making the diagnosis - ucsf cme...• making the diagnosis – what to look for in the study – who...

15
4/21/2018 1 Role of Echocardiography in Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Hythem Nawaytou MBBCH Assistant Professor Pediatric Cardiology UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital No Disclosures Aims Making the diagnosis What to look for in the study Who gets a screening echo How often to screen Helping in acute management decisions Predicting outcomes Future research directions Making the diagnosis

Upload: others

Post on 20-Jan-2021

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

1

Role of Echocardiography in Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular 

Disease

Hythem Nawaytou MBBCH

Assistant Professor Pediatric Cardiology

UCSF ‐ Benioff Children’s Hospital

• No Disclosures

Aims

• Making the diagnosis

– What to look for in the study

– Who gets a screening echo

– How often to screen

• Helping in acute management decisions

• Predicting outcomes

• Future research directions

Making the diagnosis

Page 2: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

2

How to measure PA pressure by echo

• Quantitative:

– Systolic Pressure: TR jet peak velocity, VSD or PDA peak systolic velocity

– Mean Pressure: Early diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity

– End‐Diastolic Pressure: End diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity or PDA diastolic velocity

– Pulmonary artery acceleration time

• Qualitative:

– Septal position and motion

TR Jet, VSD, PDA peak systolic velocities

PI early or late velocities

4X(VELOCITY)2 

(+Right Atrial Pressure)

=Pulmonary artery systolic/mean/end diastolic 

PRESSURE

Early Late

Pulmonary artery acceleration time

PAAT:  <90msec or PAAT/RVET <0.31 predicts mPAP>25mmHg and PVRi>3WU

J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016 November ; 29(11): 1056–1065

Septal position and motion

Circulation 68, No. 1, 68‐75, 1983

Progressive septal flattening

FLAT

PERFECT CIRCLE

Page 3: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

3

J Am Soc Echocardiogr (2014)  27(2) 163–71

• 80 children• 0‐17 years (median 5.5yrs)• Two ventricle physiology• Wide range of RV pressure• Simultaneous RHC‐Echo

RVSP < 2/3 SBPRVSP >2/3  SBP

TR JET Velocity

Group Bias LOA

RVSP <2/3 SBP 2.5 10 to ‐4.5

RVSP >2/3 SBP 1 26 to ‐24

Accurate not PreciseEspecially at higher pressure

Estimation of PA pressure

• VSD peak velocity   (SPAP r = 0.98, SEE= 6.3 mm Hg)

• PDA peak velocity   (SPAP r = 0.972, SEE = 6.8 mmHg)  (DPAP r = 0.939, SEE = 6.2 mmHg)

• Peak PI velocity + RAP (MPAP r = 0.79, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.90) to (r = 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.97) Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1373–1376

Am Heart J (1992) 124(1):176–82

Int J Cardiol (1993) 40(1):35–43

Pediatrics . 2008 February ; 121(2): 317–325

• 25 Infants <2 years• CLD, CDH, lung hypoplasia• TR jet & qualitative measures

(RA enlargement, RVH, RVdilation, PA dilation, septal flattening)

• Feasibility of obtaining TR jet 61%• Septal flattening present in 84%

• Good positive, bad negative• Having elevated PAP by 

TR jet and septal flatteningincreases the negative predictive value

• Adding more qualitative parameters didn’t help

2015 ESC/ERS GuidelinesEuro Heart J (2016) 37, 67–119

Page 4: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

4

Discussion Point

• Should a similar risk assessment based system for pediatric PH  be available?

• What would be included as supportive evidence of PH?age appropriate cutoffs for the different parameters?

Who & how often dowe screen?

