LLRRFFDD BBrriiddggee DDeessiiggnn MMaannuuaall B R I D G E O F F I C EMI NNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATI ON Bridge Office LRFD Bridge Design Manual MANUAL 5-392 M n D O T B R I D GEO F F I CE LRFD Bridge Design Manual Minnesot a Depart mentof Transport at ion 3485 Hadley Avenue Nort h Mail St op 610 Oakdale, MN55128- 3307 Phone: 651/ 366- 4500 Fax: 651/ 366- 4497 JULY 2003 OCTOBER 2003 JANUARY 2004 APRI L 2004 OCTOBER 2004 DECEMBER 2004 FEBRUARY 2005 MARCH 2005 NOVEMBER 2005 MARCH 2006 APRI L 2006 MAY 2006 AUGUST 2006 OCTOBER 2006 FEBRUARY 2007 JUNE 2007 JULY 2007 OCTOBER 2007 APRI L 2008 MAY 2008 JUNE 2008 AUGUST 2008 SEPTEMBER 2008 OCTOBER 2008APRI L 2009 MAY 2009OCTOBER 2009MARCH 2010 JUNE 2010 DECEMBER 2010 JUNE 2011 SEPTEMBER 2011 OCTOBER 2011 DECEMBER 2011 APRI L 2012 DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. I NTRODUCTI ON..................................................................................... 1- 1 1. 1Overview Of Manual 5- 392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 1 1. 1. 1Mat erial Cont ained in Manual 5- 392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 1 1. 1. 2Updat es t o Manual 5- 392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 2 1. 1. 3Formatof Manual References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 2 1. 2General Bridge I nformat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 2 1. 2. 1Bridge Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 3 1. 2. 2Highway Syst ems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 9 1. 2. 3Bridge Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 9 1. 2. 4LimitSt at es t o Consider in Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 12 1. 3Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 12 1. 3. 1Checking of Mn/ DOT Prepared Bridge Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 12 1. 3. 2Checking of Consult antPrepared Bridge Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 13 1. 3. 3Peer Review for Maj or or Specialt y Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 17 1. 3. 4Schedule for Processing Const ruct ion Let t ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 20 1. 3. 5Bridge Proj ectTracking Syst em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 22 1. 3. 6Approval Process for St andards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1- 26 2. GENERAL DESI GN AND LOCATI ON FEATURES ........................................ 2- 1 2. 1Geomet rics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 1 2. 1. 1Bridge Geomet rics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 1 2. 1. 2Bridge Deck Requirement s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 2 2. 1. 3Bridge Undercrossing Geomet rics . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 7 2. 1. 4Geomet ric Det ails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 15 2. 1. 5Bridge Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 28 2. 2Bridge Aest het ics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 28 2. 3Preliminary Bridge Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 28 2. 3. 1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 28 2. 3. 2Bridge Type Select ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 38 SEPTEMBER 2011LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNii 2. 4Final Bridge Plans and Special Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 43 2. 4. 1Final Design I nst ruct ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 44 2. 4. 1. 1Superst ruct ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 45 2. 4. 1. 1. 1Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 45 2. 4. 1. 1. 2Concret e Wearing Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 46 2. 4. 1. 1. 3Diaphragms and Cross Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 46 2. 4. 1. 2Pedest rian Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 47 2. 4. 1. 3Temporary Bridges and Widenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 49 2. 4. 1. 4Bridge Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 50 2. 4. 1. 5Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 50 2. 4. 1. 6Ut ilit ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 50 2. 4. 1. 6. 1Suspended Ut ilit ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 50 2. 4. 1. 6. 2Buried Ut ilit ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 51. 1 2. 4. 1. 7Precedence of Const ruct ion Document s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 52 2. 4. 1. 8Design Calculat ion Requirement s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 52 2. 4. 2Final Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 52 2. 4. 2. 1Draft ing St andards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 53 2. 4. 2. 2Draft ing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 53 2. 4. 2. 3General Plan and Elevat ion . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 56 2. 4. 2. 4Bridge Layoutand St aking Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 61 2. 4. 2. 5St andard Abbreviat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 64 2. 4. 2. 6I nclusion of St andard Bridge Det ails in Plan Set s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 64 2. 4. 2. 7Use of Bridge St andard Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 64 2. 4. 2. 8St andard Plan Not es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 64 2. 4. 2. 9Quant it y Not es and Pay I t ems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 65 2. 4. 3Revised Sheet s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 66 2. 5Reconst ruct ion Guidelines and Det ails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 67 2. 5. 1Superst ruct ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 67 2. 5. 1. 1Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 67 2. 5. 1. 2Wearing Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 69 2. 5. 1. 3Expansion/ Fixed Joint s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 69 2. 5. 2Subst ruct ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 81 2. 5. 2. 1Abut ment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 81 SEPTEMBER 2011LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNiii 2. 5. 2. 2Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 81 2. 5. 3Pavement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 81 2. 6Const ruct ion Requirement s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 87 APPENDI X 2- A: BRI DGE TYPE NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 88 APPENDI X 2- B: SPECI AL PROVI SI ONS 2005 SPEC.BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 89 APPENDI X 2- C: STANDARD ABBREVI ATI ONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 92 APPENDI X 2- D: BRI DGE DETAI LS PART I( B- DETAI LS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 95 APPENDI X 2- E: BRI DGE DETAI LS PART I I( STANDARD FI GURES). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 97 APPENDI X 2- F: BRI DGE STANDARD PLANS:CULVERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 99 APPENDI X 2- G: MN/ DOT STANDARD PLANS:SPECI AL STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . .2- 100 APPENDI X 2- H: STANDARD PLAN NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 101 APPENDI X 2- I : STANDARD SUMMARY OF QUANTI TI ES NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 110 APPENDI X 2- J: BRI DGE PAY I TEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2- 112 APPENDI X 2- K: CONVERSI ON FROM I NCHES TO DECI MALS OF A FOOT . . . . . .2- 116 3. LOAD AND LOAD FACTORS .................................................................... 3- 1 3. 1Load Fact ors and Combinat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 1 3. 2Load Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 3 3. 3PermanentLoads ( Dead and Eart h). .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 4 3. 4Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 4 3. 4. 1HL- 93 Live Load,LL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 5 3. 4. 2Mult iple Presence Fact or,MPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 5 3. 4. 3Dynamic Load Allowance,I M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 5 3. 4. 4Pedest rian Live Load,PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 5 3. 4. 5Braking Force,BR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 5 3. 4. 6Cent rifugal Force,CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 6 3. 4. 