Low cost Alternate

Materials

&

Infrastructure Services

Presented by: Jitendra Singh Diwakar

M.Arch First semester

Roll no. : ARC1401

RPIIT, Karnal, Haryana.

• The concept of precast construction

includes those buildings where the

majority of structural components

are standardized and produced in

plants, in a location away from the

building, and then transported to

the site for assembly.

• These components are

manufactured by industrial methods

based on mass production in order

to build a large number of buildings

in a short time at low cost.

• This type of construction requires a

restructuring of the entire

conventional construction process

to enable interaction between the

design phase and production

planning , to improve and speed up

the construction.

INTRODUCTION

•In prefabricated construction,

only the foundations are

constructed in the traditional way,

while sections of walls, floors

and roof are prefabricated

(assembled) in a factory (possibly

with window and door frames

included), transported to the site,

lifted into place by

a crane and bolted together.

•The theory behind the method is

that time and cost is greatly

reduced.

•The method finds its application

particularly where the structure is

composed of repeating units or

forms.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

BATTERY METHOD The production of precast concrete

parts in battery mould is characterized

by the fact that the finished parts have

smooth surfaces on both sides.in this,

walls are made.

STACK METHOD In this, horizontal modules are made.

Like slab. Stacking method vary

according to the types of precast

elements. Horizontal stacking of

slab/beam or column units can be

done with support spacers shown right.

METHODS OF PREFABRICATION

INDIVIDUAL MOULD METHOD In this method each components of building

made in individual mould.

like : wall, beam, roof, pile, etc.

EXTRUSION METHOD (Dry Casting Process) The dry casting or extrusion method is mainly

used to produce hollow core slab or wall panels.

It has unlimited length, used self consolidation.

TILTING METHOD the walls are created by assembling forms and

pouring large slabs of cement called panels

directly. The cement panels are then tilted up

into position.

Precast joist is rectangular in shape

The planks are made in module width of 30 cm with maximum length

of 150 cm

the maximum weight of the dry panel is 50 kg).

thickness partly varying between 3 cm and 6 cm. There are haunches

in the plank which are tapered.

3 cm wide tapered concrete filling is also provided for strengthening

the haunch portion during handling and erection.

Diamention of RC plank Putting on Joist

The prefabricated brick panel roofing system consists of:

prefab brick panel brick panel is made of first class bricks reinforced with

two MS bars of 6 mm dia and joints filled with either 1:3 cement sand

mortar or M-15 concrete.

Panels can be made in any size but generally width is 53 cm and the

length between 90 cm to120 cm,

PREFABRICATED BRICK PANEL ROOFING SYSTEM:

This roofing is same as RB panel

roofing except that the panels do

not have any reinforcement.

A panel while casting is given a rise

in the centre and thus an arching

action is created.

An overall economy of 30% has

been achieved in single storeyed

building and 20% in two or three

storeyed buildings .

Pre Fab Bricak Arch Panel

ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION

• Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for

formwork, shuttering and scaffolding is greatly reduced.

• Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner,

allowing an earlier return of the capital invested.

• On-site construction and congestion is minimized.

• Quality control can be easier in a factory.

• Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily

available and costs of labour, power, materials, space and

overheads are lower.

• Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the

construction site is minimized.

• Less waste may be generated and in a factory setting it may be

easier to recycle it back into the manufacturing process.

• Moulds can be used several times.

• Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete

panels or steel and glass panels is required.

• joining of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint..

• Transportation costs

• required heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and

handling to place in position.

• same type of prefabricated elements tend to look drab and

monotonous.

• Local jobs are lost

• Extra reinforcement required

FERRO CEMENT What is ferrocement

It is a composite material.

Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.

Its a type of thin reinforced concrete construction ,in which large amount of small diameter wire meshes are placed uniformly through out the cross section.

Mesh may be of metal or any other suitable material, chicken mesh being the most common.

Instead of concrete, Portland cement mortar is used.

Strength depends on two factors QUALITY of sand/ cement mortar mix and QUANTITY of reinforcing materials used.

Construction

The basic steps involved in the construction of Ferro cement elements are:-

Fabricating the skeletal framing system.