J Peds.2016.10.082

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia collaborative group recommendations PPHNet Recommendations for echocardiography in BPD

J Peds.2017.05.029

Page 5: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

5

Screening for pulmonary hypertension in premie <1000gm

Neonatology 2018;113:81–88

• One time in‐patient echocardiogram failed to detect PH in 41% of the cohort

• 50%  of those diagnosed afterdischarge presented with hypoxic episodes

• Patients treated with sildenafil prior to dischargehad less rehospitalization with viral infections thanthose treated after discharge despite having more severe BPD

• Most patients were diagnosed before 60 weeks PMA

Should screening for PH in infants <1000gm be universal?Should we use a risk factor approach? (IUGR/PROM/PDA)When to screen? (36wks, every 3 months for 1 year)

Protocol: 36 wk PMA for BPD, at discharge for no BPD then one time 3‐6 months

Screening in lung disease

• 30 children & 25 adults

• 5‐18year old

• PAP elevated in Children CF

• TAPSE and LV EF normal

• PAP increase and TAPSE decrease in adults with CF correlating with FEV& markers of inflammation

Heart Lung Circ. 2015 Oct;24(10):1002‐10

Discussion Points

• When to screen other populations at risk?

Help acute management

Page 6: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

6

• Rule out congenital heart disease

• Estimate PAP pressure

• RV & LV function

• Assess shunts and their direction

• Assess for pulmonary vein stenosis

Pre to Post ductal split in O2 saturation as a measure of severity of pulmonary vascular disease

PDA SHUNT ONLY PDA & PFO SHUNTPDA & RETROGRADE AORTIC  ARCH FLOW

PRE PRE

POST POST

PRE

POST

Degree of split in O2 saturation is not only affected by PVRAbsence of a split does not indicate low PVR in the presence of a PDA

PRE

POST

PRE

POST

O2 saturation split improves but lower blood pressure.Good or Bad?

PRE

POST

PRE

POST

PRE

POST

O2 saturation split improves and higher blood pressure.Good or Bad?

Page 7: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

7

Predicting outcome

Circulation. 2015;132:2037‐2099 Srinivasan et al, J Ultrasound Med 2011; 30:487–493

No Mild Mod Sev

Page 8: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

8

RV Systolic Function

• Global– Geometric: 

• RV Fractional Area Change• 3D EF

– Time interval dependent:• Myocardial Performance Index (S+D)• Systolic : Diastolic Time Ratio (S+D)

– RV Deformation Assessment (Strain) (S+D)

• Regional:– Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE)– Tissue Doppler Imaging (S+D)– RV Deformation Assessment (Strain) (S+D)

Characteristics of a good follow up parameter

• Strong correlation with survival (preferably functional status)

• Responsive to treatment

• Treatment induced changes reflect changes in survival (functional state)

• High reproducibility and feasibility

• Possibly a direct measurement not a surrogate

RV FAC 

(RV Area end diastole ‐ RV Area end systole )/RV Area end diastole

Normal 35%

Jain et al, J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1293‐304. 

Pro:• High feasibility• Not heart rate dependent• Z scores are available

Cons:• High inter‐observer variability• Not correlate well with MRI‐RVEF in children

3D RVEF

Khoo N et al, J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:1279‐88 

Pro:• Inter‐observer variability 2‐4%• Good correlation with MRI‐RVEF (r=0.8)

Cons:• Special software• Learning curve• Postprocessing time• Under‐estimates volumes 10‐20%• Feasibility decreases with dilated ventricle (50%)

Page 9: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

9

Systolic: Diastolic Time Ratio

Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability• Z scores are available

Cons:• Heart rate dependent• Preload dependent

Sarnari et al, J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:928‐32

TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability: 3.5±1.9%• Not heart rate dependent• Z scores are available• Correlates with MRI RVEFCons:• Affected by translation• Affected by LV function• Measure of Fxn in one region and one plane

Giusca S.et al, Heart 2010;96:281‐288 

J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:715‐719

(r = 0.81; P < 0.001)

Congenit Heart Dis. 2012;7:250–258

TDI: Tissue Doppler Imaging

Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability: 3±2%

Cons:• Heart rate dependent• Affected by translation• Angle dependent

J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:1276‐1284

s’e’a’

Deformation Analysis (Strain)

J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:549‐60 J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:1201-13

Pro:• High feasibility• Good inter‐observer variability• Not heart rate dependent?• Z scores are available• Global and regional Fxn• Systolic & Diastolic

Cons:• Special Software• Learning curve• Vendor specific values• Frame rate dependent• 2D image quality

