making the diagnosis - ucsf cme...• making the diagnosis – what to look for in the study – who...
TRANSCRIPT
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Role of Echocardiography in Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular
Disease
Hythem Nawaytou MBBCH
Assistant Professor Pediatric Cardiology
UCSF ‐ Benioff Children’s Hospital
• No Disclosures
Aims
• Making the diagnosis
– What to look for in the study
– Who gets a screening echo
– How often to screen
• Helping in acute management decisions
• Predicting outcomes
• Future research directions
Making the diagnosis
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How to measure PA pressure by echo
• Quantitative:
– Systolic Pressure: TR jet peak velocity, VSD or PDA peak systolic velocity
– Mean Pressure: Early diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity
– End‐Diastolic Pressure: End diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity or PDA diastolic velocity
– Pulmonary artery acceleration time
• Qualitative:
– Septal position and motion
TR Jet, VSD, PDA peak systolic velocities
PI early or late velocities
4X(VELOCITY)2
(+Right Atrial Pressure)
=Pulmonary artery systolic/mean/end diastolic
PRESSURE
Early Late
Pulmonary artery acceleration time
PAAT: <90msec or PAAT/RVET <0.31 predicts mPAP>25mmHg and PVRi>3WU
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016 November ; 29(11): 1056–1065
Septal position and motion
Circulation 68, No. 1, 68‐75, 1983
Progressive septal flattening
FLAT
PERFECT CIRCLE
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J Am Soc Echocardiogr (2014) 27(2) 163–71
• 80 children• 0‐17 years (median 5.5yrs)• Two ventricle physiology• Wide range of RV pressure• Simultaneous RHC‐Echo
RVSP < 2/3 SBPRVSP >2/3 SBP
TR JET Velocity
Group Bias LOA
RVSP <2/3 SBP 2.5 10 to ‐4.5
RVSP >2/3 SBP 1 26 to ‐24
Accurate not PreciseEspecially at higher pressure
Estimation of PA pressure
• VSD peak velocity (SPAP r = 0.98, SEE= 6.3 mm Hg)
• PDA peak velocity (SPAP r = 0.972, SEE = 6.8 mmHg) (DPAP r = 0.939, SEE = 6.2 mmHg)
• Peak PI velocity + RAP (MPAP r = 0.79, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.90) to (r = 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.97) Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1373–1376
Am Heart J (1992) 124(1):176–82
Int J Cardiol (1993) 40(1):35–43
Pediatrics . 2008 February ; 121(2): 317–325
• 25 Infants <2 years• CLD, CDH, lung hypoplasia• TR jet & qualitative measures
(RA enlargement, RVH, RVdilation, PA dilation, septal flattening)
• Feasibility of obtaining TR jet 61%• Septal flattening present in 84%
• Good positive, bad negative• Having elevated PAP by
TR jet and septal flatteningincreases the negative predictive value
• Adding more qualitative parameters didn’t help
2015 ESC/ERS GuidelinesEuro Heart J (2016) 37, 67–119
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Discussion Point
• Should a similar risk assessment based system for pediatric PH be available?
• What would be included as supportive evidence of PH?age appropriate cutoffs for the different parameters?
Who & how often dowe screen?
J Peds.2016.10.082
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia collaborative group recommendations PPHNet Recommendations for echocardiography in BPD
J Peds.2017.05.029
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Screening for pulmonary hypertension in premie <1000gm
Neonatology 2018;113:81–88
• One time in‐patient echocardiogram failed to detect PH in 41% of the cohort
• 50% of those diagnosed afterdischarge presented with hypoxic episodes
• Patients treated with sildenafil prior to dischargehad less rehospitalization with viral infections thanthose treated after discharge despite having more severe BPD
• Most patients were diagnosed before 60 weeks PMA
Should screening for PH in infants <1000gm be universal?Should we use a risk factor approach? (IUGR/PROM/PDA)When to screen? (36wks, every 3 months for 1 year)
Protocol: 36 wk PMA for BPD, at discharge for no BPD then one time 3‐6 months
Screening in lung disease
• 30 children & 25 adults
• 5‐18year old
• PAP elevated in Children CF
• TAPSE and LV EF normal
• PAP increase and TAPSE decrease in adults with CF correlating with FEV& markers of inflammation
Heart Lung Circ. 2015 Oct;24(10):1002‐10
Discussion Points
• When to screen other populations at risk?
Help acute management
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• Rule out congenital heart disease
• Estimate PAP pressure
• RV & LV function
• Assess shunts and their direction
• Assess for pulmonary vein stenosis
Pre to Post ductal split in O2 saturation as a measure of severity of pulmonary vascular disease
PDA SHUNT ONLY PDA & PFO SHUNTPDA & RETROGRADE AORTIC ARCH FLOW
PRE PRE
POST POST
PRE
POST
Degree of split in O2 saturation is not only affected by PVRAbsence of a split does not indicate low PVR in the presence of a PDA
PRE
POST
PRE
POST
O2 saturation split improves but lower blood pressure.Good or Bad?
PRE
POST
PRE
POST
PRE
POST
O2 saturation split improves and higher blood pressure.Good or Bad?
