LOW-COST EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANCE

TECHNIQUES

Presented by Supervisor

VANANK A. F. (P10ST503) Dr. y. d. patil

SUTHAR H. h. (P10ST506)

GODHANI m. b. (P10ST515)

PATEL D. d. (P10ST523)

Sapariya c. (P10ST531)

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MECHANICS

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

SURAT-395 007.

ABSTRACTS-

In World & mostly in India people lives in small houses with short income. And

thus more prone to earthquake effects. Thus losses of lives are much more. There are many

techniques to resist earthquake, but they are costly &generally not used by normal people. So,

here some useful low-cost techniques to resist earthquake effects. Here we concentrate upon 1)

horizontal bands in masonry structures. 2) Isolator with STP. & low strength concrete and

rubber layer. 3) Haunches. 4) Hollow foundation for high rise building. 5) Sliding joint.

INTRODUCTION-

BASICS-

REQUERMENTS-

TECHNIQUES-

BANDS

WASTE TIRE PADS

HAUNCHES(INCRESE DIMENSION AT JUNCTIONS OR USE

HIGH STRENTH OR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE)

HOLLOW FOUNDATION

SOME OTHER TECHNIQUES

EXAMPLES-

LOCAL LOW COST E.Q. RESISTANCE TECHNIQUE USED IN

VARIOUS REGIONS (as eg. In northern Pakistan)

INTRODUCTION

Earthquake- Everybody knows.

Effects of earthquake- name are enough.

BASICS

In World & mostly in India people lives in small houses with short income. And

thus more prone to earthquake effects. Thus losses of lives are much more. There are

many techniques to resist earthquake, but they are costly &generally not used by normal

people. So, here some useful low-cost techniques to resist earthquake effects.

TECHNIQUES

Bands-

Why are horizontal bands necessary in masonry buildings? Role of Horizontal Bands -

Horizontal bands are the most important earthquake-resistant feature in masonry buildings.

The bands are provided to hold a masonry building as a single unit by tying all the walls

together, and are similar to a closed belt provided around cardboard boxes. There are four

types of bands in a typical masonry building, namely gable band, roof band, lintel band and

plinth band (Figure 1), named after their location in the building. The lintel band is the most

important of all, and needs to be provided in almost all buildings. The gable band is

employed only in buildings with pitched or sloped roofs. In buildings with flat reinforced

concrete or reinforced brick roofs, the roof band is not required, because the roof slab also

Figure 1: Horizontal Bands in masonry

plays the role of a band.

However, in buildings with building flat timber or CGI sheet roof, roof band needs to

be provided. In buildings with pitched or sloped roof, the roof band is very important. Plinth

bands are primarily used when there is concern about uneven settlement of foundation soil.

The lintel band ties the walls together and creates a support for walls loaded along weak

direction from walls loaded in strong direction. This band also reduces the unsupported

height of the walls and thereby improves their stability in the weak direction. During the

1993 Latur earthquake (Central India), the intensity of shaking in Killari village was IX on

MSK scale. there was one masonry building in the village, which had a lintel band and it

sustained the shaking very well with hardly any damage (Figure 2).The 1993 Latur

Earthquake (Central India) -one masonry house in Killari village had horizontal lintel band

and sustained the shaking without damage. A building with horizontal lintel band in Killari

village: no damage.

Design of Lintel Bands

During earthquake shaking, the lintel band undergoes bending and pulling actions. To resist

these actions, the construction of lintel band requires special attention. Bands can be made of

wood (including bamboo splits) or of reinforced concrete (RC); the RC bands are the best.

The straight lengths of the band must be properly connected at the wall corners. This will

allow the band to support walls loaded in their weak direction by walls loaded in their strong

direction. Small lengths of wood spacers (in wooden bands) or steel links (in RC bands) are

used to make the straight lengths of wood runners or steel bars act together. In wooden

bands, proper nailing of straight lengths with spacers is important. Likewise, in RC bands,

adequate anchoring of steel links with steel bars is necessary.

Indian Standards

The Indian Standards IS:4326-1993 and IS:13828 (1993) provide sizes and details of the

bands. When wooden bands are used, the cross-section of runners is to be at least

75mm×38mm and of spacers at least 50mm×30mm. When RC bands are used, the minimum

thickness is 75mm, and at least two bars of 8mm diameter are required, tied across with steel

links of at least 6mm diameter at a spacing of 150 mm centers.

