macroecology: large scale relationships essential questions: how are all relationships organized...
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MacroEcology: Large Scale
Relationships
Essential Questions:How are all relationships organized globally?
What are the limiting factors of ecology?How does the environment change over time?
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The Big Idea…•On your notes, inquire to why we have different climates in various spots in the world. • Also, are there places that don’t have variation in climate? Why or why not? • What kinds of abiotic effects have an impact on organisms (plants and animals) that live there?
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What is Ecology?• The scientific study among
organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings.
• There are 3 basic approaches to conducting ecological research:
1.Observing2.Experimenting3.Modeling
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The 6 Levels of EcologyThe biosphere is the zone of life on Earth.
The 6 Levels of Ecology are organized into smaller subunits down to an individual organism.
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Biomes - Overview• Ecosystems that have similar kinds of
climax communities are called Biomes.
• Biomes are limited by temperature and precipitation due to climatic differences based on Latitude and/or Altitude.
• There are two major types of biomes: – Aquatic (sea, water)– Terrestrial (those on land)
New Way to map Biomes: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTUOHMkGa0Q
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Marine Biomes - Saltwater• Largest Biome that covers 71% of the
Earth.• Scientists separate marine (saltwater)
biomes into two parts:– Photic Zone : portion of the biome
shallow enough to allow light through• Intertidal, Coral Reef, Estuary.• Plankton, juvenile marine
organisms– Aphotic zone : deeper water where
light cannot penetrate• Benthic, Abyssal• Angler fish, Thermal vents• Adapted to life in the dark.
Weird Fish Eye Adaptation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zoygy-8PTtU
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Marine Biomes - Freshwater
Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration — usually less than 1%.
Types of Freshwater Marine Biomes:• Ponds and Lakes• Rivers and Streams• Wetlands
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Biomes: Tundra • Geography – Circles the poles (90°N and
90°S), treeless with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight. – Alpine Tundra - Alpine tundra is located on
mountains throughout the world at high altitude where trees cannot grow.
– Unlike the arctic tundra, the soil in the alpine is well drained.
• Abiotic Limiting Factors– Temperature: -34°C in winter, 3-12°C in summer– Precipitation: 15 to 25 cm
• Soils are nutrient poor and cannot hold larger plants & trees.– Under the topsoil is a permanently frozen part
called permafrost. – Plant root systems very short.
• Species: Small mammals live there like owls and lemmings. Animals with adaptations to resist the cold climate.
Arctic Tundra
Alpine Tundra
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Biomes: Taiga / Boreal Forest• Geography – just south of the
tundra, between 50°- 60° N, broad belt of Eurasia & North America.
• Abiotic Limiting Factors– Temperature: -54°C to 21° C– Precipitation: 30 to 84 cm
• Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters.
• Species: Contains larger animals like Caribou, snowshoe hare, land of fir & spruce trees.
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Biomes: Temperate Forest
• Geography: above and below the equator. Eastern North America, northeastern Asia, and western and central Europe– Further subdivided based upon
seasonal distribution of rainfall.
• Abiotic Limiting Factors– Temperature: 4 to 6 months frost free– Precipitation: 70 to 150 cm
• Nutrient rich soil with Hardwood trees.
• Species: Home to many forest animals (bears, squirrels, salamanders)
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Biomes: Tropical Savanna (Grassland)
• Geography – grassland with scattered individual trees. – Savannas of one sort or another cover almost half the
surface of Africa (about five million square miles, generally central Africa) and large areas of Australia, South America, and India.
– Savanna has both a dry and a rainy season.– Seasonal fires play a vital role in the savanna's
biodiversity.
• Abiotic Limiting Factors– Temperature: 20°C to 30°C– Precipitation: 51 to 127 cm
• Species:– Dominated by grazing animals (elephants,
zebra, lions)
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Biomes: Prairie and Steppe (Temperate Grasslands)
• Geography – covered by grasses and similarly small plants. Prevalent in US and Central Asia.
• Abiotic Limiting Factors– Temperature: 38°C to -40°C– Precipitation: 51 to 89 cm
• Divided by height of grasses (prairie – tall; steppe – short)
• Species:– Dominated by grazing animals
(bison) – Good for growing crops– Dependent on Fire for growth
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Biomes: Desert• Geography – driest biome with sparse
plant life and extreme temperature ranges. – Around 30° Latitude. – Cover 1/5 of the Earth’s Surface.
• Four Main Types:– Hot & Dry, Semi-Arid, Coastal and Cold.
• Abiotic Limiting Factors– Temperature: 21° C to 49° C– Precipitation: Less than 50 cm per year
• Species: Organisms have adapted to conserve water (mice, scorpions, snakes, owls, etc)
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Biomes: Tropical Rain Forest• Geography – located at the equator,
between 23.5°N and 23.5°S. • Warm and wet with lush plant
growth• Abiotic Limiting Factors
– Temperature: Average 25° C– Precipitation: 200-600 cm
• Species: – Home to the most amount of species
(biodiversity) on the planet– Has many niches due to the layers of
the rainforest (forest floor, trees, canopy, etc)
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