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Predicting outcome
Circulation. 2015;132:2037‐2099 Srinivasan et al, J Ultrasound Med 2011; 30:487–493
No Mild Mod Sev
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RV Systolic Function
• Global– Geometric:
• RV Fractional Area Change• 3D EF
– Time interval dependent:• Myocardial Performance Index (S+D)• Systolic : Diastolic Time Ratio (S+D)
– RV Deformation Assessment (Strain) (S+D)
• Regional:– Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE)– Tissue Doppler Imaging (S+D)– RV Deformation Assessment (Strain) (S+D)
Characteristics of a good follow up parameter
• Strong correlation with survival (preferably functional status)
• Responsive to treatment
• Treatment induced changes reflect changes in survival (functional state)
• High reproducibility and feasibility
• Possibly a direct measurement not a surrogate
RV FAC
(RV Area end diastole ‐ RV Area end systole )/RV Area end diastole
Normal 35%
Jain et al, J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1293‐304.
Pro:• High feasibility• Not heart rate dependent• Z scores are available
Cons:• High inter‐observer variability• Not correlate well with MRI‐RVEF in children
3D RVEF
Khoo N et al, J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:1279‐88
Pro:• Inter‐observer variability 2‐4%• Good correlation with MRI‐RVEF (r=0.8)
Cons:• Special software• Learning curve• Postprocessing time• Under‐estimates volumes 10‐20%• Feasibility decreases with dilated ventricle (50%)
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Systolic: Diastolic Time Ratio
Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability• Z scores are available
Cons:• Heart rate dependent• Preload dependent
Sarnari et al, J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:928‐32
TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability: 3.5±1.9%• Not heart rate dependent• Z scores are available• Correlates with MRI RVEFCons:• Affected by translation• Affected by LV function• Measure of Fxn in one region and one plane
Giusca S.et al, Heart 2010;96:281‐288
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:715‐719
(r = 0.81; P < 0.001)
Congenit Heart Dis. 2012;7:250–258
TDI: Tissue Doppler Imaging
Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability: 3±2%
Cons:• Heart rate dependent• Affected by translation• Angle dependent
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:1276‐1284
s’e’a’
Deformation Analysis (Strain)
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:549‐60 J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:1201-13
Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability• Not heart rate dependent?• Z scores are available• Global and regional Fxn• Systolic & Diastolic
Cons:• Special Software• Learning curve• Vendor specific values• Frame rate dependent• 2D image quality
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Measurements assessing regional function
TAPSE PW TDI STE Strain
Measurement Distance Velocity Deformation
Angle Dependent + + ‐
2D image quality ‐ ‐ +
Frame rate ‐ ‐ +
Load dependent + + +
Global / Regional R R R & G
Vendor specific ‐ ‐ +
Translational motion/Tethering
+ + ‐
Outcome
RV:LV ratio
• 84 PH subjects / 80 controls
• 40% IPAH, 35% PAH‐CHD (repaired), 25% other
• 22/84 had adverse events: IV prostacyclin, atrial septostomy, lung transplant, death (median F/up 1.1 years)
• RV/LV ratio correlated with invasive measurements of PAP & PVR (r=0.6‐0.8)
• RV‐LV diameter ratio > 1 was associated with adverse events
• Septal shift is not only affected by PA pressure, but also RV Fxn / dilation / interventricular interactions
• Highly feasible (99%)• Low inter‐observer variability (5%)
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:172‐8
Simultaneous echo / cathEcho within 48 hrs of cath
S:D Ratio
Alkon et al, Am J Cardiol 2010;106:430–436
• 47 patients• 5.5 yrs (0‐19yrs)• IPAH, PAH‐CHD (repaired &
unrepaired)• Outcome: Hospitalization, lung TX
death
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TAPSE
• TAPSE correlates with survival• TAPSE improves with treatment• Change in TAPSE correlates with survival
Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1616–1626
• 66 children (2.9‐13.7yrs)• Before initiation & ≥2months Fup• IPAH/HPAH(51%), CHD (36%)
Before ttt After ttt Change in TAPSE
TAPSE <12mm
In IPAH, Baseline RV dimensions, TAPSE, RV FAC, RA volumeare not associated with lung transplantation or death over median F/up of 1.3 years (0.7‐5.4 yrs)
In IPAH, F/up RV dimensions, TAPSE, RV FAC, RA volumeare associatedwith lung transplantation or death over median F/up of 1.3 years (0.7‐5.4 yrs)
Am Heart J 2013;165:1024‐31
• 36 PAH‐CHD, 7.5 ± 5.9 years• 18 IPAH, 8.9 ± 5.7 years• IPAH 12 survivors, 6 lung Tx, death• Baseline echo, last F/up echo
RV dimensions, TAPSE, RV FAC, RA volume
RV Strain
• Baseline RV GLS was associated with lung transplant and mortality over median F/up 2.5 yrs (no event gp) and 1.3 yrs (event gp)
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1344‐51
PoorGood
Cut off RV GLS < ‐14%
Regional Strain
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1344‐51.Cardiovascular Ultrasound (2016) 14:27
Baseline regional mid‐FW, mid‐septal and apical strainassociated with worsening WHO‐FC in one year and lung transplantation mortality over median 1.3 years.