Applying rods and meshes. anticorrosive membrane treatment is required for long life.

Plastering.

Curing - depends on the span or application load. - it can take about a month before it is ready to use.

Advantages Basic raw materials are readily available in most countries.

Fabricated into any desired shape.

Low labour skill required.

Ease of construction, light weight and long lifetime.

Low construction material cost.

Better resistance against earthquake.

Disadvantages Structures made of it can be punctured by collision with pointed objects.

Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the incomplete coverage of metal by mortar.

It is difficult to fasten to ferro cement with bolts, screws, welding and nail etc.

Large no. of labours required.

Cost of semi-skilled and unskilled labours is high.

Tying rods and mesh together is especially tedious and time consuming.

Low cost Infrastructure

Services

Poor health in developing countries is largely due to diseases like cholera,

dysentery, gastroenteritis and worm infections carried by contaminated

food water and ground.

. In India a large number of people have no latrines or have bucket or dry

latrines, especially in rural areas condition is worse in comparison to these

national average and majority of people resort to open air defecation.

• P-shaped trap having 20mm water seal,

• foot rest,

• two pipes made of cement concrete or any other suitable material

(covered channel made of brick can also be used)

• connected with two leaching pits.

Size of Latrine

Size of 75cm x 90cm is the minimum

The size of 80cm x 100cm is more

appropriate .

Materials and Construction

The materials used include brick concrete, Ferro-cement, used

bitumen drum, bamboo mats and earthen rings.

Infiltrative Capacity of Soil

It has been observed that the infiltrative capacity rate of percolation of

water decreases after first use of the leaching pit due to deposition of

organic matter in between the soil particles.

Cost

The cost of latrine up to

plinth level and with

superstructure has been

estimated as Rs. 4550

and Rs. 7600 respectively at

Roorkee market rates in Jan

2004. Details of material and

labour

requirements are given in

Appendices A and B.

Conclusion

Satisfactory performance of

the low-cost sanitary latrines

built at various places has

paved the way towards a

solution of the problem Low

initial expenditure and

maintenance cost makes

them more acceptable

even to the weaker section

of society.

Some of the village roads are brick

paved with drains for waste water

disposal. But these have not served the

required purpose due to improper slopes,

insufficient maintenance and

unpredictable flow of water.

Rural dwellings having their own source

of water supply like hand pumps

discharge more water on the streets.

Furthermore, the agricultural waste and

domestic refuse collect in drains

obstructing the flow of water and

ultimately, all these things appear on

the streets.

WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR RURAL AREAS

The urban type of underground

drainage system was not found

suitable because:

• settlement of silt and ash in drains

• Insufficient quantity of water for self-

cleaning of the drains

• High maintenance and running cost.

• The lack of interest in the

maintenance of community services

• Economic reach of a villager who

can maintain it without outside help.

Keeping in view all these factors, a

system has

been developed at this Institute to

dispose off waste water in rural areas.

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

• Grading of Existing Ground to Required Shape

• Placement of : i. Pre‐fabricated Concrete Curbs at sides

ii. 50mm thick Gravel Material: Hand + Ped. Roller Compacted iii. Fine Agg. ‐ Ordinary River Sand (Blinding, 12mm thick)

• Hand Laying of Burnt Clay Bricks

• Filling of Irregular spaces (using Cement Mortar)

• Filling in the Brick Joints (using thin layer of fine sand)

Road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid

down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic,

such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road

surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used,

but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt

or concrete. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide

traffic. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be

used for low-impact roadways and walkways.

RURAL ROADS

RURAL ROAD SURFACING: The Use of Burnt Clay Bricks

POST ‐ CONSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE

• Few sections show some distress

• No Maintenance Interventions.

• Surface Distresses vary depending on the type

• High Abrasion Resistance results from higher

temperatures,

• Accelerated Deterioration after Construction

are as a

result of:

– The absence of Damp Proof Course (DPC)

– Irregular sections without Filling Mortar

Burnt Clay Bricks:

– are appropriate for surfacing light trafficked

road.

• Rural Friendly Construction Techniques

• Minimal Maintenance

• Greater Economic Benefits

CONCLUSION

Rain Water Harvesting

• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting, conveying &

storing water from rainfall in an area – for beneficial use.

• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage- groundwater

• Hydrological Cycle

Population increase

Industrialization

Urbanization

(a) Increase in per capita utilization

(b) Less peculation area

In places where rain fed/ irrigation based crops are cultivated through ground water

Decrease in surface area of Lakes, talab, tanks etc.

Harvesting System Broadly rainwater can be harvested for two

purposes

•Storing rainwater for ready use in containers

above or below ground

•Charged into the soil for withdrawal later

(groundwater recharging)

There are two main techniques of rain water harvestings.

Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

Recharge to ground water.

The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and

structures used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc

Recharge to ground water is a new concept of rain water harvesting

and the structures generally used are :-

Pits :- Recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer.

These are constructed 1 to 2 m, wide and to 3 m. deep which are

back filled with boulders, gravels, coarse sand.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES :

Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages

1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply

2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water

3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals

4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when

recharged

5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas

6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct,

operate and maintain

7. In desert, RWH only relief

8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality

water

• Solar energy is the energy that is coming from the sun.

• It can be collected by

human through photovoltaics and heat engines.

• Solar Power, along with

wind, hydroelectric, wave, biomass account for most of the renewable energy source available to use.

Current sources available for cooking are firewood, crop residues and

animal dung in rural areas

Promoted by the Government of India

Parabolic Dish Solar Cookers

Solar Box Cooker

Community Solar Cooker

Solar Steam Cooking System

Solar energy is practically inexhaustible

Widely distributed

Environment friendly

Cost free in raw form

No need to transport raw materials to villages

No towers, heavy cabling, etc.

Indoor air pollution (IAP), resulting from chulhas burning wood, coal

and animal dung (biomass) as fuel, is claiming a shocking 500,000

lives in India every year, most of whom are women and children

Smokeless Chulha (hearth)

Context

More than 70% of Indians live in rural areas

and they use wood burning cook stoves

for cooking their food.

thermal efficiency of these stoves

considerably Improved, fuel wood stoves

would reduce:

• Firewood consumption substantially

• Time and effort on collection of

firewood

• Smoke related health hazard as women

are at high risk due to long exposure to

smoke

• Environmental hazard and thereby

make their utility economical & efficient.

A chimney attached to the stove removes the smoke effectively from

the cooking area. The design is such that it utilizes the complete flame

generated in the stove/chulha some of the benefits are as follows

• Increased thermal efficiency

• Reduction in door pollution

• Reduced drudgery for women and children

• Saving of firewood/biomass leading to conservation of forests

• Employment generation in rural areas

• Protection to rural women folk from health hazards

• Each improved chulha saves 700kg of fuel wood a year

Advantages of smokeless chulha

In recent two years over 2million biogas plants have been installed in a

large number of villages across the country.

The gas produced out of such plants is used as fuel for cooking food in

homes and also for the purpose of street lighting.

As fiscal incentive the Union Ministry of Non –conventional Energy

Sources makes available a Central subsidy to the tune of 25-40% of the

cost for installation of biogas plant.

.

Biogas plant

The normal method of disposing of animal dung is to dry it into cakes for

Burning it , as fuel which not only leads to insanitary conditions in the house

And the neighbourhood but also deprives the agricultural land of an

excellent inorganic manure.

Animal dung contains ingredients which could be exploited for fuel and

manurial values.

Since the launch of the National Project on Biogas Development in 1981-82,

over 2.1 million biogas plants have been set up across the country and they

are promoting mainly night soil-based biogas plants.

Need of biogas plant

Biogas plant benefits

•Mitigation atmospheric methane concentrations reduces impacts on

global climate change

•Treatment of wastes reduces water, air pollution, odors and destroys

pathogens

•Application of digestate fulfils the phosphorus requirements of the crops

and completes the nitrogen requirements from mineral fertilizer.

•Displacement of fossil fuels reduces CO2 emission

Farming benefits

•Diversification of farming activities;

•Reliable energy production and

utilization;

•Additional earnings from waste

treatment,

production of energy and fertilizers,

selling of green certificates;

•Improvement of the mechanical and

nutrition properties of manure;