7Live Load Applicat ion t o Buried St ruct ures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 6 3. 4. 8Live Load Surcharge,LS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 6 3. 5Wat er Loads,WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 6 3. 6Wind Loads,WS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 7 3. 7Wind on Live Load,WL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 7 3. 8Eart hquake Effect s,EQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 7 3. 9I ce Load,I C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 8 SEPTEMBER 2011LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNiv 3. 10Eart h Pressure,EV,EH,or ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 8 3. 11Temperat ure,Shrinkage,Creep,Set t lement ,TU,SH,CR,SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 8 3. 11. 1Temperat ure Effect s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 8 3. 11. 2Shrinkage Effect s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 11 3. 12Pile Downdrag,DD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 11 3. 13Frict ion Forces,FR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 11 3. 13. 1Sliding Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 11 3. 13. 2Soil/ Backwall I nt erface and Soil/ Foot ing I nt erface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 11 3. 14Ext reme Event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 12 3. 14. 1Vehicle Collision,CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 12 3. 14. 2Vessel Collision,CV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 12 3. 15Uplift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 12 3. 15. 1Deck Pours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 13 3. 16Const ruct ion Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 13 3. 17Deflect ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3- 13 4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSI S AND EVALUATI ON ........................................ 4- 1.1 4. 1Design QC/ QA Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 1. 1 4. 2Load Dist ribut ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 2 4. 2. 1Dead Load Dist ribut ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 2 4. 2. 2Live Load Dist ribut ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 2 4. 2. 2. 1St eel and Prest ressed Concret e Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 3 4. 2. 2. 2Slab Spans and Timber Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 3 4. 2. 3Sidewalk Pedest rian Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 3 4. 3Load Rat ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 4 4. 4Subst ruct ure Fixit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 5 4. 5St ruct ural Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 5 4. 6LRFD Except ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 5 4. 6. 1Pedest rian Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 6 4. 6. 2Rehabilit at ion Proj ect s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 6 4. 6. 3Railroad Bridges and Bridges or St ruct ures near Railroads . . . . . . . . . . .4- 6 5. CONCRETE STRUCTURES ....................................................................... 5- 1 SEPTEMBER 2011LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNv 5. 1Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 1 5. 1. 1Concret e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 1 5. 1. 2Reinforcing St eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 4 5. 1. 3ReinforcementBar Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 4 5. 1. 4Prest ressing St eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 4 5. 1. 5Post - t ensioning Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 5 5. 2ReinforcementDet ails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 5 5. 2. 1Minimum Clear Cover and Clear Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 5 5. 2. 2Reinforcing Bar List s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 7 5. 2. 3General ReinforcementPract ices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 14 5. 2. 4ReinforcementBar Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 14 5. 2. 5Adhesive Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 14 5. 2. 6Shrinkage and Temperat ure Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 15 5. 3Concret e Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 15 5. 3. 1Geomet ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 15 5. 3. 2Design/ Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 16 5. 3. 3Ext erior St rip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 17 5. 3. 4ReinforcementLayout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 17 5. 3. 5Camber and Deflect ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 19 5. 4Pret ensioned Concret e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 20 5. 4. 1Geomet ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 20 5. 4. 2St ress Limit s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 23 5. 4. 3Design/ Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 23 5. 4. 4Det ailing/ Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 26 5. 4. 5Camber and Deflect ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 26 5. 4. 6St andard I - Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 27 5. 4. 7Rect angular Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 27 5. 4. 8Double- Tee Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 30 5. 5Post - Tensioned Concret e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 30 5. 5. 1PT Slab Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 30 5. 5. 2PT I - Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 30 5. 5. 3PT Precastor Cast - I n- Place Box Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 30 5. 6Concret e Finishes and Coat ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 32 SEPTEMBER 2011LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNvi 5. 7Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 32 5. 7. 1Three- Span Haunched Reinforced Concret e Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 33 5. 7. 2Prest ressed I - Beam Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 65 5. 7. 3Three- Span Haunched Post - Tensioned Concret e Slab Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5- 97 6. STEEL STRUCTURES ............................................................................... 6- 1 6. 1Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 1 6. 2General Dimensions And Det ails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 4 6. 3General Design Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 7 6. 3. 1Shear Connect ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 8 6. 3. 2Fat igue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 8 6. 3. 3Deflect ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 9 6. 3. 4Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 10 6. 4Rolled Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 13 6. 5Plat e Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 13 6. 5. 1High Performance St eel Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 14 6. 6Horizont ally Curved St eel Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 14 6. 7Box Or Tub Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 17 6. 8Bolt ed Connect ions And Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 18 6. 9Two- Span Plat e Girder Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 19 APPENDI X 6- A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- 117 7. RESERVED 8. WOOD STRUCTURES .............................................................................. 8- 1 8. 1Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 1 8. 1. 1Wood Product s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 1 8. 1. 2Fast eners And Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 2 8. 1. 3Wood Preservat ives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 2 8. 2Timber Bridge Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 3 8. 2. 1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 3 8. 2. 2Geomet ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 5 SEPTEMBER 2011LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNvii 8. 2. 3Design/ Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 5 8. 2. 4Det ailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 6 8. 2. 5Camber/ Deflect ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 6 8. 3Timber Pile Caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 6 8. 