Waste tire pads-

This technique focuses on the experimental studies conducted on the development of low-cost

seismic base isolation pads using scrap automobile tires. Seismic base isolation is a well-defined

building protection system against earthquakes, on which numerous studies have been

conducted. The majority of the previous studies focus on the performance improvement of the

base isolation systems. However, this study aims at cost and weight reduction of seismic base

isolation pads by recycling otherwise useless material: scrap tires. Elastomer-based isolators

have been heavily studied and used for the last 30 years. Steel or fiber reinforcement inside the

elastomer isolators provides high vertical stiffness, whereas rubber segments Between

reinforcement layers provide low horizontal stiffness for the seismic base Isolation. Since

1960‟s, automobile tires have been produced by means of vulcanizing rubber with steel mesh in

different forms which have a similar effect as the steel plates or fibers inside the conventional

elastomer-based isolators. Therefore, rectangular shaped layers cut from tread sections of used

tires and then piled on top of each other can function as an elastomeric bearing. Since the tires

are being designed for friction, load transfer between scrap tire layers would be large enough to

keep all layers intact.

This study concentrates on development and testing of alternative free-of-charge isolators and

pads made from scrap tires. On the other hand, the STPs would not require additional preparation

for small bridges. The idea and investigation of using scrap tires and tinplates instead of

conventional elastomeric pads is to have no-cost seismic isolation. Weight reduction, ease of

handling, simple shear stiffness adjustment by changing the layer numbers, and positive

environmental impact are complementary advantages.

Haunches-

As we know joints are most vulnerable during e.q. & most of structures fails due to failure of

joints. Thus by increasing strength of joints some resistance can be achieved. Strength of

joints can be achieved by simply using high strength or fiber reinforced concrete. Or just by

increasing section near joints or provide haunches. This might be work as a knot as in

bamboo. And thus provide stiffness to the joint.

Hollow foundation-

As we all know Secondary & Love types of waves are most destructible among other earth

quake waves. And the Secondary waves can‟t pass through water media. Thus by providing a

hollow type raft foundation fully filled with water can be reducing some destructible effects

of earth quake. It might be filled with some viscous fluid, worked as damper to reduce earth

quake effects.

SOME OTHER TECHNIQUES.

SLIDING JOINT.

Two belts are to be provided with a bituminous layer in between. In experimental setups, it was found that

damage to the building is reduced very much. The upper belt moved with reference to the lower belt by a

few centimeters.

The concept of a sliding joint at plinth level of one storeyed masonry buildings was developed at the

University of Roorkee, India. Reference: " A new concept for Resistance of Masonry Buildings in Severe

Earthquake Shocks" by Dr.A.S.Arya, Brijesh Chandra and Qamaruddin, Journal of Institution of

Engineers (India), Civil Engineering Division, Vol 61, May 1981, p 302-308 The concept of the sliding

joint was based on the ideas that (1) the force transmitted to the superstructure will be limited to the force

required to slide the joints and (2) energy dissipated during frictional sliding will not be passed on to the

superstructure. A theoretical study of the problem and an experimental investigation of a half-size model

were presented in the paper. In the experimental setup the sliding joint was formed as follows: An rcc

band was constructed at plinth level. This band was finished smooth at top. Waste mobil oil was painted

on it. A second rcc band was cast over this. The superstructure masonry was constructed with vertical

reinforcement at corners. The bars were anchored into the upper rcc band at plinth level and also into the

roof slab above. The analytical as well as experimental results indicated that the earthquake forces on the

superstructure reduced considerably I hope that one of the three authors or the University of Roorkee will

come forward with more details.

LOW COST ISOLATOR MADE UP OF CONCRETE & RUBBER LAYER

Consider for low cost masonry buildings a new technique that I proposed in the last 12th WCEE in

Auckland (NZ)(Art. n.2149 by M. Sassu and C. Ricci - an innovative distributed bas-isolation system for

masonry buildings: the reinforced cut-wall). The isolator is made up of a layer of low load bearing

capacity mortar with an elastomer sheath on foundations head, reinforced by a series od vertical steel bars

connected by cast concrete to the foundation and masonry wall. Experimental tests were performed on

pairs of 20x20x50 cm cellular blocks separated by 5 cm thick layer of mortar and 3 mm elastomer sheath

and reinforced by 4 or 8 steel bars ranging from 8 to 12 mm diameter. Cyclic histories of horizontal force

with a constant vertical load showned interesting hysteresis loops with high level of dissipated energy.

The process of constructing the proposed distributing device is easy and characterized by low costs,

moreover it can stop the wedding from the ground. The theme of planning new economic aseismic

devices is crucial to apply the modern techniques of seismic protection with base-isolation to the wide

field of the small masonry buildings, like family housing.