Page 10: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

10

Measurements assessing regional function

TAPSE PW TDI STE Strain

Measurement Distance Velocity Deformation

Angle Dependent + + ‐

2D image quality ‐ ‐ +

Frame rate ‐ ‐ +

Load dependent + + +

Global / Regional R R R & G

Vendor specific ‐ ‐ +

Translational motion/Tethering

+ + ‐

Outcome

RV:LV ratio 

• 84 PH subjects / 80 controls

• 40% IPAH, 35% PAH‐CHD (repaired), 25% other 

• 22/84 had adverse events: IV prostacyclin, atrial septostomy, lung transplant, death (median F/up 1.1 years)

• RV/LV ratio correlated with invasive measurements of PAP & PVR (r=0.6‐0.8)

• RV‐LV diameter ratio > 1 was associated with adverse events

• Septal shift is not only affected by PA pressure, but also RV Fxn / dilation / interventricular  interactions

• Highly feasible (99%)• Low inter‐observer variability (5%)

J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:172‐8

Simultaneous echo / cathEcho within 48 hrs of cath

S:D Ratio

Alkon et al, Am J Cardiol 2010;106:430–436

• 47 patients• 5.5 yrs (0‐19yrs)• IPAH, PAH‐CHD (repaired & 

unrepaired)• Outcome: Hospitalization, lung TX

death

Page 11: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

11

TAPSE

• TAPSE correlates with survival• TAPSE improves with treatment• Change in TAPSE correlates with survival

Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1616–1626

• 66 children (2.9‐13.7yrs)• Before initiation & ≥2months Fup• IPAH/HPAH(51%), CHD (36%)

Before ttt After ttt Change in TAPSE

TAPSE <12mm

In IPAH, Baseline RV dimensions, TAPSE, RV FAC, RA volumeare not associated with lung transplantation or death over median F/up of 1.3 years (0.7‐5.4 yrs)

In IPAH, F/up RV dimensions, TAPSE, RV FAC, RA volumeare associatedwith lung transplantation or death over median F/up of 1.3 years (0.7‐5.4 yrs)

Am Heart J 2013;165:1024‐31

• 36 PAH‐CHD, 7.5 ± 5.9 years• 18 IPAH, 8.9 ± 5.7 years• IPAH 12 survivors, 6 lung Tx, death• Baseline echo, last F/up echo

RV dimensions, TAPSE, RV FAC, RA volume

RV Strain

• Baseline RV GLS was associated with lung transplant and mortality over median F/up 2.5 yrs (no event gp) and 1.3 yrs (event gp)

J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1344‐51

PoorGood

Cut off RV GLS < ‐14%

Regional Strain

J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1344‐51.Cardiovascular Ultrasound (2016) 14:27

Baseline regional mid‐FW, mid‐septal and apical strainassociated with worsening WHO‐FC in one year and lung transplantation mortality over median 1.3 years.

IPAHIPAH & PAH‐CHD unrepaired

Page 12: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

12

Regional Strain

• Worsening basal and apical RV free wall strain + septal strain are associated with lung transplantation and mortality

J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:1344‐51.

Functional class6MWT, BNP

• 49 patients, 0‐29 years• IPAH/HPAH 37%, PAH‐CHD 18%, PAH‐lung disease 43%• Retrospective analysis• Baseline, 1‐3 months, 3‐6 months after initiation of prostanoids• RV GLS, TAPSE follow changes in BNP, 6MWT, FC

Pulmonary Circulation 2018; 8(2) 1–8

Single beat 3D RV predicts PH outcomes

• 96 patients, Age 8.1±5.2years• IPAH 35%, PAH‐CHD (repaired) 65%• Composite outcome: 

• IV prostacyclin• Hospitalization (RV Fail, hemoptysis)• Atrial septostomy• Potts shunt• Lung transplantation• Death

• 3D RV volume, 3D RVEF, 2D RV FWLS, 2DRV FACwere predictors of outcomes.