3. 1Geomet ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 7 8. 3. 2Design/ Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 7 8. 3. 3Det ailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 7 8. 3. 4Camber/ Deflect ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 7 8. 4Addit ional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 7 8. 5Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 8 8. 5. 1Longit udinally Laminat ed Timber Deck Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 8 8. 5. 2Design Example:Timber Pile Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8- 26 9. DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS ................................................................... 9- 1 9. 1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9- 1 9. 1. 1Deck Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9- 2 9. 2Concret e Deck on Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9- 2 9. 2. 1Deck Design and Det ailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9- 4 9. 3Reinforced Concret e Deck Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9- 19 10. FOUNDATI ONS .................................................................................... 10- 1 10. 1Det erminat ion of Foundat ion Type and Capacit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 1 10. 1. 1Foundat ion Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 1 10. 1. 2Foundat ion Recommendat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 1 10. 2Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 3 10. 3Drilled Shaft s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 7 10. 4Foot ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 10 10. 4. 1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 10 10. 4. 2Foot ings Support ed on Piling or Drilled Shaft s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 11 10. 4. 3Spread Foot ings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 15 10. 5Pile BentPiers and I nt egral Abut ment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 15 10. 6Evaluat ion of Exist ing Pile Foundat ions when Exposed by Scour . . . . . . . . .10- 16 10. 7St ruct ure Excavat ion and Backfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 17 JUNE 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNviii Appendix 10- A: Sample Bridge Const ruct ion UnitRecommendat ions . . . . . . . . . .10- 19 11. ABUTMENTS, PI ERS, AND WALLS....................................................... 11- 1 11. 1Abut ment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 1 11. 1. 1I nt egral Abut ment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 3. 1 11. 1. 2Semi- I nt egral Abut ment s . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 6. 2 11. 1. 3ParapetAbut ment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 7 11. 1. 3. 1Low Abut ment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 9 11. 1. 3. 2High Abut ment s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 9 11. 1. 4Wingwalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 12 11. 1. 5Approach Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 20 11. 2Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 21 11. 2. 1Geomet rics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 21 11. 2. 2Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 21 11. 2. 3Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 21 11. 2. 4Crash Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 22 11. 2. 5Design and Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 23 11. 2. 6Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 24 11. 2. 6. 1Pile Bent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 25 11. 3Ret aining Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 25 11. 3. 1Cant ilever Ret aining Walls . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 25 11. 3. 2Count erfortRet aining Walls . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 25 11. 3. 3Anchored Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 26 11. 3. 4Mechanically St abilized Eart h Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 26 11. 3. 5Prefabricat ed Modular Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 28 11. 3. 6Timber Noise Walls on Ret aining Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 28 11. 3. 7Cant ilevered SheetPile Walls . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 28 11. 3. 8Design Chart s of Cant ilevered SheetPile Soil Ret ent ion Walls for Temporary Applicat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 29 11. 4Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 39 11. 4. 1High ParapetAbut mentDesign Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 39 11. 4. 2Ret aining Wall Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 71 11. 4. 3Three- Column Pier Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11- 93 AUGUST 2006LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNix 12. BURI ED STRUCTURES .......................................................................... 12- 1 12. 1Geot echnical Propert ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 1 12. 2Box Culvert s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 2 12. 2. 1Precast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 2 12. 2. 2Cast - I n- Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 4 12. 3Design Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 4 12. 4Arch Or 3- Sided St ruct ure Design Dat a . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 6 12. 5Design Crit eria for Long- Span Corrugat ed St eel St ruct ures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 14 12. 610'x 10'PrecastConcret e Box CulvertDesign Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 18 13. RAI LI NGS........................................................................................... 13- 1 13. 1Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 1 13. 2Design Requirement s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 1 13. 2. 1Traffic Railing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 9 13. 2. 2Pedest rian/ Bicycle Railing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 11 13. 2. 3Combinat ion Railing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 11 13. 2. 4St rengt h of St andard Concret e Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 12 13. 2. 5Prot ect ive Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 15 13. 2. 6Archit ect ural/ Ornament al Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 15 13. 3Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 16 13. 3. 1Type F Barrier Design Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 17 13. 3. 2Adhesive Anchor Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13- 31 14. JOI NTS AND BEARI NGS...................................................................... 14- 1 14. 1Bridge Movement s and Fixit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 1 14. 2Expansion Joint s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 1 14. 2. 1Thermal Movement s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 2 14. 2. 2St rip Seal Expansion Joint s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 2 14. 2. 3Modular Expansion Joint s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 3 14. 2. 4Expansion JointDet ailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 3 14. 3Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 4 14. 3. 1Loads and Movement s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 5 14. 3. 2Bearing Det ails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 5 OCTOBER 2011LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNx 14. 3. 3Elast omeric Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 6 14. 3. 3. 1Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 6 14. 3. 3. 1. 1Size and St abilit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 7 14. 3. 3. 2Fixed Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 7 14. 3. 3. 3Expansion Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 8 14. 3. 3. 3. 1Minimum Compressive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 8 14. 3. 4PotBearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 9 14. 3. 5Ot her Types of Bearings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 10 14. 4Curved Plat e Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 10 14. 5Bearing Plat e Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 11 14. 6Sole Plat e Design ( St eel Beams). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 12 14. 7Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 12 14. 8Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 20 14. 8. 1Fixed Elast omeric Bearing Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 21 14. 8. 2Expansion Elast omeric Bearing Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14- 29 15. BRI DGE LOAD RATI NG....................................................................... 15- 1 15. 1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 1 15. 2Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 3 15. 2. 1Comput er Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 3 15. 2. 2Refined Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 3 15. 3Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 4 15. 4Rat ing Equat ion Fact ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 6 15. 5Rat ing New Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 6 15. 6Re- rat ing Exist ing Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 6 15. 7Subst ruct ures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 7 15. 8Non- St andard Bridge Types . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 8 15. 9Timber Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 8 15. 10Culvert s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 9. 1 15. 11GussetPlat es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 11 15. 12Load Test ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 11 15. 13Load Post ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 11 15. 13. 1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 11 APRI L 2012LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNxi 15. 13. 2Rat ing Fact ors for Post ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 14 15. 14OverweightPermit s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 15 15. 15Physical I nspect ion Rat ing ( PI R). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 16 15. 16Forms and Document at ion . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 17 15. 17Submit t al /Filing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 19 APPENDI X 15- A: GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 20 APPENDI X 15- B: RATI NG FORMS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 24 APPENDI X 15- C: OVERWEI GHT PERMI T RESTRI CTI ONS FOR BRI DGES . . . . . .15- 25 APPENDI X 15- D: MI NNESOTA LEGAL ( POSTI NG)LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 26. 1 APPENDI X 15- E: MI NNESOTA STANDARD PERMI T TRUCKS G- 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 27 APPENDI X 15- F: MI NNESOTA STANDARD PERMI T TRUCKS G- 07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- 28 A. MEMOS # 2005- 01LRFD and Bridge Load Rat ing I ssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed February 14,2005)# 2005- 02Discont inue Use of CastBearing Opt ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( dat ed November 9,2005)# 2005- 03New MN45 and MN54 PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed November 10,2005)# 2006- 01New MN63 PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed May 31,2006)# 2007- 01Bridge Office Subst ruct ure Prot ect ion Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed July 23,2007)# 2007- 02Adhesive Anchors Under Sust ained Tensile Loads . . . . . .( dat ed Oct .3,2007)# 2007- 03REMOVED # 2008- 01Prest ressed Concret e Design Calculat ion of Prest ress Losses and Beam Camber & Deflect ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed Sept .18,2008)# 2008- 02Truss Bridge GussetPlat e Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed Oct .20,2008)# 2011- 01New 82MW and 96MW Prest ressed Concret e Beams and Archiving 45M t hrough 81M PCB St andards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( dat ed July 29,2011)# 2011- 02Barrier Placementon Bridge Decks and Approach Panels and Taper Rat e for Concret e Barrier Transit ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed Sept ember 14,2011)# 2011- 03I nt erim Guidance for I nst allat ion of Temporary Barriers on Bridges and Approach Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed December 23,2011)# 2012- 01Discont inued Usage of Plain Elast omeric Bearing Pads and Subst it ut ion wit h Cot t on- Duck Bearing Pads . . . . . . . . . . . .( dat ed April 12,2012) APRI L 2009LRFD BRI DGE DESI GNxii [Thi s page i nt ent i onal l yl ef tbl ank] DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 1 Thissect ioncont ainsgeneralinformat ionabout t hemanualalongwit ha general descript ion of t he Bridge Office and it s procedures. Thismanualcont ainsMn/ DOTBridgeOfficepoliciesandproceduresfor t hedesign, evaluat ion, andrehabilit at ionofbridges. Except where not ed, t hedesignprovisionshereinemployt heLoadandResist ance Fact or Design ( LRFD)met hodology setfort h by AASHTO. Mn/ DOTut ilizesadecimalnumberingsyst emt oclassifydocument s. The 5 beforet hehyphenrepresent sapublicat ionrelat edt oengineering. The 300 seriesofdocument sisassignedt ot heBridgeOffice; t he 90seriesindicat est hat t hisisa Manual . Thelast digit 2 specifiest hatt he subj ectmat t er of t he documentis Design . Theoriginalbridgedesignmanual, numbered5- 392, providedguidance fort hedesignofhighwayst ruct uresinMinnesot ainaccordancewit h allowablest ressdesignmet hods. Subsequent ly, it hasreceivedperiodic updat esasdesignmet hodshavechanged. Thisversionoft heBridge DesignManualcont ainssignificant changes. I t present sMn/ DOTsdesign pract icesinconformancewit hanewdesignmet hodology, Loadand Resist anceFact orDesign( LRFD) , andalsocont ainsfift een comprehensive design examples. Useoft hismanualdoesnot relievet hedesignengineerofresponsibilit y fort hedesignofabridgeorst ruct uralcomponent . Alt houghBridge Officepolicyispresent edherefornumeroussit uat ions,cont ent oft he manualisnot int endedt obeexhaust ive. Therefore, useoft hismanual mustbe t empered wit h sound engineering j udgment . Aft ert hisint roduct orymat erial, t hemanualcont ainsmat erialarranged aroundt hefollowingsect ionheadings. Tosimplifylocat ingmat erial,sect ion numbers correspond t o t hose used in t he LRFD specificat ions:1)I nt roduct ion 2)General Design and Locat ion Feat ures 3)Loads and Load Fact ors 4)St ruct ural Analysis and Evaluat ion 5)Concret e St ruct ures 6)St eel St ruct ures 7)Reserved 8)Wood St ruct ures 9)Decks and Deck Syst ems 10) Foundat ions 11) Abut ment s,Piers,and Walls 1. I NTRODUCTI ON 1.1.1Mat er i alCont ai ned i n Manual5- 392 1.1 Over vi ewofManual5- 392 DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 2 12) Buried St ruct ures 13) Railings 14) Joint s and Bearings 15) Rat ings Memos Thismanualwillbeupdat edmult iplet imeseachyearasproceduresare updat edandnewinformat ionbecomesavailable. Current filesforeach sect ionoft hemanualareavailableont heBridgeOfficeWebsit eat :ht t p: / / www. dot . st at e. mn. us/ bridge/. Eachsect ionoft hemanualcont ainsgeneralinformat ionat t hest art of t hesect ion. Designexamples( ifappropriat e) arelocat edat t heendof eachsect ion. Thegeneralcont ent isdividedint osubsect ionst hat are ident ifiedwit hnumericalsect ionlabelsint heleft margin. Labelsfor designexamplesubsect ionsareident ifiedwit halphanumericlabelsint he left handmargin. Theleft handmarginalsocont ainsreferencest oLRFD DesignSpecificat ionArt icles, Equat ions, andTables. Thesereferences are enclosed in square bracket s. Wit hint hebodyoft het ext , referencest oot hersect ionsoft hismanual aredirect lycit ed( e. g. Sect ion10.1) . Referencest ot heLRFD Specificat ions wit hin t he main body of t he t extcont ain a prefix of: LRFD. AbridgeisdefinedunderMinnesot aRule8810. 8000Subp. 2asa st ruct ure havinganopeningmeasuredhorizont allyalongt hecent erof t heroadwayoft enfeet ormorebet weenundercopingsofabut ment s, bet weenspringlineofarches, orbet weenext remeendsofopeningsfor mult ipleboxes. Bridgealsoincludesmult iplepipeswheret heclear dist ancebet weenopeningsislesst hanhalfoft hesmallercont iguous opening. I naccordancewit hMinnesot aSt at ut e15. 