Examples-

In some last year we witnessed the extraordinary dangers of mixing buildings with earthquakes,

especially in poor areas – fortunately, the group called PAKSBAB is to find a solution. Pakistan

Building Straw Bale and appropriate nonprofit that works to develop durable buildings which

can be built with local resources, little money and stay safe during a violent earthquake as 7.5 on

the Kashmir earthquake in 2005. The main ingredients are hand-made straw.

PAKSBAB‟s founder, Darcey Donovan PE, left for Northern Pakistan to provide assistance in

rebuilding the devastated region. He brings his extensive experience with straw bale building.

When he found that there was no binding machine where housing is needed, so he developed a

simple jack system and form needed to produce hay. The prestress bails set above a stone

foundation and supporting the roof truss. Our mission is to adapt, apply and transfer the bales of

hay and other buildings appropriate method to protect and improve the lives of the poor,

especially in areas of earthquake and extreme weather in the developing world.

Straw bale construction uses straw, an agricultural byproduct, compressed and tied into bales, as

a building block. Currently practiced in many developed countries, it offers many benefits,

including energy efficiency, use of materials non-toxic nature and resistance to earthquakes, and

pests. Constructing rooftop earthquake proof house. However, similar to the modern buildings of

conventional methods, usually require the use of large energy-intensive and high cost materials,

skilled, and complex tools and machines, so most unaffordable for the poor.

In response, PAKSBAB has developed a simple, unique, low cost system the use of renewable

indigenous materials, local labor, and adjust the traditional building techniques. our house up to

80% more energy efficient approximately 50% of the cost of conventional earthquake-resistant

construction. The bails act as supporters and wall insulation. Several coats of clay plaster to

protect and help preserve hay. 25 ft. 25 ft. The building cost is only $ 2,250 for materials – what

many of us are willing to pay for countertops. Currently they have completed 11 building energy

efficient, safe, and very low impact.

PAKSBAB recently completed a successful study of seismic shaking table project at the

University of Nevada, Reno, with the support of the Network for Earthquake Engineering

Simulation and Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. The house survived 8 levels increase

in seismic shaking and the acceleration of 0.82g end without collapsing. How did they fare in an

earthquake? To find Ms. Donovan build 11 ft. 11 ft. straw bale structures on the seismic

simulation table and let „er vibrate. This video shows it in action. Although badly damaged, the

building does not appear in danger of collapse, even at the end of the test sequence. This means

saved lives and resources are used wisely by using appropriate building technologies for those

who can most benefit. Add items to the list of positive values of straw bale building.

References-

1. Earthquake tips-: eqtips@iitk.ac.in. Visit www.nicee.org or www.bmtpc.org, to see previous IITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tips.

2. L.Li :”Base Isolation Measure for Aseismic Buildings in China.”Proc. 8WCEE Vol.VI pp.791-

798, san fransisco, july 21-28-1984

3. e-conference on Indian Seismic Codes : (January 26 - February 8, 2002)hosted by National

Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.

4. www.conservationtech.com.

5. LOW-COST SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION USING SCRAP TIRE PADS (STP) Özden, Bayezid

M. Sc., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Türer April 2006, 93

pages

6. Chopra A., 2002. Dynamics of Structures. John Wiley & Sons

7. International Conference of Buildings Officials, 1997. Earthquake Regulations for Seismic-

Isolated Structures. Uniform Building Code, Appendix Chapter 16, Whittier, CA

8. Tire School, “Manufacturing Flowchart”, http://www.maxxis.com, fast accessed, January (2006)

9. Brucestire, “How to Read a Tire”, http://www.brucestire.com, fast accessed, January (2006)

10. International Building Code 2000, IBC 2000

11. Kelly T.E. Base Isolation of Structures. Holmes Consulting Group Ltd., July 2001

12. Kulkarni JA, Jangid R.S., 2002. Rigid Body Response of Base-Isolated Structures. Journal of

Structural Control; 9: 171-188

13. Narasimhan S. 2002. Analytical Study of Base Isolated Buildings with Smart Devices: STFT

Controller. Master of Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas.

14. Kelly J.M., 1996. Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomer Isolators, Journal of Seismic

Engineering, 2(1): 19-34

15. Kelly J.M., M.EERI. Seismic Isolation Systems for Developing Countries, Pacific Earthquake

Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley 94720

16. Search engine : Google .com

17. Wikipedia.com

THANK YOU

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