Euro Heart J ‐ Cardiovasc Imaging (2017) 0, 1–8

IPAH Vs PAH‐CHD

In almost all parameters of RV dimensions and function, IPAH were worse than PAH‐CHD (repaired &unrepaired) bothat diagnosis and F/up

Am Heart J 2013;165:1024‐31

Page 13: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

13

Discussion Point

• Which parameters do we use?

• What is the added value of echo to WHO‐FC, BNP?

• Can echo be a treatment target?

Real life situation of echo

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

TAPSE 2D

TAPSE 2D 01 TAPSE 2D 02 TAPSE 2D 04 TAPSE 2D 05 TAPSE 2D 06 TAPSE 2D 07

TAPSE 2D 08 TAPSE 2D 09 TAPSE 2D 10 TAPSE 2D 11 TAPSE 2D 13 TAPSE 2D 14

TAPSE 2D 15 TAPSE 2D 16 TAPSE 2D 17 TAPSE 2D 18

‐35

‐30

‐25

‐20

‐15

‐10

‐5

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

RV GLS

RV GLS 01 RV GLS 02 RV GLS 03 RV GLS 04 RV GLS 05 RV GLS 06 RV GLS 07 RV GLS 08 RV GLS 09

RV GLS 10 RV GLS 11 RV GLS 12 RV GLS 13 RV GLS 14 RV GLS 15 RV GLS 16 RV GLS 17 RV GLS 18

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

RV FAC

RV 0FAC 01 RV FAC 02 RV FAC 03 RV FAC 04 RV FAC 06 RV FAC 09

RV FAC FA RV FAC 13 RV FAC 15 RV FAC 16 RV FAC 17 RV FAC 18

CONCLUSION

• Echocardiography has a good positive predictive value as a screening tool for PH, however a negative echo does not rule out pulmonary vascular disease

• Data is lacking on frequency of screening in different patient populations

• Measurements of RV systolic and diastolic function are promising as follow up parameters and maybe as treatment goals in pediatric PH

• Population specific markers are needed. One size fits all will not work

• More work is needed to decrease the real life inter‐observer variability & interpretation of echocardiographic PH studies

PH Team UCSF 

Page 14: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

14

Thank you

OUTCOMEIN PPHN‐Death

Lower LV output and stroke volume indexedand not LV FS  are associated with

death in PPHN

Arch Dis Child 1996; 74: F26‐F32

Measures of PAP (TR jet or PAAT)are not  associated with

death in PPHN

• 30 PPHN/51 controls• First 3 days• 18 survivors /10 deaths

OUTCOMEIN PPHN‐higher support

Lower LV output and not LV AC or RV FACassociated with use of higher support

in PPHN

Pediatr Cardiol (2009) 30:160–165 

• 63 term infants, Age 1 day• 14% ECMO• 52% HFV• 67% iNO• 35% MV >10days

Euro Heart J – Cardiovasc Imaging  (2015) 16, 1224–1231

OUTCOMEIN PPHN‐ECMO

TAPSE, strain, LV qualitative function & PVR/SVR associated withECMO &/or death within 48hrs 

PAP, RV FAC, S:D ratio & LV FSwere not associated withECMO &/or death within 48hrs 

Sensitivity/SpecificityTAPSE <4mm: 56%/85%RV GLS >‐9%: 52%/77%

Page 15: Making the diagnosis - UCSF CME...• Making the diagnosis – What to look for in the study – Who gets a screening echo – How often to screen • Helping in acute management decisions

4/21/2018

15

Effect of milrinone in iNO resistant PPHN

Cardiology in the Young (2016), 26, 90–99

TD derived strain & FAC and not TAPSE or TDI velocities change with milrinoneEcho changes associated with hemodynamic improvement  

• 17 infants, >34wks GA• Baseline echo median 15 hours, F/up median 37hrs

CDH

• 44 neonates with CDH• Retrospective analysis• Measures of RV & LV systolic function 

(EF, TAPSE, FAC, strain), LV and RV output, PAATand RV diastolic function (EDSR) associatedwith need for ECMO.

• PAP estimation and RV dimensionswere not associated with use of ECMO

J Pediatr. 2017 Dec;191:28‐34.