06Subd. 6, t heCommissioner ofTransport at ionhasdelegat edapprovalaut horit yforSt at ePreliminary BridgePlans, andSt at e, Count yandCit yFinalBridgePlanst ot heSt at e BridgeEngineer. Plansforallbridgeconst ruct ionorreconst ruct ion proj ect slocat edont heTrunkHighwaySyst em, andplansonCount yor Cit yhighwaysfundedfullyorinpart byst at efundsshallbeapprovedby t he St at e Bridge Engineer.1.1.2Updat es t o Manual5- 392 1.2Gener alBr i dge I nf or mat i on 1.1.3For matofManualRef er ences DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 3 TheBridgeOfficeisresponsibleforconduct ingallbridgeandst ruct ural designact ivit iesandforprovidingdirect ion, advice, andservicesforall bridgeconst ruct ionandmaint enanceact ivit ies. Theresponsibilit ies include:Providing overall administ rat ive and t echnical direct ion for t he office.Reviewingandapprovingallpreliminaryandfinalbridgeplans prepared by t he office and consult ant s.Represent ingt heDepart ment inbridgedesign, const ruct ionand maint enance mat t ers wit h ot her agencies. TheOfficeisundert hedirect ionoft heSt at eBridgeEngineer. I t is composedofsect ionsandunit sasshownont heorganizat ionalchart( Figure1. 2. 1. 1) . Eachoft hesesubdivisionswit ht heirprincipalfunct ions is list ed as follows: 1) Bridge Design Sect ion Responsiblefort hedesign, plans, andspecialprovisionsact ivit iesfor bridges and miscellaneous t ransport at ion st ruct ures.a) Design Uniti) Designsanddraft sbridgedesignplansfornewbridge const ruct ion or in- place bridge repairs.ii) Reviews bridge plans prepared by consult ing engineers.iii) Prepares special provisions for bridge plans.iv) Designsanddraft splansformiscellaneoust ransport at ion st ruct ures.v) Providest echnicalassist ance, designs, andplansforspecial bridge and st ruct ural problems.vi) Assist st heDist rict sandot herofficesinsolvingbridgeand ot her st ruct ure const ruct ion issues.b) Bridge Evaluat ion Uniti) Providesreviewoffract urecrit icalinspect ionreport sand recommends reevaluat ion of rat ing as needed.ii) Performs design or rat ing for special non- bridge st ruct ures.iii) Analyzes unusual or at ypical bridge st ruct ures.iv) Respondst oandpreparesplansforrepairsandret rofit st o bridges damaged by bridge hit s.c) St at e Aid Bridge Uniti) Assist slocalagenciesint heplanning, designing, and const ruct ion of bridge proj ect s.ii) Reviewspreliminaryandfinalbridgeplansforcount ies,t ownships, andmunicipalit ieswit hint heSt at eofMinnesot a whichreceiveSt at eand/ orFederalAidFundsforbridge const ruct ion.Thebridgeplanreviewsareconduct edt o assuret heycomplywit hAASHTOLRFDDesignSpecificat ions,1. 2. 1 Br i dge Of f i ce DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 4 Mn/ DOTLRFDBridgeDesignManual, applicableMn/ DOT TechnicalMemorandums, Mn/ DOTSt andardSpecificat ionsfor Const ruct ion, applicableMn/ DOTBridgeSpecialProvisions, and all Mn/ DOT policies. iii) Servest oassist int heplanningandreviewofmiscellaneous st ruct uresforlocalagencies.Thesest ruct uresinclude, butarenot limit edt o, pedest rianbridges, boardwalks, ret aining walls, culvert s, parkingramps, parkbuildings, skyways, and st air t owers.iv) Providest echnicalassist ancet olocalagenciesandt heir consult ant sint heimplement at ionofnew,innovat ive, efficientand costeffect ive bridge syst ems. v) Providesassist anceasrequest edbyt helocalagenciesand/ or t heirconsult ant s, wit ht hepreparat ion, set up,anddeliveryof localbridget raining.Thet rainingcanencompassallaspect s oflocalbridges, suchasplanning, design, const ruct ion, load rat ing,and inspect ion.d) LRFD Uniti) Maint ains LRFD Bridge Design Manual.ii) Provides supportt o office and consult ing engineers concerning LRFD issues.e) Design/ Build Uniti) Prepares procurementdocument s for design/ build proj ect s.ii) Provides design oversightfor design/ build proj ect s. 2) St andards,Research,and Aut omat ion Sect ion Responsiblefordevelopment ofst andardsanddesignaids, managing researchst udiespert ainingt obridges, andsupport ingcomput ing needs in t he office.a) Bridge St andards Uniti) Providesdesignaidsandst andardsfort heofficeandfor consult ant s,count ies,and cit ies.ii) Providesoversight forresearchproj ect s, whichinvolvet he Bridge Office.b) I nformat ion Resource ManagementUniti) Coordinat est hedevelopment ofcomput erprogramswit hdat a processing syst ems.ii) Support scomput eruserst hroughout t heofficeandmanages t he local area net work. iii) Maint ainsdesignanddraft ingsoft wareandprovidessupportt o users in t he office. DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 5 3) Bridge Planning and Hydraulics Sect ion Responsibleforprogram, cost est imat es, preliminarybridgeplan act ivit iesforTrunkHighwaysandreviewofst at eaidbridges. Also,responsibleforprovidingst at ewidehydraulicengineeringservices t hat includedesign, const ruct ionandmaint enanceact ivit ies. I n addit ion, t hesect ionprovidesleadershipint hedevelopment and implement at ionofhydraulicaut omat iont echnology, est ablishespolicy pert aining t o hydrology and hydraulics,prepares design aids,provides client t raining, part icipat esinresearchproj ect s, andrepresent st he depart menton st at e and nat ional commit t ees.a) Agreement s and Permit s Uniti) Select sandnegot iat eswit hconsult ingengineersand administ ersengineeringagreement sfort hepreparat ionof bridge plans.ii) Providesliaisonbet weent heBridgeOfficeandt heconsult ing engineer ret ained t o prepare bridge plans.iii) Coordinat espublicandprivat eut ilit yrequirement sfor bridges.b) Preliminary Plans Uniti) Conduct spreliminaryst udiesfromlayout sanddevelops preliminary bridge plans.ii) Providesliaisonwit hDist rict andCent ralOfficeroaddesign t hrough t he design st age.iii) Obt ains required permit s from ot her agencies for bridges.c) Hydraulics Uniti) Developsandmaint ainsDrainageManual,st andardsand specificat ionsrelat edt odrainagedesignandproduct sforuse by Mn/ DOT and ot her agencies.ii) Providest echnicalassist ancet oDist rict sonallaspect sof drainage design.iii) Providesbridgeandculvert wat erwaydesignsfort runk highwayproj ect s.Conduct schannelsurveysforrequest ed wat erway bridges.iv) Analyzes and evaluat es bridges for scour,monit ors bridges for scourduringfloods, andprovidest rainingandsupport for scour monit oring.v) Providest echnicalassist ancet ocount iesandmunicipalit ies upon request . vi) Provides t raining in hydrology and hydraulics. vii) Reviewsandprorat escost ofst ormdrainsont hemunicipal and count y st at e aid syst em.viii)Develops, implement s, andsupport sahydraulicinformat ion syst emt ofacilit at et hesharingofhydraulicdat aamongall users and st akeholders. DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 6 d) Programs and Est imat es Uniti) Prepares preliminary,comparat ive,and final costest imat es.ii) Maint ainsandprovidescurrent programandplanst at us records.4) Bridge Const ruct ion and Maint enance Sect ion Responsibleforbridgeconst ruct ionandmaint enancespecificat ions,and bridge const ruct ion and maint enance advisory service act ivit ies t o t he office and t o t he j ob sit e.a) Const ruct ionandMaint enanceUnit ; Nort h, Met roandSout h Regions i) Providesconst ruct ionandmaint enanceadvisoryservicet o bridge const ruct ion and maint enance engineers in t he field.ii) Writ esbridgeconst ruct ionandmaint enancespecificat ions,manuals and bullet ins.iii) Writ esandmaint ainst hefileofst andardcurrent special provisions for bridge const ruct ion and maint enance. iv) Performspreliminary, periodicandfinalreviewofbridge const ruct ionandmaint enanceproj ect sandmakes recommendat ions.v) Reviewsbridgeplansandspecialprovisionspriort olet t ings and makes const ruct abilit y recommendat ions.vi) Aidsmunicipalandcount yengineerswit hbridgeconst ruct ion and maint enance problems,upon request . vii) Providesfoundat iondesignincludingselect ionofpilet ype,lengt h,design load,and foundat ion preparat ion.viii)Reviewsbridgerehabilit at ion, improvement , andpreservat ion proj ect s and prepares recommendat ions for scope of work.ix) Aidst heDist rict sinpriorit izingupcomingbridgerelat ed proj ect s.x) Developsandprovidesbridgeconst ruct iont rainingsfor Dist rict ,count y,and municipal bridge const ruct ion inspect ors.b) Bridge Rat ings Uniti) Makesbridgerat ingsandloadpost ingsanalysisfornewand exist ing bridges and maint ains t he records.ii) Reviews and approves special load permitrequest s. c) St ruct ural Met als I nspect ion Uniti) Providesinspect ionservicesforst ruct uralmet als, fabricat ion andassemblyt oensureconformit ywit hplansand specificat ions. DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 7 d) Fabricat ion Met hods Uniti) Reviewsandapprovesst ruct uralmet alsshopdrawings submit t ed by fabricat ors.ii) Providesfabricat ionadvisoryservicet odesigners, fabricat ors and field const ruct ion and maint enance personnel.iii) Providesoverheadsigndesignservicest ot heOfficeofTraffic Engineering, includingt hedesignofbridge- mount edsign t russes.e) Bridge Dat a ManagementUniti) Maint ainsinvent oryandinspect iondat afort he19, 600 bridges in Minnesot a. Works wit h all agencies t o make cert ain appropriat e dat a is collect ed.ii) Responsibleforimplement ingbridgemanagement syst emst o provideinformat iononbridgesformaint enance, repair,rehabilit at ion and replacement .f) Bridge I nspect ion Uniti) Providesexpert assist ancet ot heDist rict sinorganizingand conduct inginspect ionsofcomplexbridges, specialfeat ures,and fract ure crit ical bridges.ii) Conduct squalit yassuranceinspect ionsofallagencies responsible for bridge inspect ions in Minnesot a.iii) Reviews, recommendsandprovidesbridgeinspect iont raining for Dist rict ,count y,and municipal bridge inspect ors. Formoreinformat ion, visit t heBridgeOfficeWebsit eat :ht t p: / / www. dot . st at e. mn. us/ bridge/ . DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 8 Fi gur e 1.2. 