IPAHIPAH & PAH‐CHD unrepaired
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Regional Strain
• Worsening basal and apical RV free wall strain + septal strain are associated with lung transplantation and mortality
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1344‐51.
Functional class6MWT, BNP
• 49 patients, 0‐29 years• IPAH/HPAH 37%, PAH‐CHD 18%, PAH‐lung disease 43%• Retrospective analysis• Baseline, 1‐3 months, 3‐6 months after initiation of prostanoids• RV GLS, TAPSE follow changes in BNP, 6MWT, FC
Pulmonary Circulation 2018; 8(2) 1–8
Single beat 3D RV predicts PH outcomes
• 96 patients, Age 8.1±5.2years• IPAH 35%, PAH‐CHD (repaired) 65%• Composite outcome:
• IV prostacyclin• Hospitalization (RV Fail, hemoptysis)• Atrial septostomy• Potts shunt• Lung transplantation• Death
• 3D RV volume, 3D RVEF, 2D RV FWLS, 2DRV FACwere predictors of outcomes.
Euro Heart J ‐ Cardiovasc Imaging (2017) 0, 1–8
IPAH Vs PAH‐CHD
In almost all parameters of RV dimensions and function, IPAH were worse than PAH‐CHD (repaired &unrepaired) bothat diagnosis and F/up
Am Heart J 2013;165:1024‐31
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Discussion Point
• Which parameters do we use?
• What is the added value of echo to WHO‐FC, BNP?
• Can echo be a treatment target?
Real life situation of echo
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
TAPSE 2D
TAPSE 2D 01 TAPSE 2D 02 TAPSE 2D 04 TAPSE 2D 05 TAPSE 2D 06 TAPSE 2D 07
TAPSE 2D 08 TAPSE 2D 09 TAPSE 2D 10 TAPSE 2D 11 TAPSE 2D 13 TAPSE 2D 14
TAPSE 2D 15 TAPSE 2D 16 TAPSE 2D 17 TAPSE 2D 18
‐35
‐30
‐25
‐20
‐15
‐10
‐5
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
RV GLS
RV GLS 01 RV GLS 02 RV GLS 03 RV GLS 04 RV GLS 05 RV GLS 06 RV GLS 07 RV GLS 08 RV GLS 09
RV GLS 10 RV GLS 11 RV GLS 12 RV GLS 13 RV GLS 14 RV GLS 15 RV GLS 16 RV GLS 17 RV GLS 18
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
RV FAC
RV 0FAC 01 RV FAC 02 RV FAC 03 RV FAC 04 RV FAC 06 RV FAC 09
RV FAC FA RV FAC 13 RV FAC 15 RV FAC 16 RV FAC 17 RV FAC 18
CONCLUSION
• Echocardiography has a good positive predictive value as a screening tool for PH, however a negative echo does not rule out pulmonary vascular disease
• Data is lacking on frequency of screening in different patient populations
• Measurements of RV systolic and diastolic function are promising as follow up parameters and maybe as treatment goals in pediatric PH
• Population specific markers are needed. One size fits all will not work
• More work is needed to decrease the real life inter‐observer variability & interpretation of echocardiographic PH studies
PH Team UCSF
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Thank you
OUTCOMEIN PPHN‐Death
Lower LV output and stroke volume indexedand not LV FS are associated with
death in PPHN
Arch Dis Child 1996; 74: F26‐F32
Measures of PAP (TR jet or PAAT)are not associated with
death in PPHN
• 30 PPHN/51 controls• First 3 days• 18 survivors /10 deaths
OUTCOMEIN PPHN‐higher support
Lower LV output and not LV AC or RV FACassociated with use of higher support
in PPHN
Pediatr Cardiol (2009) 30:160–165
• 63 term infants, Age 1 day• 14% ECMO• 52% HFV• 67% iNO• 35% MV >10days
Euro Heart J – Cardiovasc Imaging (2015) 16, 1224–1231
OUTCOMEIN PPHN‐ECMO
TAPSE, strain, LV qualitative function & PVR/SVR associated withECMO &/or death within 48hrs
PAP, RV FAC, S:D ratio & LV FSwere not associated withECMO &/or death within 48hrs
Sensitivity/SpecificityTAPSE <4mm: 56%/85%RV GLS >‐9%: 52%/77%
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Effect of milrinone in iNO resistant PPHN
Cardiology in the Young (2016), 26, 90–99
TD derived strain & FAC and not TAPSE or TDI velocities change with milrinoneEcho changes associated with hemodynamic improvement
• 17 infants, >34wks GA• Baseline echo median 15 hours, F/up median 37hrs
CDH
• 44 neonates with CDH• Retrospective analysis• Measures of RV & LV systolic function
(EF, TAPSE, FAC, strain), LV and RV output, PAATand RV diastolic function (EDSR) associatedwith need for ECMO.
• PAP estimation and RV dimensionswere not associated with use of ECMO
J Pediatr. 2017 Dec;191:28‐34.