following:

flexible system, modular, hierarchical structure, the possibility of completing the

parameters to control and automate, minimum requirements for the network installation,

reliablitiy and economical cost.

In order to achieve these goals, in the first stage, it was carried out the general

automation of the central control unit (CCU) with regard to starting, stopping and

regulation of the pumping group, automation of the process of cleaning the filtering

unit, the control of supplied volumes, fertilising injection to the network, automation

system for multiuser hydrants and sensors in the whole system to control pressured,

caudal, conductivity and pH. It has been installed 59 automation remote units (URAs).

There is an automation remote unit in each hydrant to control the irrigation and

fertilisation of 318 individual patches.

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The system is in operation since June of 1998 and though the functioning time up

to date is not too large, it has been obtained quite satisfactory results, experience ad hoc

over the system and perfect adaptability to the inclusion of new devices and elements.

The software developed to control the system includes an hydraulic model of the

water distribution network which allows to perform a real time analysis of the network

functioning and find out the optimal solution with regard to establishing irrigation turns,

grouping hydrants when fertilising and control of all events.

To this day, the functioning quality has been quite high. The system has been

proved under extreme conditions, giving a proper response in each case.

The user are so satisfied that it is planned to include individual caudal counters

and valves for each patch in the automation system. On the other hand, it is been studied

the project and installation for four more sectors, planning the installation of the

automation system previously described, but with a higher control level.

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Figure 6. Hydrants distribution for the agrarian exploitation of Sagunto.

Plan générale d’hidrantes et conductions de secteur XIV de la communauté d’Irrigants.

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Photograph 1.

Photograph 2.

Photograph 3.

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Photograph 4.

Photograph 5.

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REFERENCES

Felici, Santiago et al. 1998. Water Resources optimisation in agrarian exploitations

using distributed hierarchical computer architectures. Hydroinformatics 98.

Copenhagen, Denmark. pp 579-

Arviza, Jaime. 1997. Instalaciones comunitarias de riego localizado. II congres citrícola

de l’horta sud. Valencia, España. pp 101-

Arviza, Jaime et al. 1996. Redes colectivas con distribución a la demanda. Aplicación

de técnicas de análisis en el dimensionado y selección de grupos de impulsión. XIV

congreso nacional de riegos. Almería, España. pp 324-

Tarjuelo, Jose María. 1998. Criteria for the design of collective irrigation networks.

Revista Riegos y Drenajes. No 93. pp 22-

Arviza, Jaime. 1996. Riego localizado. S.P.U.P.V. ISBN 84-7721-362-3