1. 1 Mn/ DOT Br i dge Of f i ce Or gani zat i on Char t DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 9 Highwayst hroughout t henat ionaredividedint osyst ems. Thesesyst em designat ionsareimport ant t oknowbecausedesignst andardscanvary bet weent hesyst ems. Thevarioushighwaysyst emsareclassified accordingt ot heAgencyt hat hasresponsibilit yfort heirimprovement ,maint enanceandt rafficregulat ionenforcement . List edbelowaret he j urisdict ional divisions in Minnesot a:1) Trunk Highway Syst em TheTrunkHighwaySyst emconsist sofallhighways, includingt he I nt erst at erout es, undert hej urisdict ionoft heSt at eofMinnesot a. Theserout esgenerallyaret hemost import ant int hest at e, carryt he great estt raffic volumes,and operat e att he highestspeeds.2) Count y Highway Syst em TheCount yHighwaySyst emismadeupoft hoseroadsest ablished anddesignat edundert heaut horit yoft hecount yboard. They generallyaret hemoreimport ant rout eswit hinacount yt hat arenoton t he Trunk Highway Syst em.3) Township Road Syst em The Township Road Syst em is made up of t he roads est ablished under t heaut horit yoft het ownboard. Theygenerallyareoflocal import ance.4) Municipal St reetSyst em TheMunicipalSt reet Syst emisallroadswit hinamunicipalit ynotdesignat edasat runkhighwayorcount yroad. Theyaregenerally of local import ance. Allpubliclyownedbridgeseit heronoroverat runkhighwayandover 10feet inlengt hmeasuredalongt hecent erlineoft hehighwayare assigned a number for ident ificat ion and costaccount ing purposes. Thenumberingschemefollowedinassigningbridgenumbersdependson t het imeofconst ruct ion. Wit hfewexcept ions, t henumberingprocedure is as follows:1) Priort oabout 1950, allbridgeswerenumberedconsecut ivelyfrom1 t o9999ast heywereconst ruct ed.The8000serieswasusedfor culvert sover10feet inlengt h( measuredalongt hecent erlineoft he highway) . The7000serieswasreservedforcount ybridgesat t runk highwayint ersect ions. Five- digit bridgenumbersbeginningwit hLor R designat e bridges in local bridge syst ems. 2) Sinceabout 1950, afive- digit numberhasbeenassignedt oeach bridgeasit wasconst ruct ed.Thefirst t wodigit scoincidewit ht he count ynumber( 01- 87) inwhicht hebridgeislocat ed( 99referst o t emporarybridges) . Thelast t hreedigit sareassignedconsecut ively using t he following guidelines:1. 2. 2Hi ghw aySy st ems 1.2.3Br i dge Number s DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 10 a. 001- 499 are used for regular t runk highway bridges.b.500- 699 are used for count y bridges.c.700- 999areusedforint erst at ebridges( anybridgeonorovert he int erst at e syst em) . 3) I n1991, addit ionalnumberswererequiredforbridgesont hest at e aidsyst eminHennepinCount yandforint erst at ebridgesinHennepin Count y. Toallocat emorenumbersforbridgesont helocalsyst eman alphacharact erisusedast het hirdcharact eroft hebridgenumber. Forexample, t henext bridgenumberaft erBridgeNo. 27699willbe BridgeNo. 27A00. Not et hat t hishappensonlyaft er500and600 series have been exhaust ed. Toallocat emorenumbersont heI nt erst at eroadsyst em, t he400 seriesofnumberswillbeusedalongwit ht he700, 800, 900' s present lyused. ForabridgenumberXXYZZ, t hefollowingnow applies:XX= Count y ident ificat ion number ( 99 =Temporary Bridge)Y= 0,1,2,3,or R, T,U ( for Trunk Highway Bridges)Y= 4,7,8,9,or V, or W ( for I nt erst at e Bridges)Y= X and Y ( Trunk Highway or I nt erst at e Culvert s)Y= 5 or 6 or A t hrough H ( for non- t runk highway Bridges)Y= J t hrough N,and P,Q ( for non- t runk highway Culvert s)ZZ= Sequence number ( 00 t hrough 99) As of Sept ember,2006,t he following numbering scheme was added for:- Bridgesorculvert swit hout ahighwayoveror under( e. g. pedest rian t rail over st ream)- Exist ing bridges t hathave notbeen assigned a bridge number - Skywaysandot hermiscellaneousst ruct uressuchasconveyors,pipelines,or buildings Use t he formatRZZZZ where:R=A lit eral charact er ZZZZ=Sequence number ( 0000 t hru 9999) 4) I ncasesoft winbridges, awest boundorsout hboundlanebridgeis generallyassignedalowernumbert hananeast boundornort hbound lane bridge. Allbridgenumbersareassignedbyt heBridgeOffice. Acomplet elist ing ofallnumberedbridgesisavailableincomput erprint out forment it led Minnesot aTrunkHighwayBridgeLog- St at ewideList ing . See Table 1. 2. 3.1 for a list ing of t he count y ident ificat ion numbers. DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 11 Tabl e 1.2.3.1 Mi nnesot a Count y I dent i f i cat i on Number s Count yNo. Count yNameDi st r i ct Count yNo. Count yNameDi st r i ct01Ait kin1 & 345Marshall2 02AnokaMet ro46Mart in7 03Becker 447Meeker8 04Belt rami248Mille Lacs3 05Bent on349Morrison3 06Big St one450Mower 6 07Blue Eart h751Murray8 08Brown752Nicollet 7 09Carlt on153Nobles7 10CarverMet ro54Norman2 11Cass2 & 355Olmst ed6 12Chippewa856Ot t er Tail4 13ChisagoMet ro57Penningt on2 14Clay458Pine1 15Clearwat er 259Pipest one8 16Cook160Polk2 17Cot t onwood761Pope4 18Crow Wing362RamseyMet ro 19Dakot aMet ro63Red Lake2 20Dodge664Redwood8 21Douglas465Renville8 22Faribault 766Rice6 23Fillmore667Rock7 24Freebor n668Roseau2 25Goodhue669St . Louis1 26Grant 470Scot t Met ro 27HennepinMet ro71Sherbur ne3 28Houst on672Sibley7 29Hubbard273St earns3 30I sant i374St eele6 31I t asca1, 2 & 375St evens4 32Jackson776Swift 4 33Kanabec377Todd3 34Kandiyohi878Traverse4 35Kit t son279Wabasha6 36Koochiching1 & 280Wadena3 37Lac Qui Parle881Waseca7 38Lake182Washingt onMet ro 39Lake of t he Woods283Wat onwan7 40Le Sueur 784Wilkin4 41Lincoln885Winona6 42Lyon886Wright 3 43McLeod887Yellow Medicine8 44Mahnomen2 & 4 DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 12 Bridgedesignsshallt ypicallyconsiderSt rengt h, Service, Ext remeEvent ,andFat iguelimit st at es. Thelimit st at echeckswillvarywit ht he component underconsiderat ion. Not allelement swillrequire considerat ionofalllimit st at es.Forexample, t hefat iguelimit st at eneed notbe considered for concret e deck slabs in mult igirder applicat ions. Thissect ioncoverst heBridgeOfficeproceduresforcheckingofbridge plans,scheduling of proj ect s,and revising or creat ing st andards. Thegeneralpract iceofmost engineeringofficesist orequiret hat designs t heyproducebecheckedbeforet heyarereviewedandcert ifiedbyt he EngineerinResponsibleCharge . Alt hought hispract icehasalways beenrequiredforst ruct uresdesignedforMn/ DOT, it isrecognizedt hatt hequalit yoft hecheckingprocessoft envariesaccordingt ot ime rest raint s, confidenceint hedesigner, andt heinst ruct ionsgivent ot he checker. Therefore, inordert omaint ainaconsist ent designchecking process t he following guidance is given for rout ine bridge designs. Formorecomplexorunusualdesigns,t hecheckerisadvisedt odiscuss addit ionalrequirement swit ht hedesignunit leader. Also, t hechecking processdescribedisnot meant t oapplyt ot hecheckorreviewfunct ions requiredforMn/ DOTreviewofconsult ant plans( seeSect ion1. 3. 2.) or forconst ruct ionfalseworkreviews. ( Seet heBridgeConst ruct ion Manual. ) Three t ypes of design checking will apply:1) An independentanalysis of t he complet ed design.2) Acheckoforiginaldesigncomput at ionsformat hemat icalaccuracy,applicat ion of code,and accept ed engineering pract ice.3) Areviewofdraft eddet ailsforconst ruct ibilit yandaccept ed engineering pract ice. Generally, anindependent analysist oconfirmt headequacyoft he complet edesignispreferred. Significant differencesshouldbediscussed andresolvedbeforet heplaniscert ified. Theseparat eset ofcalculat ions shouldbeincludedwit ht hedesignfileasarecordoft hecomplet ed design check. Whencircumst ancesprevent acomplet eindependent analysis, asa minimum,an independentanalysis shall be complet ed for t he following:1) Live and dead loads 2) Cont rolling beam lines 3) A pier cap 1.3Pr ocedur es 1.3.1Check i ng ofMn/ DOT Pr epar ed Br i dge Pl ans 1.2.4Li mi tSt at es t o Consi deri n Desi gn DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 13 4) A pier foot ing 5) Main reinforcementfor high abut ment s 6) An abut mentfoot ing However, fort heelement snot independent lyanalyzed, t heoriginal comput at ionsshouldbecheckedformat hemat icalaccuracyoforiginal designcomput at ions, applicat ionsofcode, andaccept edengineering pract ice. Checkedcomput at ionsshouldbeinit ialedbyt hechecker, and t he independentanalysis should be included in t he design file. Whendoingaseparat eanalysis, t hecheckermaymakesimplifying assumpt ionst ost reamlinet hecheckingprocess. However, whenmaj or differencesarefound,result smust bediscussedandresolvedwit ht he designer. Forinst ance, fornormalpiers, pilingmight beanalyzedfor deadandliveloadsonlyiflat eralloadsappeart ohavebeenreasonably appliedint heoriginalcomput at ionsort he AI SCBeamDiagramand FormulaTables maybeusedt oapproximat epiercapmoment and shear. Whet hert hecheckisacomplet elyindependent analysisoraminimal analysiscombinedwit hacomput at ionscheck, somedet ails, suchast he reinforcingdet ailsinawallcorner, alsorequirereviewbyt hechecker. Oft enreferencingoldbridgeplanswit hsimilardet ailsallowst hechecker t ocomparet hecurrent designt odet ailst hat haveperformedwellint he past . Consult ant preparedbridgeplansarecreat edbyprivat eengineering firmst hroughcont ract swit ht heDepart ment orot hergovernmentagencies. Thefinishedplansarecomplet et ot heext ent t hat t heycanbe used for const ruct ion. TheEngineerofRecordisresponsiblefort hecomplet enessandaccuracy oft hework. Finaldesigncalculat ionsandplansheet smust be complet elycheckedandreconciledpriort osubmit t al. Reviewcomment s fromt heSt at edonot relievet heEngineerofRecordoft heresponsibilit y for an accurat e and complet e bridge plan. Sincet heseplansreceivet hesignat ureoft heSt at eBridgeEngineer,t heremust beassurancet hat t heplansaregeomet ricallyaccurat eand buildable; st ruct uraldesignisadequat eanddesigncodeshavebeen correct lyapplied; properdirect ionisgivent ot heconst ruct ioncont ract or;andallconst ruct ioncost sareaccount edfor. Planerrorsmaycause cost lyconst ruct iondelaysorsafet ymaybecompromisedbyan inadequat e design.1.3.2Check i ng ofConsul t antPr epar ed Br i dge Pl ans DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 14 Tokeepconsult ant planreviewsconsist ent andt imely, aprocedurewas developedasaguidet hat assignspriorit yt ospecificit emsint heplans. Theoverallreviewincludes aThoroughCheck and CursoryReview of variousit ems. Thedist inct ionbet ween ThoroughCheck and Cursory Reviewis as follows: ThoroughCheckreferst operformingcomplet emat hemat ical comput at ionsinordert oident ifydiscrepanciesint heplans, or conduct ingcarefulcomparisonsofknowndat aandst andardsoft he Proj ectwit h values given in t he plan. CursoryReviewreferst oacomparat iveanalysisforagreement wit h st andardpract iceandconsist encywit hsimilarst ruct ures, allwit h applicat ionofengineeringj udgment . Mat hemat icalanalysisisnotrequired, but maybedeemednecessaryt oident ifyt heext ent ofa discrepancy. Thereviewprocedureislist edont heCONSULTANTBRI DGEPLAN REVI EWformfollowingt hissect ion. Headingsont hislist aredefinedas follows: PARTI ALPLAN: I nordert oassuret hat t heconsult ant isproceedingin t heright direct ion, anearlysubmit t aloft heplanisrequired. This submit t alusuallyconsist soft heGeneralPlanandElevat ionsheetshowingt heoverallgeomet ryoft hest ruct ureandt heproposedbeam t ypeandspacing; t heBridgeLayout Sheet ; t heFramingPlansheet ; and t heBridgeSurveysheet s. Errorsandinconsist enciesfoundint hisphase canbecorrect edbeforet heent ireplaniscomplet ed. Forexample, a framingplan, includingt heproposedbeams, must beassuredas workableont hepart ialplanbeforet heconsult ant get sdeepint ot he design of t he remainder of t he bridge. FI NALPLAN: Afinalplanshouldbecomplet einallareast ot heext entt hat it canbecert ifiedbyt hedesigner, alt houghacert ificat ionsignat ure is notrequired for t his phase. THOROUGHCHECK: I t emsindicat edforcheckingont heconsult ant s part ialplanmust becorrect . Givengeomet rymust fit t heroadway layout . Most oft hisinformat ioncanbecheckedusingdat afromt he approvedpreliminaryplan. Approvaloft hepart ialplanwillindicat et hatMn/ DOTissat isfiedwit ht hegeomet ryandproposedst ruct ure, andt he consult ant mayproceedwit hfurt herdevelopment oft heplan. Fort he finalplan, obviousdraft ingandnumericalerrorsshouldbemarkedt o DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 15 point out t heerrorst ot heconsult ant ; however, t hereviewershouldnotprovide correct ions t o errors in t he consult ant s numerical comput at ions. Checking on t he final plan should be t horough t o eliminat e possible errors t hat mayoccur, suchast hepayit emsint heScheduleofQuant it ies. Plannot esandpayit emscanbedifficult foraconsult ant t oant icipat e becauseoffrequent changesbyMn/ DOT. Payit emsmust becorrectbecauset hesearecarriedt hroughout t heent ireaccount ingsyst emfor t he Proj ect .Plan ( P)quant it ies mustalso be correct ly indicat ed. CURSORYREVI EW: Normally, acursoryreviewwouldnot require numericalcalculat ions. Thist ypeofreviewcanbeconduct edbyreading andobservingt hecont ent soft heplaninordert oassuret he complet enessoft hework. Thereviewershouldbeobservant t o recognizewhat looksright andwhat doesnt look right .Obvious errors or inconsist encies on any part s of t he plan should be marked for correct ion. Alt houghst ruct uraldesignisusuallyt hemaj orfocusofanyplan, mostconsult ant sarewellversedindesignproceduresandshouldneedonly minimalassist ancefromt heBridgeOffice. Acomparisonoft he consult ant scalculat ionswit ht heplandet ailsshouldbeperformedt o assuret hat t heplansreflect t heirdesignandt hat t heapplicablecodes arefollowed. Anindependent designbyt heBridgeOfficeist ime consumingandisnot recommendedunlesst hereisareasonabledoubtas t o t he adequacy of t he consult ant s design. NOREVI EW: At horoughreviewof t heseit emswouldbet ime- consuming andmaynot producecorrect ionst hat arevit alt oconst ruct ion; t herefore,it isrecommendedt hat lit t leornot imebespent ont helist edit ems. Numerouserrorscanoccurint heBillsofReinforcement andquant it y values. However, checkingt hisinformat ionisalsot ime- consuming,hencet heburdenofprovidingcorrect dat ashouldbeplacedont he consult ant . DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 16 CONSULTANT BRI DGE PLAN REVI EW Br.No.________ RTE ____ DATE:PARTI AL PLAN REC' D._____ DATE FI NAL PLAN REC' D.______ DESI GN GROUP _______________________ CONSULTANT ______________________________ No.OF SHEETS I N PLAN ______ DESCRI BE COMPLEXI TY_________________________________ EST.REVI EW TI ME BY DESI GN GROUP ________( hrs. )ACTUAL REVI EW TI ME __________( hrs) PARTI AL PLANFI NAL PLAN THOROUGH CHECKTHOROUGH CHECK Horizont al and vert ical clearancesPay it ems and plan quant it ies St at ions and elevat ions on survey lineProj ectnumbers Deck and seatelevat ions atworking point sDesign dat a block & Rat ing on GP&E sheetDeck cross- sect ion dimensionsJob numberWorking line locat ion and dat aCert ificat ion block Coordinat es atworking point s and key st at ionsSt andard plan not es Subst ruct ur e locat ions by st at ionConcret e mix numbers Framing PlanConst r uct ion j ointlocat ions Conformance t o preliminary planPrest ressed beam design if inadequat e design is suspect ed Design loadsBridge seatelevat ions atwor king point s Ut ilit ies on bridge Exist ing maj or ut ilit ies near br idge CURSORY REVI EW St eel beam splice locat ions and diaphragm spacing;flange plat e t hickness incr ement s ( enough t o save 800+#of st eel) Abut mentand Pier designt o be checked againstconsult ant s calculat ions Conformance t o foundat ion r ecommendat ions. Pile loads and eart h pr essures. Check againstconsult ant s calculat ions.CURSORY REVI EWRebar series increment s ( min.3")Proposed precastbeams [ per p.5- 29] I nt er ior beam seatelevat ions Precastconfor mance t o indust ry st andardsBot t om- of- foot ing elevat ions ( for adequat e cover)Proposed st eel beam sect ionsRailing lengt hs and met al postspacing ( check for fit )Use of B- det ails and st andard plan sheet s Conformance t o aest het ic requirement s Not es Gener al,const ruct ion,refer ence,et c.Quant it y it ems on t abulat ions Precastbeam design ( Check againstconsult ant s calculat ions)NO CHECK OR REVI EW REQUI RED Diagonals on layoutsheetFigures in Bills of ReinforcementBar shapes and dimensions Rebar placementdimensions Bar marks on det ails againstlist ed bars Quant it y values ( including t ot al of t abulat ions) DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 17 Maj orbridgesaregenerallydefinedasbridgescont ainingspans250feetandgreat erinlengt h. Amaj ororspecialt ybridgemaybedet erminedby it st ypeofdesign, includingoverallsize( lengt h, widt h, spanlengt h,or numberandconfigurat ionofspans) , cost , complexit y, feat urecrossed,securit yconcerns, piersizeorshape, orunusualsit eorfoundat ion condit ions. Addit ionally, t heBridgeDesignEngineermayelect t orequire apeerreviewforuniquebridget ypes. Thebridget ypewillbeevaluat ed byt hePreliminaryPlansEngineerandt heBridgeDesignEngineert o det ermineifit shouldbeconsideredamaj ororspecialt ybridge. Upon concurrencewit ht heSt at eBridgeEngineer, anot at ionof Maj orBridgeor Specialt yBridge willbeindicat edont heapprovedpreliminaryplan.Formaj orbridgesdesignedbyconsult ant s,Mn/ DOTwillrequirean independentpeer review of t he design by a second design firm. Peer review requirement s will be described in t he Requestfor Proposal for consult ant s. Anexcept iont ot hisrequirement isst eelplat egirderbridges, where reviewwillcont inuet obeperformedbyin- housedesignunit s. Seet he Bridge Design Engineer for consult at ion on t hese requirement s. Oncet hedet erminat ionhasbeenmadet hat apart icularbridgefallsint o t hecat egoryof Maj orBridge or Specialt yBridge, anindependentdesignreviewwillberequiredaspart oft heoriginaldesign. Thisdesign reviewmaybeperformedbyeit herin- houseBridgeOfficest affqualified t oreviewt hepart iculart ypeofdesign, orbyaconsult ant . Specific design element s for review will be det ailed in each cont ract . TheEngineerofRecordisresponsiblefort hecomplet enessandaccuracy oft hework. Finaldesigncalculat ionsandplansheet smust be complet elycheckedandreconciledpriort osubmit t al. Reviewcomment s fromt heSt at eorPeerReviewerdoesnot relievet heEngineerofRecord oft heresponsibilit yforanaccurat eandcomplet ebridgeplan. The EngineerofRecordwillcooperat ewit ht hePeerRevieweraspart oft he proj ectt eam. ThePeerReviewerwillpart icipat easpart oft heproj ect t eamfromt he beginningofdesignt ounderst andt heassumpt ionsanddevelopa relat ionship wit h t he Engineer of Record. Thefollowingst agesofdesignwillbereviewedbyt hePeerReviewerfor concurrence: 1.3.3PeerRevi ewf orMaj ororSpeci al t yBr i dges DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 18 DesignandLoadRat ingCrit eria: Designspecificat ions,const ruct ionspecificat ions, designloadsandload combinat ions, const ruct ionloadsfordesign, mat erialsand allowablest resses, foundat iont ype, fact oredpileresist ance and resist ance fact ors,and permitt rucks.Concept Design: Bridgegeomet rics, t ypicalsect ionsand dimensions, component sizes, framingplan, locat ionandt ype ofexpansionj oint s, locat ionandt ypeofbearings, comput er modelsforgirderdesign, const ruct ionst aging, const ruct ion sequence, riverfoundat ionreport , vesselimpact st udy, and out line of special provisions.Superst ruct ureFinalDesign: I ndependent calculat ionsand design; met hodofanalysis( linegirderort hreedimensional) ;modelingassumpt ions; composit eandnon- composit esect ion propert ies, membercapacit ies, deadloadandliveload moment s, shears, andst ressesat 1/ 10t hpoint salonggirder lines, allprimaryconnect ionsandot herpoint sofint erest ;dead and live load deflect ions;deck design;deck st resses;and deck pour sequence.Subst ruct ureFinalDesign: I ndependent calculat ionsand design, assumpt ions, point soffixit y, cofferdamdesign, and pier design and det ails.Const ruct abilit y: Shippinglimit at ions, erect ionsequenceand st abilit yissues, cranesizesandboomlengt hs, const ruct ion overheadclearances, int erference/ rest rict ionsonconst ruct ion duet osit econdit ions, shoringt owerlocat ions, falsework review.Plan: adequacyofconst ruct ionplansandspecificat ions provided t o cont ract or.LoadRat ing: I ndependent loadrat inganalysis, rat ingfor moment andshearat 1/ 10t hpoint sandanyot herpoint sof int erestof each span.

For each of t he st ages of design list ed above,t he Peer Reviewer will submita SummaryofReviewComment s, whichwillbekept byt hePeerReviewerand willverifyt hat t hedesignisfeasibleandadequat elyincorporat est heDesign andLoadRat ingcrit eriaandConcept Designparamet ers. ThePeerReviewer mayrecommendmodificat ionst hat improvecost - effect ivenessor const ruct abilit yoft hedesignalongwit hSummariesofReviewComment sfor Design and Load Rat ing crit eria and ConceptDesign. ThePeerReviewerwillperformreviewsat t he30%( Concept Design) , 60% ( FinalDesign) , and95%( Plan/ Const ruct abilit yandLoadRat ing) complet ion st ages using independentdesign comput at ions as required. DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 19 ThePeerReviewerwillconduct t hefinaldesignreviewwit hout t heaidoft he originaldesigncalculat ions. ThePeerReviewerwillusest ruct ural design/ analysissoft waredifferent t hant hat usedint heoriginaldesignwhenavailablebyt heEngineerofRecord. Thiswillresult inaseparat esetofdesigncalculat ionsperformedbyt hePeerReviewert hat willbe document edinareport t hat willbecert ified. Thereport willt henbe comparedt ot heoriginaldesignperformedbyt heEngineerofRecord. The PeerReviewerwillnot eanychangesorrecommendat ionsandprovidet he result s t o Mn/ DOT for review. Theresult soft hepeerreviewwilldet erminet hat t hedesignandplansarein compliancewit hdesignst andardsandt heest ablisheddesigncrit eria. The BridgeDesignEngineerwillresolveissueswit ht heEngineerofRecordand Peer Reviewer. DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 20 Tomeet t heDepart ment sschedulerequirement sforconst ruct ion let t ings, t hefollowingscheduleforprocessingbridgeplans, special provisionsandest imat esmust befollowed. Thisscheduleappliest oall proj ect s: FederalAid, St at eFundsandMaint enance.I ngeneral,processingofbridgeplans, specialprovisions, andest imat esforlet t ings shallbegivenpriorit yoverallot herwork, andeveryeffort must be made t ocomplet et heprocessinginadvanceoft het imesshown, whichare deadlines. Tabl e 1.3.4. 1 Schedul e and Deadl i nes f orBr i dge Pr oj ectSubmi t t alSchedul e and Remar k s Deadl i ne Ti me Bef or e Let t i ng Dat e Feder alPr oj ect( Ful lOver si ght )Feder alPr oj ectSt at e Pr oj ectFinal plan and special provisions t o 95% complet ion level.14 Weeks ( Fr iday)14 Weeks ( Fr iday)12 Weeks ( Fr iday)Preliminary bridge pay it ems,special provisions,and quant it ies t o Bridge Est imat es Unit13 Weeks ( Fr iday)13 Weeks ( Fr iday)11 Weeks ( Fr iday)Bridge special provisions review complet e ( by Br idgeConst r uct ion Unit )13 Weeks ( Fr iday)13 Weeks ( Fr iday)11 Weeks ( Fr iday)Bridge special provisions complet edand sentt o Special Provisions & Final Processing Unit( Technical Support )12 Weeks ( Fr iday)12 Weeks ( Fr iday)10 Weeks ( Fr iday)Bridge plans cert ified and given t o I nfor mat ion Resource ManagementUnitfor dat ing and dist ribut ion t o Office of Technical Support12 Weeks ( Fr iday)12 Weeks ( Fr iday)10 Weeks ( Fr iday)Final br idge pay it ems and quant it ies t o Bridge Est imat es Unit12 Weeks ( Fr iday)12 Weeks ( Fr iday)10 Weeks ( Fr iday)Final Engineers est imat e t o CostEst imat ion Unit( Technical Support )during 10t h weekduring 8t h weekduring 8t h week Lat estdat e forfinal br idge plan t o Special Provisions & FinalProcessing Unit( Technical Support )91/2 weeks ( Tuesday)8 weeks ( Fr iday)8 weeks ( Fr iday) 1.3.4Schedul e f orPr ocessi ng Const r uct i on Let t i ngs DECEMBER 2010LRFD BRI DGE DESI GN1- 21 Tabl e 1.3.4. 1 Schedul e and Deadl i nes f orBr i dge Pr oj ectSubmi t t al( Cont i nued) Schedul e and Remar k s Deadl i ne Ti me Bef or e Let t i ng Dat e Feder alPr oj ect( Ful lOver si ght )Feder alPr oj ectSt at e Pr oj ectPS&E package for aut hor izat ion r equestt o Division Office FHWA 81/2 weeks ( Tuesday)7 weeks ( Fr iday)N/ A Final advert isement5 Weeks ( Fr iday)5 Weeks ( Fr iday)5 Weeks ( Fr iday)Sale of plans and proposals 4 Weeks ( Fr iday)4 Weeks ( Fr iday)4 Weeks ( Fr iday)Lastdat e for mailing let t er addend